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american-history
american-revolution
newspapers
national-digital-newspaper-program
loc
genealogy
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Update README.md
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README.md
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- [Data Collection and Processing](#data-collection-and-processing)
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- [Processing Steps](#processing-steps)
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- [Supporting Files Available](#supporting-files-available)
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- [Quality Considerations](#quality-considerations)
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- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
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- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
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- [Dataset Card Contact](#dataset-card-contact)
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## Dataset Summary
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A dataset drawn from the Library of Congress Chronicling America digital collection, part of the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP). This dataset includes page-level records with images, OCR
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## Dataset Description
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For the initiative *Revolution Crossroads*, the Smithsonian Institution prepared this dataset using data, metadata, and digital objects publicly available from the Chronicling America digital collection.
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- "media" contains the pdf source files for the records from the dataset, stored in directories for each of newspaper lccns (title series numbers). The file naming convention is "[issue_date]_[edition_order]_[page].pdf".
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-- please note, the jpeg2000 files, available via the links in the dataset, are of a higher resolution than the pdfs.
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### Accessing a Specific Data Version
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This dataset may be updated over time as source data is revised,
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#### Available Data Versions
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Using a tagged version is recommended for research, publication, or
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project workflows where consistency over time is important.
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### Quality Considerations
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- OCR accuracy varies depending on print quality, typography, and page condition
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### Core Identifiers
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- **Web_URL** *(
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URL to the newspaper issue or page in Chronicling America.
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*Example:* `[https://www.loc.gov/item/sn82016139/1776-07-15/ed-1/](https://www.loc.gov/item/sn82016139/1776-07-15/ed-1/)`
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- **lccn** *(
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Library of Congress Control Number for the newspaper title.
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*Example:* `sn83045110`
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- **newspaper_title** *(
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Title of the newspaper.
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*Example:* `The Pennsylvania Packet, and Daily Advertiser`
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### Publication Metadata
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- **place_of_publication** *(
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City and state of publication.
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*Example:* `Philadelphia, Pennsylvania`
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### Media Fields
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- **thumbnail_url** *(
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URL to a thumbnail image of the page.
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*Example:*
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`https://tile.loc.gov/image-services/iiif/service:sgp:sgpbatches:misctop:batch_dlc_misctopsn82016139_ver01:data:sn82016139:print:1776071501:0004/full/pct:6.25/0/default.jpg#h=318&w=202`
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- **jpeg2000_url** *(
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URL to the high-resolution JPEG2000 page image. This is the highest-resolution image link included in the dataset and is recommended for users working with page images.
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*Example:*
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`https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ndnp/deu/batch_deu_kedavra_ver01/data/sn82014385/00271740232/1809070801/0074.jp2`
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- **pdf_url** *(
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URL to the PDF of the page.
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*Example:*
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`https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ndnp/deu/batch_deu_kedavra_ver01/data/sn82014385/00271740232/1809071201/0079.pdf`
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URL to the
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*Example:*
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`https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ndnp/deu/batch_deu_kedavra_ver01/data/sn82014385/00271740232/1809071201/0079.xml`
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### Extracted Text (OCR)
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OCR text extracted from the page image. Present for all records.
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*Example excerpt:*
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`"In CONGRESS, July 4, 1776. A DECLARATION by the Representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA..."`
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### Record Creation
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- **source_record_creation_date** *(timestamp[ns])*
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### Recommendations
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Researchers should validate extracted information against images when accuracy is critical, and be cautious about treating OCR text as complete or authoritative. Consultation of the Chronicling America collection is recommended for the most up-to-date records.
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## Additional Information
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- [Data Collection and Processing](#data-collection-and-processing)
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- [Processing Steps](#processing-steps)
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- [Supporting Files Available](#supporting-files-available)
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- [Accessing a Specific Data Version](#accessing-a-specific-data-version)
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- [AI OCR Enrichment](#ai-ocr-enrichment)
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- [Quality Considerations](#quality-considerations)
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- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
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- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
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- [Dataset Card Contact](#dataset-card-contact)
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## Dataset Summary
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A dataset drawn from the Library of Congress Chronicling America digital collection, part of the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP). This dataset includes page-level records with images, original Chronicling America OCR, AI-generated OCR, and publication metadata for newspapers published between 1770 and 1810. It provides a foundation for research, machine learning, and public history projects in honor of the 250th anniversary of the United States.
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## Dataset Description
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For the initiative *Revolution Crossroads*, the Smithsonian Institution prepared this dataset using data, metadata, and digital objects publicly available from the Chronicling America digital collection.
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- "media" contains the pdf source files for the records from the dataset, stored in directories for each of newspaper lccns (title series numbers). The file naming convention is "[issue_date]_[edition_order]_[page].pdf".
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-- please note, the jpeg2000 files, available via the links in the dataset, are of a higher resolution than the pdfs.
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### AI OCR Enrichment
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This dataset has been enriched with AI-generated OCR produced using **DataLab's Chandra OCR 2**, a Vision Language Model (VLM) for document understanding.
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Complete Chandra OCR 2 processing outputs are stored in the **Revolution Crossroads VLM OCR** Hugging Face bucket. The bucket includes a README describing the processing pipeline, output formats, and directory structure.
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- **Complete VLM OCR Bucket:** [RevolutionCrossroads_VLM_OCR](https://huggingface.co/buckets/RevolutionCrossroads/RevolutionCrossroads_VLM_OCR)
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- **Chronicling America:** [chronicling_america](https://huggingface.co/buckets/RevolutionCrossroads/RevolutionCrossroads_VLM_OCR/tree/chronicling_america)
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One additional field has been added:
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- **RevX_OCR_text** contains plain text extracted from the page using Chandra OCR 2. This field supplements the original Chronicling America OCR (`ca_ocr_text`) and is provided to support downstream analysis and comparison of OCR methods.
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These outputs represent the direct results of automated AI processing. They have **not** been manually validated or corrected and should be treated as machine-generated data.
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Not every record in this dataset currently includes Chandra OCR 2 outputs. Initial processing was completed in **March 2026**. Since then, the source collections have been refreshed with additional materials. A second round of Chandra OCR 2 processing is currently underway, and additional processing outputs will be incorporated into future dataset releases.
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### Accessing a Specific Data Version
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This dataset may be updated over time as source data is revised,
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#### Available Data Versions
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- [`Source_2025-08-01`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/RevolutionCrossroads/loc_chronicling_america_1770-1810/tree/Source_2025-08-01) – Initial source data.
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- [`Source_2026-05-18`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/RevolutionCrossroads/loc_chronicling_america_1770-1810/tree/Source_2026-05-18) – Updated source data, including the full year 1810, newly contributed issues, and revised metadata.
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- [`new_OCR_v1`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/RevolutionCrossroads/loc_chronicling_america_1770-1810/tree/new_OCR_v1) – Adds AI-generated Chandra OCR 2 (`RevX_OCR_text`) while preserving the page-level dataset structure.
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Using a tagged version is recommended for research, publication, or project workflows where consistency over time is important.
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### Quality Considerations
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- OCR accuracy varies depending on print quality, typography, and page condition
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### Core Identifiers
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- **Web_URL** *(large_string)*
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URL to the newspaper issue or page in Chronicling America.
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*Example:* `[https://www.loc.gov/item/sn82016139/1776-07-15/ed-1/](https://www.loc.gov/item/sn82016139/1776-07-15/ed-1/)`
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- **lccn** *(large_string)*
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Library of Congress Control Number for the newspaper title.
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*Example:* `sn83045110`
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- **newspaper_title** *(large_string)*
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Title of the newspaper.
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*Example:* `The Pennsylvania Packet, and Daily Advertiser`
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### Publication Metadata
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- **place_of_publication** *(large_string)*
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City and state of publication.
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*Example:* `Philadelphia, Pennsylvania`
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### Media Fields
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- **thumbnail_url** *(large_string)*
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URL to a thumbnail image of the page.
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*Example:*
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`https://tile.loc.gov/image-services/iiif/service:sgp:sgpbatches:misctop:batch_dlc_misctopsn82016139_ver01:data:sn82016139:print:1776071501:0004/full/pct:6.25/0/default.jpg#h=318&w=202`
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- **jpeg2000_url** *(large_string)*
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URL to the high-resolution JPEG2000 page image. This is the highest-resolution image link included in the dataset and is recommended for users working with page images.
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*Example:*
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`https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ndnp/deu/batch_deu_kedavra_ver01/data/sn82014385/00271740232/1809070801/0074.jp2`
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- **pdf_url** *(large_string)*
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URL to the PDF of the page.
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*Example:*
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`https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ndnp/deu/batch_deu_kedavra_ver01/data/sn82014385/00271740232/1809071201/0079.pdf`
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- **ca_ocr_url** *(string)*
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URL to the ALTO XML OCR file for the page, as provided by the contributing institution through Chronicling America.
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*Example:*
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`https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ndnp/deu/batch_deu_kedavra_ver01/data/sn82014385/00271740232/1809071201/0079.xml`
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### Extracted Text (OCR)
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- **ca_ocr_text** *(string)*
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Original OCR text extracted from the page image by the contributing institution through Chronicling America. Present for all records.
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*Example excerpt:*
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`"In CONGRESS, July 4, 1776. A DECLARATION by the Representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA..."`
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- **RevX_OCR_text** *(large_string)*
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Plain text extracted from the page image using DataLab's Chandra OCR 2 Vision Language Model (VLM). This field contains machine-generated OCR intended to supplement the original Chronicling America OCR. May be null if the page has not yet been processed.
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*Example excerpt:*
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`"THE DELAWARE GAZETTE. VOL. I. WILMINGTON..."`
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### Record Creation
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- **source_record_creation_date** *(timestamp[ns])*
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### Recommendations
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Researchers should validate extracted information against images when accuracy is critical, and be cautious about treating OCR text as complete or authoritative. Users should also distinguish between the original Chronicling America OCR (`ca_ocr_text`) and the AI-generated Chandra OCR 2 outputs (`RevX_OCR_text`) when conducting analyses. Consultation of the Chronicling America collection is recommended for the most up-to-date records.
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## Additional Information
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