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a new official structure of the Catholic Church , similar to a diocese in that it contains lay people and secular priests who are led by a bishop . However , whereas a bishop normally has a territory or diocese , the prelate of Opus Dei is pastor to the members and priests of Opus Dei worldwide , no matter what diocese they are in . To date , Opus Dei is the only personal prelature in existence . In addition to being governed by Ut Sit and by the Catholic Church 's general law , Opus Dei is governed by the Church 's Particular Law concerning Opus Dei , otherwise known as Opus Dei 's statutes . This specifies the objectives and workings of the prelature . The prelature is under the Congregation for Bishops .
The head of the Opus Dei prelature is known as the Prelate . The Prelate is the primary governing authority and is assisted by two councils — the General Council ( made up of men ) and the Central Advisory ( made up of women ) . The Prelate holds his position for life . The current prelate of Opus Dei is Javier Echevarría Rodríguez , who became the second Prelate of Opus Dei in 1994 . The first Prelate of Opus Dei was Álvaro del Portillo , who held the position from 1982 until his death in 1994 .
Opus Dei 's highest assembled bodies are the General Congresses , which are usually convened once every eight years . There are separate congresses for the men and women 's branch of Opus Dei . The General Congresses are made up of members appointed by the Prelate , and are responsible for advising him about the prelature 's future . The men 's General Congress also elects the Prelate from a list of candidates chosen by their female counterparts . After the death of a Prelate , a special elective General Congress is convened . The women nominate their preferred candidates for the prelate and is voted upon by the men to become the next Prelate — an appointment that must be confirmed by the Pope .
= = = Membership = = =
Based on the language of Catholic Church law and theology , the prelature calls the people under the pastoral care of the prelate as " faithful of the prelature " , since the term member connotes an association rather than a hierarchical structure such as a prelature or a diocese .
As of 2015 , the faithful of the Opus Dei Prelature numbered 93 @,@ 986 of which 91 @,@ 892 are lay persons , men and women , and 2094 priests . These figures do not include the priest members of Opus Dei 's Priestly Society of the Holy Cross , estimated to number 2 @,@ 000 in the year 2005 .
About 60 per cent of Opus Dei faithful reside in Europe , and 35 per cent reside in the Americas . According to the study of John Allen , for the most part , Opus Dei faithful belong to the middle to low levels in society , in terms of education , income , and social status .
Opus Dei is made up of several different types of faithful :
Supernumeraries , the largest type , currently account for about 70 % of the total membership . Typically , supernumeraries are married men and women with careers . Supernumeraries devote a portion of their day to prayer , in addition to attending regular meetings and taking part in activities such as retreats . Due to their career and family obligations , supernumeraries are not as available to the organisation as the other types of faithful , but they typically contribute financially to Opus Dei , and they lend other types of assistance as their circumstances permit .
Numeraries , the second largest type of the faithful of Opus Dei , comprise about 20 % of total membership . Numeraries are celibate members who usually live in special centers run by Opus Dei . Both men and women may become numeraries , although the centers are strictly gender @-@ segregated . Numeraries generally have careers and devote the bulk of their income to the organisation .
Numerary assistants are unmarried , celibate female faithful of Opus Dei . They live in special centres run by Opus Dei but do not have jobs outside the centres — instead , their professional life is dedicated to looking after the domestic needs of the centers and their residents .
Associates are unmarried , celibate faithful who typically have family or professional obligations . Unlike numeraries and numerary assistants , the associates do not live in Opus Dei centres .
The Clergy of the Opus Dei Prelature are priests who are under the jurisdiction of the Prelate of Opus Dei . They are a minority in Opus Dei — only about 2 % of Opus Dei members are part of the clergy . Typically , they are numeraries or associates who ultimately joined the priesthood .
The Priestly Society of the Holy Cross consists of priests associated with Opus Dei . Part of the society is made up of the clergy of the Opus Dei prelature — priests who fall under the jurisdiction of the Opus Dei prelature are automatically members of the Priestly Society . Other members in the society are diocesan priests — clergymen who remain under the jurisdiction of a geographically defined diocese . These priests are considered full members of Opus Dei who are given its spiritual training . They do not however report to the Opus Dei Prelate but to their own diocesan bishop . As of 2005 , there were roughly two thousand of these priests .
The Cooperators of Opus Dei are non @-@ members who collaborate in some way with Opus Dei — usually through praying , charitable contributions , or by providing some other assistance . Cooperators are not required to be celibate or to adhere to any other special requirements . Indeed , cooperators are not even required to be Christian . There were 164 @,@ 000 cooperators in the year 2005 .
In accordance with Catholic theology , membership is granted when a vocation , or divine calling is presumed to have occurred .
= = = Activities = = =
Leaders of Opus Dei describe the organization as a teaching entity whose main activity is to train Catholics to assume personal responsibility in sanctifying the secular world from within . This teaching is done by means of theory and practice .
Its lay people and priests organize seminars , workshops , retreats , and classes to help people put the Christian faith into practice in their daily lives . Spiritual direction , one @-@ on @-@ one coaching with a more experienced lay person or priest , is considered the " paramount means " of training . Through these activities they provide religious instruction ( doctrinal formation ) , coaching in spirituality for lay people ( spiritual formation ) , character and moral education ( human formation ) , lessons in sanctifying one 's work ( professional formation ) , and know @-@ how in evangelizing one 's family and workplace ( apostolic formation ) .
The official Catholic document which established the prelature states that Opus Dei strives " to put into practice the teaching of the universal call to sanctity , and to promote at all levels of society the sanctification of ordinary work , and by means of ordinary work . " Thus , the founder and his followers describe members of Opus Dei as resembling the members of the early Christian Church — ordinary workers who seriously sought holiness with nothing exterior to distinguish them from other citizens .
Opus Dei runs residential centres throughout the world . These centers provide residential housing for celibate members , and provide doctrinal and theological education . Opus Dei is also responsible for a variety of non @-@ profit institutions called " Corporate Works of Opus Dei " . A study of the year 2005 , showed that members have cooperated with other people in setting up a total of 608 social initiatives : schools and university residences ( 68 % ) , technical or agricultural training centres ( 26 % ) , universities , business schools and hospitals ( 6 % ) . The University of Navarra in Pamplona , Spain is a corporate work of Opus Dei which has been rated as one of the top private universities in the country , while its business school , IESE , was adjudged one of the best
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of on @-@ stage destruction and complete disregard for the audience 's safety . The antics of Hanatarash would later be highly influential on the earliest incarnation of Boredoms , which was formed by the remaining members of a band Eye started with Hanatarash drummer Ikuo Taketani , as well as guitarist Tabata Mitsuru ( known as Tabata Mara ) , bassist Hosoi Hisato , and vocalist Makki Sasarato , called " Acid Makki & Combi and Zombie " . The band 's sound was characterized by violent , noisy punk rock / No Wave thrashings . They recorded a single track , " U.S.A. " , for a compilation tape . Shortly after the release of their first song , Taketani was replaced on drums by Yoshikawa Toyohito , a friend of Eye 's . The band officially changed their name to Boredoms after Hira replaced Hosoi on bass , and Sasarato left the band due to creative differences . The band 's name comes from the Buzzcocks song " Boredom " .
With the band finally reaching a level of stability , Eye and Tabata recorded their first official EP , Anal by Anal , in mid @-@ 1986 . In early 1987 , Tabata left the group to later join Zeni Geva and was replaced by Seiichi Yamamoto as guitar player . In March 1988 , the band released its first full @-@ length , Osorezan no Stooges Kyo . Due to unhappiness over Yoshikawa 's drumming , Yoshimi P @-@ We from Eye 's Hanatarash @-@ related project UFO or Die was asked to serve as drummer , becoming the first female member of the band , with Yoshikawa switching to general percussion . Shortly after the change Yoshikawa left the group , to be replaced by Chew Hasegawa ( now of Japanese funeral doom band Corrupted ) and then by Kazuya Nishimura , known by his stage name Atari . The band 's sound from this period was marked by harsh , dissonant punk edited extensively by Eye in the studio , citing Sonic Youth and Funkadelic as influences , among others . This style was seen by some as " pointlessly abrasive " without any underlying motive , making Boredoms nihlistic absolute music , according to some critics ; however , the strangeness of the record increased the band 's popularity in the musical underground .
= = = Growing popularity = = =
In 1988 and 1989 , Eye found himself making friends with Sonic Youth and also worked extensively with John Zorn 's polystylistic Naked City project , serving as guest vocalist . After the release of Boredoms ' album Soul Discharge in the United States , the band was able to parlay their growing popularity into long term record deals with Warner Bros. Records in Japan and its United States imprint Reprise Records . With the release of the band 's critically acclaimed Pop Tatari , generally seen as one of the strangest albums ever released by a major label , Boredoms took to the road and toured with Sonic Youth in 1992 , Nirvana for eight consecutive shows in late October and early November 1993 , and Brutal Truth in 1993 . During this period , the band was asked by Steve Albini to record a track for a compilation he was recording . Shortly after Eye again collaborated with John Zorn on an EP under the name Mystic Fugu Orchestra , which was notably the first album released on Zorn 's Tzadik Records .
The following year , at the height of its popularity in the United States , the band was asked to perform on the main stage of the 1994 Lollapalooza tour in support of the album Chocolate Synthesizer , which had just been released in the United States . The album proved largely successful for such an experimental band and was later considered one of the best albums of the 1990s by Alternative Press magazine . Yoshikawa had later joined the band in the early months of 1994 for a second time to play on Pop Tatari , often sharing vocal duties with Eye , but left again in 1994 and was replaced on percussion by EDA , who had been introduced to the band by Pavement bassist Mark Ibold . The band was dropped from the Reprise roster , with Birdman Records distributing the band 's Super
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November 28 , 1920 at Buffalo Baseball Park
Following their first loss of the season , the All @-@ Americans challenged the Cleveland Tigers . The owner of the Tigers , Jimmy O 'Donnell , helped with the foundation of the APFA . A total of 5 @,@ 000 fans showed up to the game . The only score of the game came in the third quarter . Anderson scored an 8 @-@ yard rushing touchdown . This loss for the Tigers would be their final game of the season .
= = = Week 11 : vs. Canton Bulldogs = = =
December 4 , 1920 at Polo Grounds
The following week , the All @-@ Americans played their second game against the Bulldogs , winning 7 – 3 . The Bulldogs did not get a first down or complete a pass during the game , but Thorpe kicked a field goal in the third quarter after a fumble recovery for the team 's only score . In the fourth quarter , All @-@ Americans tackle Youngstrom blocked a Thorpe punt and returned it for a touchdown . The Sunday Chronicle named Thorpe , Henry and Lowe as the Bulldogs ' stars , while Anderson , Youngstrom , and Miller were the standouts for the All @-@ Americans .
= = = Week 11 : vs. Akron Pros = = =
December 5 , 1920 at Buffalo Baseball Park
The All @-@ Americans had the Akron Pros as their next opponent . The All @-@ Americans were tired from their victory against the Canton Bulldogs the day before . Before the start of the game , Bob Nash of Akron was sold to the All @-@ Americans for $ 300 and 5 % of the Akron @-@ Buffalo gate , making the first deal in APFA history . The reason for the trade was because rain caused a low amount of fans , and the game would not have been profitable for the Pros . However , Nash did not appear in the game for either team , and Scotty Bierce replaced Nash for the Pros . The rain caused sloppy game play as well as a small crowd of 3 @,@ 000 people . The All @-@ Americans had an opportunity to score in the final minutes of the game . Fritz Pollard fumbled the ball , and Heinie Miller recovered it . Buffalo had the ball on the 12 @-@ yard @-@ line , but the officials called the end of the game . It resulted in a 0 – 0 tie .
= = Post @-@ season = =
Since there were no playoff system in the APFA until 1932 , a meeting was held to determine the 1920 APFA Champions . Each team that showed up had a vote to determine the champions . The All @-@ Americans stated that they should win the award because they had more wins and were not beaten by the Akron Pros . Since the Akron Pros had a 1 @.@ 000 winning percentage , however , the Pros were awarded the Brunswick @-@ Balke Collender Cup on April 30 , 1921 . Ties were not counted in standings until 1972 , which is why Akron is credited with a 1 @.@ 000 winning percentage . The sportswriter Bruce Copeland compiled the All @-@ Pro list for the 1920 season . No player from the All @-@ Americans were on the list .
= = Roster = =
= = Standings = =
Awarded the Brunswick @-@ Balke Collender Cup and named APFA Champions.Note : Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972 .
= The Man with the Golden Gun ( novel ) =
The Man with the Golden Gun is the twelfth novel ( and thirteenth book ) of Ian Fleming 's James Bond series . It was first published by Jonathan Cape in the UK on 1 April 1965 , eight months after the author 's death . The novel was not as detailed or polished as the others in the series , leading to poor but polite reviews . Despite that , the book was a best @-@ seller .
The story centres on the fictional British Secret Service operative James Bond , who had been posted missing , presumed dead , after his last mission in Japan . Bond returns to England via the Soviet Union , where he had been brainwashed to attempt to assassinate his superior , M. After being " cured " by the MI6 doctors , Bond is sent to the Caribbean to find and kill Francisco Scaramanga , the titular " Man with the Golden Gun " .
The first draft and part of the editing process was completed before Fleming 's death and the manuscript had passed through the hands of his copy editor , William Plomer , but it was not as polished as other Bond stories . Much of the detail contained in the previous novels was missing , as this was often added by Fleming in the second draft . Publishers Jonathan Cape passed the manuscript to Kingsley Amis for his thoughts and advice on the story , although his suggestions were not subsequently used .
The novel was serialised in 1965 , firstly in the Daily Express and then in Playboy ; in 1966 a daily comic strip adaptation was also published in the Daily Express . In 1974 the book was loosely adapted as the ninth film in the Eon Productions James Bond series , with Roger Moore playing Bond and Fleming 's cousin , Christopher Lee , as Scaramanga .
= = Plot = =
A year after James Bond 's final confrontation with Ernst Stavro Blofeld , while on a mission in Japan , a man claiming to be Bond appears in London and demands to meet the head of the Secret Service , M. Bond 's identity is confirmed , but during his debriefing interview with M , Bond tries to kill him with a cyanide pistol ; the attempt fails . The Service learns that after destroying Blofeld 's castle in Japan , Bond suffered a head injury and developed amnesia . Having lived as a Japanese fisherman for several months , Bond travelled into the Soviet Union to learn his true identity . While there , he was brainwashed and assigned to kill M upon returning to England .
Now de @-@ programmed , Bond
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Back @-@ to @-@ back walks in the tenth inning of the Saturday afternoon game gave the Phillies their first win of the season over the Mets . After a rainout , the Phillies opened their first series in St. Louis with the Cardinals . They won the first game of the series on Howard 's second grand slam in as many weeks after a pitchers ' duel between starters Kyle Lohse and Joe Blanton and completed the two @-@ game series sweep with a 10 – 7 victory on May 5 , capped by a Jayson Werth three @-@ run home run and a 4 @-@ for @-@ 5 performance from Victorino . The Phillies ' brief stop in New York was marred by a two @-@ game series sweep ; Phillies hitters were shut down by Mets starters Johan Santana and Mike Pelfrey , and closer Francisco Rodríguez recorded saves in both games of the series . The following series was barely better , as the Phillies dropped two games to the Braves .
On May 12 , Werth stole four bases , including home plate , tying a Phillies record and leading to a 5 – 3 win over the Los Angeles Dodgers ; however , the series result was the same as the previous one , as the Phillies dropped two games in the set to Los Angeles . Carrying a .500 winning percentage south from Philadelphia to Washington , the team visited the White House and was congratulated by President Barack Obama for their championship the previous season . The visit had been postponed from April 14 due to Kalas ' death . After meeting the President , the Phillies opened the series with a second consecutive extra @-@ inning game , defeating the Nationals in 12 innings . Because pitcher J. A. Happ had to enter Friday night 's game in relief , the Phillies called up right @-@ handed starting pitcher Andrew Carpenter from Reading to start the second game of Saturday 's doubleheader ( a make @-@ up of the postponement from April 15 ) . Carpenter earned his first major league win in the rain @-@ shortened second game after Myers earned the win in the afternoon game . Though Sunday 's starter Park only pitched 11 ⁄ 3 innings , the Phillies swept the series with the Nationals with an 8 – 6 come @-@ from @-@ behind win , with new call @-@ up Sergio Escalona earning his first major league win . This marked the first time since the 2007 season that rookies had won back @-@ to @-@ back starts for the Phillies ( Hamels and Kyle Kendrick ) . The Phillies took two of three games in each of their next two series with the Cincinnati Reds and the New York Yankees to finish their road trip with an 8 – 2 record . Though they lost two games against Florida , the final series of the month against Washington resulted in a second straight series sweep , as the Phillies defeated the Nationals in three consecutive games to finish the month with a 17 – 11 record ; the last game of the series was Moyer 's 250th career victory . With strong offensive performances in May , Howard and Ibáñez became the first pair of Phillies to hit 10 home runs in the same month .
= = = June = = =
The month of June saw the continuation of the Phillies ' hot streak ; from May 15 to June 4 , the team compiled a 16 – 4 record , culminating with a three @-@ game sweep of the Padres on the Phillies ' first trip to the West Coast . In that series , rookie Antonio Bastardo made his major league debut , striking out five batters and allowing one earned run in six innings of work to earn his first career victory . Traveling north to Los Angeles for a rematch of the previous year 's playoff series , the Phillies managed a split despite the bullpen 's struggles . Lidge blew two saves in consecutive nights , taking the loss in the first game and allowing the game @-@ tying home run in the other . The series was bookended by the team 's first shutout of the season , a complete game by Hamels , and a second consecutive strong performance from Bastardo , who pitched five innings and allowed only two runs in a game that ended with a final score of 7 – 2 . The final stop on the road trip was Citi Field , where the Phillies faced off against the Mets . All three games were close , with two one @-@ run wins in the series and two extra @-@ inning victories for the Phillies , won by home runs from Utley and Ibáñez on June 10 and 11 .
The team 's strong stretch did not continue , however , as the Phillies entered the second period of interleague play with five consecutive series against the American League East . While they managed a single win against the Boston Red Sox , it was followed by a six @-@ game losing streak wherein the Phillies were swept by the Toronto Blue Jays and the Baltimore Orioles ; Philadelphia was outscored 3
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his only goal for Fulham , opening a 5 – 4 extra @-@ time win over Lincoln City at Craven Cottage by heading in Heiðar Helguson 's cross . In January 2006 he signed for Championship club Norwich City on loan for the rest of the season as defensive cover for the club . He made five starts for them . Having made 30 appearances in all competitions for Fulham , 26 from the starting line @-@ up and four as a substitute , Rehman had to consider his options if he was to get regular football . Although he had two years remaining on his contract , he wanted to play regular first team football , and as a result , he decided to spend the next two seasons getting as much experience as possible .
= = = Queens Park Rangers = = =
After being released by QPR on 19 May 2009 , On 8 August 2006 , just prior to the start of the 2006 – 07 season , Rehman signed for Championship club Queens Park Rangers ( QPR ) from Fulham on a three @-@ year contract for an undisclosed fee . In his first season at QPR , Rehman made 27 appearances .
Towards the end of the season Rehman was sent on loan to former club Brighton & Hove Albion for a month where he gained more first team football experience . He made his debut on 24 March 2007 in a 0 – 0 draw against Huddersfield Town . He ended his loan stint by playing the full 90 minutes , and earning a yellow card in the process , for the final game of the League One season in a 1 – 1 draw at Cheltenham Town on 5 May 2007 , claiming an assist for the opening goal . He featured in eight full games during his loan spell .
Returning to QPR at the start of the new season , chances were limited . The 3 – 1 victory over Leicester City on New Years Day 2008 was Rehman 's 50th game in all competitions since leaving Fulham in 2006 . Rehman finished the 2007 – 08 season in the starting line for QPR against the Championship 's new champions , West Bromwich Albion .
= = = = Blackpool ( loan ) = = = =
Rehman joined Blackpool in a six @-@ month loan deal on 31 July 2008 , along with teammate Daniel Nardiello , who joined the club on a permanent basis , while Blackpool defender Kaspars Gorkss moved to QPR in exchange . He made his debut for Blackpool as a second @-@ half substitute for Jermaine Wright in a 2 – 0 defeat at League Two club Macclesfield Town in the first round of the 2008 – 09 Carling Cup on 12 August 2008 . He was used as an emergency striker due to injuries to three of the club 's strikers . He made his league debut the following Saturday , in a 1 – 1 draw at Norwich City , coming on early in the second half to replace defender Danny Coid .
Three months into his loan spell , in early October , Rehman said of his move to play for Blackpool : " I 'm quite glad to get away from all the hustle and bustle of London . I really like it up here in Blackpool ; it 's a good club with an ambitious young manager . Hopefully , over the next few months I can convince Simon Grayson I 'm worthy of a long @-@ term contract . " On 31 December he returned to QPR after having made three league appearances , all of which were as a substitute .
= = = = Bradford City ( loan ) = = = =
On 26 January 2009 , Rehman signed a loan deal with League Two club Bradford City , which was to last until the end of the 2008 – 09 season . Rehman had turned down a chance to move to Luton Town and team up with Mick Harford , who was previously the assistant manager at QPR , and said he was only prepared to drop down to League Two if he joined Bradford City . Rehman said of the move , " I was only prepared to drop down the leagues to play for this club . I spoke to the manager and chairmen and I know they want to get Bradford back up to where they belong . I ’ ve been involved in relegation battles in the past and it 's nice to be joining a club pushing for promotion – that 's a good pressure to have . " He made his debut the following day in a 1 – 0 defeat to Bury at Gigg Lane , and in doing so became the first British Asian to play in all four divisions of professional football in England . He made his home debut on 31 January , playing at right back , in a 2 – 0 home win over Grimsby Town at Valley Parade . In March he turned down the chance to play for Pakistan in the Asian Football Confederation Challenge Cup qualifiers in order to help Bradford 's push for promotion .
= = = Bradford City = = =
After being released by QPR on 19 May 2009 , Rehman signed a two @-@ year deal with Bradford City on 19 June , saying of the move , " My gut feeling told me to sign for Bradford and I 've absolutely no regrets . From day one I felt at home here . I 'm fortunate enough to have played in all the divisions and I see this as the next step of my journey . " The Bradford manager , Stuart McCall also revealed that Rehman had taken a large pay cut by joining the club , adding , " Zesh is certainly not signing for Bradford for money — he wants to be a success here , and it will be great to have him on board . " He scored his first goal for the club in a 2 – 2 draw with Barnet on 19 September 2009 .
Rehman was captained the club during the 2009 – 10 season and went on to play 42 games . He won the PFA Player in the Community awards on 25 March at The Football League Awards .
At the start of the following season new manager Peter Taylor kept Rehman as club captain hailing him a " supremely professional individual and a superb ambassador for the football club " . Struggling to get playing time , making only 12 appearances , Rehman in an interview to BBC Radio said that he was not pleased to sit in the substitute bench in the past few matches . He also added that being the skipper of the team , his experience would help the team to perform . For making these comments , he was stripped off his captainship and put in the transfer list .
= = = Muangthong United = = =
Rehman signed a two @-@ year deal with Thai Premier League side Muangthong United on 19 December 2010 . He made his debut on 30 January 2011 , in the King 's Trophy against Chonburi Sharks at the Suphachalasai Stadium ; his new side lost 2 – 1 . His appearance made him the first Pakistan international to play in Thailand . About his debut Rehman commented " I can honestly say I loved the experience . The passion from the 40 @,@ 000 fans in the crowd made it a day to remember " . During his stint in the club , it was managed by English striker Robbie Fowler . He made a total of thirty league appearances for the Thai club .
= = = Kitchee = = =
Rehman signed a deal with Hong Kong First Division League side Kitchee on 11 January 2012 . He made his debut in a 2 – 1 win over Sun Hei on 31 January . Rehman scored his first goal for his new club in the AFC Cup against Sông Lam Nghệ An of Vietnam . Rehman won his first piece of silverware of his Hong Kong career by playing a leading role in Kitchees 2 – 1 League Cup win over cloes rivals TSW Pegasus at the Mong Kok Stadium on 15 April 2012 . Rehman helped Kitchee retain the Hong Kong First Division League title with a 4 – 1 victory over Biu Chun Rangers in the last league game to clinch the title , it was his second trophy for the club and it put them in pole position to complete the domestic treble in Hong Kong Rehman and Kitchee finished the season in impressive fashion by overcoming Pegagus after penalties to win
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Hong Kong FA Cup Final at The Hong Kong Stadium . The victory was a historic moment for the club as Kitchee were crowned domestic treble winners , a feat that has never been matched by a Hong Kong club . Rehman made it into the Hong Kong BMA First Division League team of the season at The HKFA Annual Awards dinner . Rehman also achieved the feat of becoming the first Pakistani player to play in AFC Cup .
On 29 August 2012 Rehman played the full game in a pre @-@ season friendly against Premier League giants Arsenal in front of a 40 @,@ 000 crowd as the Hong Kong Champions drew 2 – 2 with the Gunners at The Hong Kong Stadium . On 11 May 2013 Rehman won the Hong Kong FA Cup through a 1 – 0 victory over last year finalist Sun Pegasus FC . On 26 May 2013 Rehman helped Kitchee beat Tuen Mun 3 – 0 in the final of the play off to ensure his teams passage into the AFC Cup 2014 . Rehman played fifteen league games for the club during the 2012 / 13 season , which was followed by six appearances in the next season .
= = = Pahang FA = = =
In December 2013 , Rehman signed for Malayasian club Pahang FA on a two @-@ year contract . His former club Kitchee 's president Ken Ng commented " Zesh has contributed hugely to Kitchee 's success over the last 2 years and he will be truly missed " . His new club 's manager Zainal Abidin Hassan said that they were " delighted " as he " has chosen to come to Pahang ahead of several other teams . " He justified his reason of joining the club as " his destiny " . In his first season with the club , he won three trophies – Malaysia Super League , Malaysia FA Cup and Malaysia Cup , thus winning qualification to the 2015 AFC Cup . In the cup , he played six times without scoring a goal . In 2015 Zesh helped Pahang to finish second in the Malaysia Super League , the highest finish for the club in over a decade and in doing so became the highest goalscoring defender in the league netting 6 times , he scored 8 goals in all competitions throughout the season . Pahang also created history by reaching the AFC Cup quarter final for the first time in their history . Zesh played the majority of the season in Midfield displaying his versatility to the team , performing admirably in the holding role . He played 45 from 46 games in all competitions his best career stats in a season to date . Throughout the year he also achieved some personal milestones such as playing over 300 career games across four nations and notching up 100 + games in Asia and completing five years of playing competitive football in the Asia region . He was handed the captain badge in the beginning of their season . On the 28th of June 2016 Zesh announce via his social media accounts he had amicably agreed to terminate with Pahang FC after a successful 3 @-@ year spell at the club . Zesh said : I would love a future return in a coaching role , something which was offered to me at the start of this season but was not the right moment for me . I will be back to visit my sons birth place of Kuantan . Pahang have the best fans in Malaysia & are by far the best I have played for . Leaving here on excellent terms with the hierarchy , fantastic memories & many formed friendships . Good luck to all the staff & team for the rest of the season . Thank you " . Pahang FC were equally pleased with his contribution . Club CEO and Vice President Datuk Akbar V V Abu was quoted as saying : " Zesh served as an excellent player for Pahang for 3 years in a successful trophy winning team . His example and leadership to the young and local players was outstanding . The door for a future return is open anytime . We would love to see him back in a coaching role one day "
= = International career = =
Rehman originally represented England , and played for them at under @-@ 18 , under @-@ 19 and under @-@ 20 levels . Becoming the first English @-@ born Pakistani to don an England senior football shirt seemed too far away , however , due to lack of first team opportunities at Fulham . Due to his Pakistani parentage , and because he possessed dual Pakistani and British nationality , Rehman also qualified to represent Pakistan , and he eventually opted to play for them , as he considered it to be a more realistic option . A lot of British Asian groups were against this and wanted him to fight more for an England place to set a standard for English @-@ Asian youth .
It was , however , an unrealistic aspiration . With that in mind , and with the blessings of his father , Rehman was approached by Malik Riaz Hai Naveed a young football manager and made his international debut for Pakistan in a 1 – 0 win over Sri Lanka in the 2005 South Asian Football Federation Championship on 7 December 2005 at the Peoples Football Stadium in Karachi . Rehman described his international debut as one of the best memories he has in football , adding , " The reception I received from the first moment till the last was unforgettable . I felt loved , appreciated , respected and wanted and most of all the interest in football really grew immensely . " Pakistan ultimately reached the semi @-@ finals before losing out to Bangladesh 1 – 0 .
Rehman was named in the Pakistan squad for the 201
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0 World Cup qualifying matches against Iraq in October 2007 , and played the match in Lahore but could not help contain Asian champions Iraq from winning 7 – 0 . In the second leg on 28 October he captained Pakistan to a 0 – 0 draw . However , he also had to withdraw from the squad for the SAFF Championship 2008 when he came down with food poisoning . After nearly four years out , Rehman returned to the Pakistan team for the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup qualifiers .
In September 2013 Rehman represented Pakistan at the SAFF Championship which was held in Nepal . He played all of the games for Pakistan who narrowly missed out on a semi @-@ final spot despite beating Bangladesh in the last group game . His commanding displays during the tournament earned him a place in the Team of the Tournament . In October 2013 , Rehman captained Pakistan in both of their games at The Peace Cup held in the Philippines , and scored the winning goal in the opener against Chinese Taipei .
= = = Controversy = = =
Rehman caused controversy in 2007 when in an interview with the British weekly newspaper the Eastern Eye he said that players of Asian descent should consider sticking to their roots rather than dreaming of playing for England . Rehman pointed to Michael Chopra , then with Cardiff City , who had been overlooked to play for England despite being the top scorer in the Championship , yet David Nugent , who was then at fellow Championship club Preston North End , was picked . Rehman claimed " Why wasn ’ t ( Chopra ) picked ahead of Dave Nugent ? He 's the top goal scorer in the Championship but he can ’ t get in ( the England set @-@ up ) . So he needs to maybe look at his decision and go play for India instead of hanging on to the dream of playing for England , because it 's not going to happen , end of discussion . "
= = Personal life = =
Rehman has said that , his " sole purpose in trying to be a success as a professional footballer is to inspire other Asian players to follow my lead and achieve their goals . " He is an ambassador for the Asian Football Network ( AFN ) , a grassroots community @-@ led initiative designed to support and facilitate the development of grassroots Asian football in the UK . He has also worked with the Professional Footballers ' Association ( PFA ) to try to increase the number of British Asians taking up a career in professional football , and has attended meetings with the PFA in order to achieve this goal . He has also been involved in the Show Racism the Red Card campaign and he has taken part in Chelsea 's " Search for an Asian Star " campaign . On 12 July 2008 , he took part in the Islam Expo event at the Olympia exhibition centre in West Kensington , London , a four @-@ day event whose primary purpose was to build bridges between Britain 's Muslim communities and the rest of society . Rehman took part in a panel giving feedback from his own experiences about the positive use of sport .
In April 2008 , Rehman appeared on the United States @-@ based Afghan satellite television network Noor TV and Bangladesh @-@ based Islamic TV discussing being a Muslim footballer and how it is possible to pursue a career in football while sticking to Islamic roots . On 20 April 2008 , he was a guest on the BBC Asian Network radio station show Breakdown revealing his favourite Desi music tunes . In May 2008 , Rehman was awarded the Community Commitment Award at QPR . In April 2008 , Rehman took part in a radio documentary on BBC Radio 1Xtra about British Asians in football which followed his " journey from playground to Premier League " .
In May 2010 , he launched The Zesh Rehman Foundation at Valley Parade to encourage children from all backgrounds to participate in football and sport to better themselves . He was named as one of the 50 World Cup Bid Ambassadors for The FA 's World Cup 2018 bid , entered the Show Racism Red Card Hall of Fame , and was invited onto the PFA management committee by Gordon Taylor .
In September 2011 , he launched his iPhone application aimed at helping players who move overseas with the language barrier . He said that he thought of developing the application while his stint with Muangthong United as he had difficulty in communicating with his teammates .
In 2014 , he was named as on the special South East Asia contributor for the ESPN South East Asia section by writing blogs and columns about football in the rapidly growing football region of Asia . Rehman wrote his second blog for the ESPN South East Asia section a few days after his side recorded victory in the Malaysia Cup quarter @-@ finals .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Club statistics = = =
As of match played on 13 February 2016
= = = International = = =
As of 5 September 2013 .
= Banknotes of Zimbabwe =
The paper money of Zimbabwe were physical forms of Zimbabwe 's four incarnations of the dollar ( $ or Z $ ) from 1980 to 2009 . The banknotes of the first dollar replaced those of the Rhodesian dollar at par in 1980 following the proclamation of independence . The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe issued most of the banknotes and other types of currency notes in its history , including the Bearer cheques and Agro cheques ( " Agro " being short for Agricultural ) that circulated between 15 September 2003 and 31 December 2008 : the Standard Chartered Bank also issued their own emergency cheques from 2003 to 2004 .
The Chiremba Balancing Rocks in Epworth , Harare is the main illustration on the obverse of regular banknotes of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe : for the emergency Bearer and Agro cheques , the rocks became part of the Reserve Bank 's emblem that also appeared on the obverse . The reverse of dollar notes often illustrate the culture or landmarks of Zimbabwe .
The second dollar ( ZWN ) was replaced on 1 August 2008 by the third dollar ( ZWR ) , which was then phased out by fourth dollar ( ZWL ) with short notice on 2 February 2009 because it rapidly lost value . The economic and trade sanctions imposed against the Zimbabwean government and the Reserve Bank made it difficult to incorporate modern security features on most banknotes issued since September 2008 .
The Reserve Bank originally planned to demonetise banknotes of the third dollar on 30 June 2009 but the Zimbabwean dollar as a whole has been suspended since 12 April 2009 , implying that banknotes of both the third and fourth dollar are not de jure legal tender .
= = History = =
The first banknotes of Zimbabwe were issued by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe ( formerly Reserve Bank of Rhodesia ) for the first dollar ( ZWD ) in 1980 to coincide with the independence of Zimbabwe . These notes replaced the circulating banknotes of the Rhodesian Dollar at par . The first series of banknotes ranged from $ 2 to $ 20 , and carried the signature of Dr. Desmond Krogh , then the last Governor of the Reserve Bank of Rhodesia from 1973 . From 1994 to 1997 the Reserve Bank issued a new series of notes ranging from $ 2 to $ 100 , although the $ 2 banknote was withdrawn and replaced by a coin in 1997 . As rising inflation started to affect the purchasing power of the Zimbabwean Dollar , the $ 500 and $ 1 000 banknotes were issued from 2001 to 2005 with enhanced anti @-@ counterfeiting measures .
The RBZ also issued special traveller 's cheques in 2003 , with six denominations ranging from $ 1 000 to $ 100 000 . These were short @-@ lived due to unpopularity with the general public : identification was required both during issue and encashment of such cheques , which could only be used once by the bearer . As usual , banks levied a commission fee on all of the cheques .
On 15 September 2003 , the RBZ and Standard Chartered issued special Bearer cheques with denominations ranging from $ 5 000 to $ 20 000 . These , and subsequent issues of the first and second dollars were time limited and lacked sophisticated anti @-@ counterfeiting measures which were heavily used in many modern banknotes such as those of the Swiss Franc . In the first half of 2006 new denominations of $ 50 000 and $ 100 000 were issued , with the $ 1 million denomination being planned for September 2006 ; it was subsequently never issued .
The time limits were either ignored or extended by multiple decrees , meaning that all notes of these issues remained legal tender in practice until 21 August 2006 .
On 1 August 2006 the banknotes of
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, not present within the object , such as size , shape , action , and posture
Somehow disposed in relation to something ( πρός τί πως ἔχον )
Characteristics related to other phenomena , such as the position of an object within time and space relative to other objects
= = = Epistemology = = =
The Stoics propounded that knowledge can be attained through the use of reason . Truth can be distinguished from fallacy — even if , in practice , only an approximation can be made . According to the Stoics , the senses constantly receive sensations : pulsations that pass from objects through the senses to the mind , where they leave an impression in the imagination ( phantasia ) ( an impression arising from the mind was called a phantasma ) .
The mind has the ability to judge ( συγκατάθεσις , synkatathesis ) — approve or reject — an impression , enabling it to distinguish a true representation of reality from one that is false . Some impressions can be assented to immediately , but others can only achieve varying degrees of hesitant approval , which can be labeled belief or opinion ( doxa ) . It is only through reason that we achieve clear comprehension and conviction ( katalepsis ) . Certain and true knowledge ( episteme ) , achievable by the Stoic sage , can be attained only by verifying the conviction with the expertise of one 's peers and the collective judgment of humankind .
= = Physics and cosmology = =
According to the Stoics , the universe is a material , reasoning substance , known as God or Nature , which the Stoics divided into two classes , the active and the passive . The passive substance is matter , which " lies sluggish , a substance ready for any use , but sure to remain unemployed if no one sets it in motion . " The active substance , which can be called Fate , or Universal Reason ( Logos ) , is an intelligent aether or primordial fire , which acts on the passive matter :
The universe itself is god and the universal outpouring of its soul ; it is this same world 's guiding principle , operating in mind and reason , together with the common nature of things and the totality that embraces all existence ; then the foreordained might and necessity of the future ; then fire and the principle of aether ; then those elements whose natural state is one of flux and transition , such as water , earth , and air ; then the sun , the moon , the stars ; and the universal existence in which all things are contained .
Everything is subject to the laws of Fate , for the Universe acts according to its own nature , and the nature of the passive matter it governs . The souls of people and animals are emanations from this primordial fire , and are , likewise , subject to Fate :
Constantly regard the universe as one living being , having one substance and one soul ; and observe how all things have reference to one perception , the perception of this one living being ; and how all things act with one movement ; and how all things are the cooperating causes of all things that exist ; observe too the continuous spinning of the thread and the structure of the web .
Individual souls are perishable by nature , and can be " transmuted and diffused , assuming a fiery nature by being received into the Seminal Reason ( logos spermatikos ) of the Universe . " Since right Reason is the foundation of both humanity and the universe , it follows that the goal of life is to live according to Reason , that is , to live a life according to Nature .
= = Ethics and virtues = =
The ancient Stoics are often misunderstood because the terms they used pertained to different concepts in the past than they do today . The word "
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agiography , full of clichés and bad jokes " , and objected to its portrayal of Chenevix @-@ Trench as " a heroic figure " .
= Lazer Beam =
" Lazer Beam " is a single by Super Furry Animals . It was the only single to be released from the Love Kraft album and reached # 28 in the UK Singles Chart . The song is " about making your own reality " and tells the story of aliens coming down to earth to shoot humans with laser beams which " make them intelligent rather than being jerks " . Some of singer Gruff Rhys 's lyrics were lifted from a speech made by Tony Blair at the Labour Party Conference in 2004 .
Although critical response to the track was mostly positive , with some journalists hailing " Lazer Beam " as a " return to form " , some reviews were scathing with the NME even going so far as to call it " the worst Furries song ever " in their review of 2007 's Hey Venus !
Two music videos were produced to accompany the song 's release as a single . The first , directed by Palumbo & Coch , features a fluorescent cityscape with the band and a monster with their ' SFA ' logo , appearing between the translucent buildings while the second , directed by Aurelien and Florian Marrel , features a fictional sideways @-@ scrolling arcade beat ' em up in the style of Metal Slug and Michael Jackson 's Moonwalker .
= = Recording and themes = =
In a 2005 interview with The Big Issue Gruff Rhys claimed that some of the lyrics to the song are based on Tony Blair 's speech at the Labour Party Conference in 2004 , in particular his opening line ' a radical new vision is needed ' : " I 've nicked that wholesale , but I am offering a radical new vision whereas he wasn 't . He was offering a 19th century imperialist vision and " Lazer Beam " offers an end to Hollywood romantic comedies and imperial colonialist bastards " . According to guitarist Huw Bunford the song is " about making your own reality " : " Today 's reality is insane so we may as well make our own . It 's about aliens coming down from space and zapping humans with amazing lazer beams that make them intelligent rather than being jerks . It 's obviously a highly unlikely scenario " .
" Lazer Beam " was recorded in Figueres , Spain , and mixed in a suburb of Rio de Janeiro along with the rest of the Love Kraft album . According to Bunford , the band recorded " three versions of the song " before deciding to release the version that appears on Love Kraft .
= = Musical structure = =
The album version of " Lazer Beam " is 4 minutes 55 seconds long and is in the key of A major . This version appeared on all commercially released singles containing the track .
The track starts with 24 seconds of heavily effected guitar , drums and " bizarre sound effects " before the first verse begins , rising in volume as a looping bass line joins the mix and Gruff Rhys speaks the lines " This song is daunted by a radical new vision , no more imperial colonial bastards , no more romantic comedies , this is a fanfare introduction to a high @-@ powered , purposeful theme . "
A string section join on the chorus
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matter how operatic or convoluted . " For the season 's main mystery , Cherry and the writers wanted to incorporate more of the series ' regular characters rather than bringing in various new ones , like they had done in the second season with Betty Applewhite ( Alfre Woodard ) and her family . They developed the Orson plot line around the " idea that one of our women marries a guy who has dark secrets and possibly a violent streak . " Cherry opined : " I thought there was something exciting about that , but real and relatable . " Greenstein commented that the writers worked backwards from the second season 's cliffhangers to develop the Orson storyline , forsaking the original material that had been developed earlier . The cast responded positively to the new material for the season .
The episode is the first to feature Kyle MacLachlan as a series regular . He originally appeared as Orson Hodge in a string of episodes at the end of the second season . The Orson character was originally planned as a romantic interest for Susan , according to executive producer Tom Spezialy , until Cherry decided to pair Orson with Bree . Additionally , when Orson was introduced toward the end of the second season , he was originally to be a con artist . A character portrayed by Julie White appeared in the second season finale and would have been Orson 's accomplice , but the entire storyline was discarded in favor of the mysterious disappearance of Orson 's wife and White 's character was not seen or mentioned again . MacLachlan commented that his character is " desperate to make this relationship with Bree work . Anything that tries to knock that apart becomes a threat . " Cherry called Orson Bree 's perfect match , but added that their similarities " will ultimately prove to be the downfall of the relationship . "
Kiersten Warren also returned to the series as Nora Huntington after being introduced at the end of the second season . On her storyline , Warren commented , " There 's a lot of families who are going through this . Not quite the surprise ooh , boo , child , but children from other marriages and trying to meld these families . I think a lot of people have to deal with it . I think it 's fantastic that they ’ re doing this on the show . " Dougray Scott made his debut in this episode as Ian Hainsworth , Susan 's romantic interest . Cherry opined that the character " can legitimately rival Mike for [ Susan 's ] affections . " Daily commented on the storyline , saying : " Talk about dark comedy — we 're trying to find the humor in these two people bonding over the fact that they each have a partner in a coma . " Scott called his character " bumbling at times , " adding , " He kind of blossoms after he rediscovers his romantic juices with Susan . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
According to ABC , " Listen to the Rain on the Roof " was watched by 24 @.@ 09 million viewers , placing it as the second @-@ most watched program of the week on all networks , behind ABC 's Grey 's Anatomy . According to Nielsen ratings , the episode received a 14 @.@ 6 rating / 21 share . The episode was watched by four million less viewers than the second season premiere a year earlier but managed to outperform the second season finale in May .
= = = Critical reception = = =
David Kronke of the Los Angeles Daily News wrote that the show " returns to its wicked wit , dialing back but certainly not eradicating the melodrama . " He complimented the four main actresses for their comedic relief and concluded : " Rarely does a show unjump the shark this well ; it 's back in fine form , calibrating its humor and its menace just right . " New York
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by the Germans in Oosterbeek while ' C ' Company had entered Arnhem but were halted on the road leading to the bridge . At 15 : 30 the 1st Parachute Battalion were released from the reserve and directed along the Ede @-@ Arnhem road . Here they first encountered German armoured vehicles and a column of five tanks and fifteen half @-@ tracks , which were engaged by the battalion . They continued fighting their way forward , and by morning had reached the outskirts of Arnhem . By this time around a quarter of the battalion had been killed , wounded or were missing . Before this , at nightfall , Brigadier Lathbury had contacted Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Frost in command at the bridge and informed him the brigade would stay put during the night and attempt to reach him in the morning .
At dawn on the second day , the defenders on the bridge saw a small convoy of trucks approaching at some speed from the south , which at first they misidentified as the British XXX Corps . That they were enemy trucks did not become apparent until they were on the bridge whereupon the defenders opened fire and destroyed the convoy . Soon afterwards , German infantry and armour approached the bridge from the east . One tank reached the space under the bridge before it was destroyed by one of the 6 pounder anti @-@ tank guns . At 09 : 00 , thirty armoured cars , half @-@ tracks and trucks from the 9th SS Panzer Division attempted to rush the bridge from the south . The first five armoured cars , using the wrecks of the dawn convoy as cover and with the element of surprise , managed to cross unscathed . The rest of the force was engaged and twelve of their vehicles destroyed with the survivors returning to the southern bank . All day long , the force at the bridge came under fire from mortars and anti @-@ aircraft guns positioned south of the river and were subject to probing infantry and armour attacks .
On the outskirts of Arnhem , 1st Battalion , which had been joined by Headquarters Company , 3rd Battalion , unsuccessfully attempted to fight through to the bridge then moved south in an attempt to flank the German line . They eventually ended up beside the river , whereafter 3rd Battalion advanced 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) along the bank until daylight revealed their position to the Germans . Divisional commander Major @-@ General Roy Urquhart and Brigadier Lathbury accompanied 3rd Battalion until Lathbury was shot and wounded . Due to his injuries , they were unable to move him and he was left in the care of a Dutch family . The 1st and 3rd Battalions spent all day trying to force a way through to the bridge . By nightfall they had failed and the strength of both battalions was reduced to around 100 men .
Another attempt to reach the bridge began at 03 : 45 on the third day , 19 September when the 1st and 3rd Battalions were joined by the 11th Parachute Battalion and the 2nd Battalion , South Staffordshire Regiment . By dawn , under intense fire from the German defenders , the attack had faltered whereupon the 11th Parachute Battalion , until then held in reserve , was ordered to carry out a left flanking assault on the German line . This last attempt to reach the defenders at the bridge was subsequently stopped on the orders of General Urquhart when he realised the futility of the battle . By this time the 1st Parachute Battalion had been reduced to forty men and the 3rd Parachute Battalion to around the same number .
With no word from the division or brigade Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Frost assumed command of the brigade units at the bridge . With their casualties mounting and supplies of food and ammunition running low , a request for the force to surrender was rejected by Frost , who decided they would fight on .
By day four , 20 September , the brigade still holding out at the bridge had been split into two groups during the
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the gaps in Ramanujan 's education without interrupting his inspiration .
Ramanujan was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree by research ( this degree was later renamed PhD ) in March 1916 for his work on highly composite numbers , the first part of which was published as a paper in the Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society . The paper was more than 50 pages and proved various properties of such numbers . Hardy remarked that it was one of the most unusual papers seen in mathematical research at that time and that Ramanujan showed extraordinary ingenuity in handling it . On 6 December 1917 , he was elected to the London Mathematical Society . In 1918 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society , the second Indian to be , following Ardaseer Cursetjee in 1841 . At age 31 Ramanujan was one of the youngest Fellows in the history of the Royal Society . He was elected " for his investigation in Elliptic functions and the Theory of Numbers . " On 13 October 1918 , he was the first Indian to be elected a Fellow of Trinity College , Cambridge .
= = = Illness and death = = =
Throughout his life , Ramanujan was plagued by health problems . His health worsened in England . He was diagnosed with tuberculosis and a severe vitamin deficiency , and was confined to a sanatorium . In 1919 he returned to Kumbakonam , Madras Presidency , and soon thereafter , in 1920 , died at the age of 32 . His widow , S. Janaki Ammal , moved to Bombay ; in 1950 she returned to Chennai ( formerly Madras ) , where she lived until her death in 1994 at age 95 .
A 1994 analysis of Ramanujan 's medical records and symptoms by Dr. D. A. B. Young concluded that it was much more likely he had hepatic amoebiasis , an illness then widespread in Madras , rather than TB . He had two episodes of dysentery before he left India . When not properly treated , dysentery can lie dormant for years and lead to hepatic amoebiasis . Amoebiasis was a treatable and often curable disease at the time .
= = = Personality and spiritual life = = =
Ramanujan has been described as a person of a somewhat shy and quiet disposition , a dignified man with pleasant manners . He lived a rather spartan life at Cambridge . Ramanujan 's first Indian biographers describe him as a rigorously orthodox Hindu . He credited his acumen to his family goddess , Mahalakshmi of Namakkal . He looked to her for inspiration in his work and claimed to dream of blood drops that symbolised her male consort , Narasimha . Afterward he would receive visions of scrolls of complex mathematical content unfolding before his eyes . He often said , " An equation for me has no meaning unless it represents a thought of God . "
Hardy cites Ramanujan as remarking that all religions seemed equally true to him . Hardy further argued that Ramanujan 's religious belief had been romanticised by Westerners and overstated — in reference to his belief , not practice — by Indian biographers . At the same time , he remarked on Ramanujan 's strict vegetarianism .
= = Mathematical achievements = =
In mathematics , there is a distinction between having an insight and having a proof . Ramanujan proposed a plethora of formulae that could be investigated later in depth . G. H. Hardy said that Ramanujan 's discoveries are unusually rich and that there is often more to them than initially meets the eye . As a byproduct of his work , new directions of research were opened up . Examples of the most interesting of these formulae include the intriguing infinite series for π , one of which is given below :
<formula>
This result is based on the negative fundamental discriminant d
= − 4 × 58 =
− 232 with class number h ( d )
= 2 ( note that 5 × 7 × 13 × 58 =
26390 and that 9801
= 99 × 99 ; 396 =
4 × 99 ) and is related to the fact that
<formula>
This might be compared to Heegner numbers , which have class number 1 and yield similar formulae .
Ramanujan 's series for π converges extraordinarily rapidly ( exponentially ) and forms the basis of some of the fastest algorithms currently used to calculate π . Truncating the sum to the first term also gives the approximation 9801 √ 2 / 4412 for π , which is correct to six decimal places . See also the more general Ramanujan – Sato series .
One of Ramanujan 's remarkable capabilities was the
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were then used to evaluate viability of the coup , the preparedness of the PMO , and the attitude of Lithuanian diplomats towards a union with Poland .
After the failure Wasilewski 's diplomatic mission , Polish newspapers increased their anti @-@ Lithuanian propaganda . They said that the Council of Lithuania was a pro @-@ German puppet , ignoring popular wishes for a union with Poland as such union would break German influence in the state . The Polish media further reported on growing anti @-@ government sentiment among the Lithuanians . This information was in line with the Polish plans to present the coup as an initiative by the local population to free Lithuania from German domination . While the plotters counted on military intervention by regular Polish troops , the Polish government maintained it had not inspired the coup . The official goal of the Polish plan was to " 1 ) create an independent Lithuania , powerful , truly democratic , connected voluntarily with Poland in a union , with as much internal autonomy as possible and 2 ) acceptance of the Polish minority in Lithuania as a partner in the Lithuanian government and recognition of the Polish language as equal to the Lithuanian language in Lithuania . "
The PMO recruited Lithuanian activists Stanisław Narutowicz , Juozas Gabrys , Jurgis Aukštuolaitis , and Klemensas Vaitiekūnas . On August 20 – 22 , 1919 , Wasilewski and Tadeusz Kasprzycki together with Narutowicz and Aukštuolaitis planned out the coup details . During the coup , scheduled for the night from August 28 to 29 , the rebels were to capture Kaunas and hold it until the arrival of the Polish regular units invited to protect the city . The Council of Lithuania and the Lithuanian government was to be deposed and replaced by a pro @-@ Polish cabinet . General Silvestras Žukauskas was to be installed as a military dictator of the new Lithuanian government , with Aukštuolaitis as his second @-@ in @-@ command and Narutowicz as the head of the civilian government . General Žukauskas , then chief commander of the Lithuanian forces , was not aware of the coup , but was known for his generally friendly attitude towards Poland and was expected to support the aftermath . Other posts were reserved for Mykolas Biržiška , Jonas Vileišis , Steponas Kairys , Juozas Tūbelis and others , similarly unaware of the coup . Aukštuolaitis was given 800 @,@ 000 and promised another 300 @,@ 000 German marks to finance the coup .
= = Coup discovered = =
Eventually , the uprising was doomed by poor communication and the overeagerness of some of the PMO activists . Piłsudski failed to discourage local PMO activists from carrying out the Sejny Uprising in the Suwałki Region . The local PMO disregarded his recommendations and launched the uprising , which while locally successful , led to the failure of the nationwide coup . PMO members in Lithuania stated that the Sejny uprising had damaged their reputation , and many of its former supporters rejected calls by PMO recruiters .
The initial coup was postponed to September 1 , 1919 . However , some PMO units began their actions ( cutting telegraph wires , damaging railways , etc . ) as scheduled previously – on the night of August 27 to 28 . The Lithuanian intelligence intercepted and decoded the order to delay the coup . They had known before that Poles were plotting , but did not know who and when . The Lithuanian government was informed about the cut telegraph wires and intercepted order in the morning of August 28 . However , the government did not consider the threat real and did not take appropriate action .
A group of 18 Lithuanian Army officers , with tacit approval from Sleževičius , took the initiative . Afraid that PMO members infiltrated the military , they secretly decided to begin mass arrests of Polish supporters on the night from August 28 to 29 . Since they did not know who exactly was behind the conspiracy , the Lithuanians arrested more prominent Polish activists in Kaunas . Several dozen Poles were arrested the first night , including Aukštuolaitis and 23 Polish officers serving in the Lithuanian Army . By the second night the number of arrested Poles grew to 200 . Kaunas was declared under a state of siege . The Polish press noted mass arrests of Polish activists " to whom no charge can be ascribed other than being Poles " and concluded that this was proof of the systematic anti @-@ Polish policies of the German @-@ ridden Lithuanian government .
Because the Lithuanians did not have a list of PMO members , they did not arrest the main leaders . Also , provincial PMO branches remained intact . Therefore , on September 17 , 1919 , new orders were issued scheduling the second coup attempt for the end of September . This attempt was also discovered . A Lithuanian woman succeeded in convincing Petras Vrubliauskas , PMO deputy commander in Vilnius , to transfer the PMO document archive to the Lithuanians . On September 21 , the Lithuanians obtained a full list of PMO members and supporters and arrested them in the following days . The PMO branch in Lithuania ceased to function and was liquidated .
= = Aftermath and evaluation = =
The Lithuanians charged 117 persons during a military trial on December 11 – 24 , 1920 . Six leaders received life sentences . Other sentences ranged from 15 years to 8 months in prison . At least 15 individuals were acquitted . By 1928 there were no PMO members in Lithuanian prisons : some were exchanged for Lithuanian prisoners or released early . General Žukauskas was removed from his post as the commander of the Lithuanian Army and had to battle the perceived friendliness to Poland for much of his further career . The Polish government initially denied that there was any coup ; later it admitted that locals planned an uprising , but claimed it had no part in it . The coup further strained the Polish – Lithuanian relations , making Lithuan
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-@ mothering , is socially inept and prone to panic attacks .
Michael 's older brother is George Oscar Bluth ( " GOB " ) ( Will Arnett ) , an unsuccessful professional magician whose business and personal schemes usually fail or become tiresome and are quickly abandoned . His name is an acronym for George Oscar Bluth II , pronounced / dʒoʊb / , like the Biblical figure Job . Michael 's twin sister Lindsay ( Portia de Rossi ) is spoiled and materialistic , continually desiring to be the center of attention and attracted to various social causes . She is married to Tobias Fünke ( David Cross ) , a discredited psychiatrist @-@ turned @-@ aspiring actor . Tobias is a self @-@ diagnosed " never @-@ nude " ( a disorder comparable to gymnophobia ) , whose language and behavior have heavily homosexual overtones to which he seems completely oblivious and which are the center of much tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek comedy throughout the series . Their daughter is Mae " Maeby " Fünke ( Alia Shawkat ) , a rebellious teen , whose chief motivation is defying her parents , in an effort to get their attention .
= = = Recurring characters = = =
Several other characters regularly appear in recurring roles . George Sr. ' s identical twin brother , Oscar ( also played by Jeffrey Tambor ) , is a lethargic ex @-@ hippie seeking the affection of George 's wife , Lucille . The family 's lawyer , Barry Zuckerkorn ( Henry Winkler ) , is an incompetent sexual deviant who often hinders the family 's legal battles rather than helping them . He is eventually replaced by Bob Loblaw ( Scott Baio ) . Lucille Austero , or " Lucille 2 " , played by Liza Minnelli , is Lucille 's " best friend and chief social rival " as well as a sometimes @-@ love interest of Buster and , later , Gob . Steve Holt ( Justin Grant Wade ) is a high school senior and football star at the high school George Michael and Maeby attend , and is later discovered to be Gob 's son . Carl Weathers plays a parodied version of himself as Tobias ' acting coach .
Beginning in the second season , Mae Whitman plays Ann Veal , George Michael 's sternly Christian girlfriend , often forgotten or disparaged by Michael . Ann was also played by Alessandra Torresani , and first appeared in the season 1 episode " Let ' Em Eat Cake " . Marta Estrella was originally played by Leonor Varela and later by Patricia Velasquez , and appears as Gob 's girlfriend , which causes conflict between him and Michael . J. Walter Weatherman ( Steve Ryan ) , a one @-@ armed amputee , is an old employee of George Sr. Weatherman appears in flashbacks in many episodes where , as hired by George Sr. , he would teach George Sr. ' s children lessons .
A British mentally handicapped woman named Rita Leeds ( Charlize Theron ) appears in five episodes in the third season as Michael 's female companion . Judy Greer plays George Bluth Senior 's assistant and lover ( and partner @-@ in @-@ crime ) , Kitty Sanchez , for 10 episodes of the series . Ed Begley , Jr. plays Stan Sitwell , the owner of Sitwell Enterprises , a rival company to the Bluth Company . Christine Taylor plays Sally Sitwell , Stan Sitwell 's daughter and a consistent love interest for Michael . Justin Lee plays Annyong , the adopted Korean son of Lucille and George Sr. Julia Louis @-@ Dreyfus plays Maggie Lizer , an attorney and compulsive liar who has a recurring relationship with Michael . Rob Corddry plays Moses Taylor , the star of the fictional TV show " Frank Wrench " and a noted gun rights activist . Ben Stiller plays magician and Gob 's chief rival Tony Wonder , well known for baking himself into a loaf of bread to feed the troops . Amy Poehler plays Gob 's unnamed and frequently forgotten wife who married Gob as the final in a long line of escalating dares . Jane Lynch plays Cindi Lightballoon , a government mole who tries to gather incriminating information from an incarcerated George Sr. but ends up falling in love with him instead .
= = Episodes = =
= = = Season one ( 2003 – 04 ) = = =
George Bluth Sr. , patriarch of the Bluth family , is the founder and former CEO of the Bluth Company which markets and builds mini @-@ mansions among many other activities . His son Michael serves as manager of the company , and , after being passed over for a promotion , decides to leave both the company and his family . Just as he makes this decision , however , George Sr. is arrested by the Securities and Exchange Commission for defrauding investors and gross spending of the company 's money for " personal expenses " . His wife Lucille becomes CEO , and immediately names as the new president her extremely sheltered youngest son Buster , who proves ill @-@ equipped , as his only experience with business is a class he took concerning 18th century agrarian business . Furious at being passed over again , Michael secures another job with a rival company and plans on leaving his family behind for good . Realizing that they need Michael , the family asks him to come back and run the company , which Michael scoffs at until he sees how much the family means to his teenaged son George Michael . To keep the family together , Michael asks his self @-@ centered twin sister Lindsay , her husband Tobias and their daughter Maeby to live together in the Bluth model home with him and George Michael .
Throughout the first season , different characters struggle to change their identities . Buster works to escape from his mother 's control by bonding with brothers Michael and Gob as well as with love interest Lucille Austero , Lucille Bluth 's neighbor and chief social rival . George Michael nurses a forbidden crush on his cousin Maeby , while continually trying to meet his father 's expectations . Lindsay 's husband Tobias searches for work as an actor , with the aid of Carl Weathers . Michael falls in love with his screw @-@ up older brother Gob 's neglected girlfriend Marta , and is torn between being with her and putting " family first " . After seeing Michael physically fight with Gob , Marta realizes that they do not share the same family values and she leaves them both . To spite Buster , Lucille adopts a Korean son whom she calls " Annyong " after she mistakes the Korean word for " hello " as his name . Through an escalating series of dares , Gob gets married to a woman he just met , played by Will Arnett 's real @-@ life then @-@ wife Amy Poehler , but cannot get an annulment because he refuses to admit that he did not consummate the marriage . Kitty , George Sr. ' s former assistant and mistress , tries to blackmail the company . She is caught in the Bluth family yacht 's explosion , as used in one of Gob 's magic acts , but survives with a cooler full of damning evidence labeled " H Maddas " . After previous failed attempts , and a brief religious stint in Judaism , George Sr. finally escapes from prison by faking a heart attack . It is also revealed that George Sr. committed " light treason " by using the company to build mini @-@ palaces for Saddam Hussein in Iraq .
= = = Season two ( 2004 – 05 ) = = =
Because of his father 's latest prison break deception ( a faked heart attack ) , Michael decides to leave his family and move to Phoenix , Arizona with George Michael , but discovers that he cannot leave the state , due to the Bluth Company being under investigation and him having to go jail as a replacement for his father . Lucille appoints Gob the new Bluth Company president , but since Gob proves utterly incompetent , the position 's real duties revert to Michael . During the rest of the season Gob serves as figurehead president ; Michael is still under scrutiny for George Sr. ' s illegal activity .
George Sr. is not , in fact , gone . After faking his death in Mexico by paying off the cops , George Sr. returns to the family model home , where George Michael discovers him and hides him in the attic . To protect his son from legal implications , Michael hides George Sr. in Gob 's Aztec Tomb , orchestrates a diversion , and tells the family that George Sr. has escaped once more . Throughout the rest of the season , Michael sneaks George Sr. provisions , and George Sr. keeps tabs on the Bluth family through the ventilation system . George Sr. also faces onslaught from the outside world ; the press begins looking for him in Iraq , fumigators surround the house while he 's still in the attic , and Kitty returns to steal a sample of his semen to make her own Bluth baby .
Buster meanwhile joins the army , but escapes serving in Iraq when his hand is bitten off by a loose seal ( a play on " Lucille " ) Gob mistakenly gave a taste for mammal flesh . Buster is refitted with a sharp hook , which he is known to brandish dangerously near his relatives ' faces . During Buster 's long psychological recovery , he bonds with George Sr. ' s stoner twin brother
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of 1707 , he authorized an expedition against Port Royal . This expedition made two separate attempts to take Port Royal ; for a variety of reasons , both attempts failed despite the expedition 's significant numerical superiority .
= = = British expedition organized = = =
In the following years , France failed to send any significant support , while the British mobilized larger and better @-@ organized forces for the conflict in North America . Samuel Vetch , a Scots businessman with colonial ties , went to London in 1708 and lobbied Queen Anne for military support to conquer all of New France . She authorized a " great enterprise " to conquer all of Acadia and Canada in 1709 that was aborted when the promised military support failed to materialize . Vetch and Francis Nicholson , an Englishman who had previously served as colonial governor of Maryland and Virginia , returned to England in its aftermath , and again appealed to the queen for support . They were accompanied by four Indian chiefs , who caused a sensation in London . Nicholson and Vetch successfully argued on behalf of colonial interests for British military support against Port Royal .
Nicholson arrived in Boston on 15 July 1710 , bearing a commission from the queen as " General and Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of all and sundry the Forces , to be employed in the expedition design 'd for the reducing of Port Royal in Nova Scotia " . In addition to 400 marines brought over from England , four New England provinces raised militia regiments : Massachusetts Bay provided 900 , Rhode Island 180 , Connecticut 300 , and New Hampshire 100 . Some of the provincial troops were drilled in the arts of siege warfare by Paul Mascarene , a Huguenot officer in the British Army . A band of Iroquois was also recruited to serve as scouts on the expedition . When the fleet sailed on 29 September , it consisted of 36 transports , two bomb galleys , and five warships . Two ships , HMS Falmouth and HMS Dragon , were sent from England , while HMS Feversham and HMS Lowestoft were sent from New York to join with HMS Chester , which was already stationed at Boston . Nicholson sent HMS Chester ahead of the fleet to blockade the Digby Gut , which controlled naval access to Port Royal .
= = = Port Royal defences = = =
Port Royal was defended by about 300 troops , many of whom were poorly trained recruits from France . Subercase had taken steps to improve the local defences since the 1707 sieges , building a new bomb @-@ proof powder magazine and barracks in 1708 , and clearing woods from the river banks to deny attackers cover . He completed the construction of another vessel to assist in naval defence , and engaged privateers with great success against New England fishing and shipping . From prisoners taken by the privateers he learned that plans were continually being made in 1708 and 1709 for new attempts on Port Royal .
= = Siege = =
As the fleet sailed north , it was met by a dispatch vessel sent by Thomas Matthews , captain of the Chester . She carried deserters from the French garrison , who reported that morale was extremely low . Nicholson sent the ship ahead with one of the transports ; when they entered Digby Gut they received some fire from parties of Mi 'kmaq on the shore . The ships returned fire with their cannons , without either side taking casualties . On 5 October , the main British fleet arrived at Goat Island , about 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) below Port Royal . That afternoon , the transport Caesar ran aground while attempting to enter the Annapolis River , and was eventually swept onto the rocks . Its captain , some of its crew , and 23 soldiers died , while a company commander and some 25 others struggled ashore .
The following day , 6 October , British marines began landing both north and south of the fortress and the town . The northern force was joined by four New England regiments under Colonel Vetch , while Nicholson led the remaining New England troops as part of the southern force . The landings took place without incident , with fire from the fort answered by one of the fleet 's bomb ships at long range . Although later accounts of the siege claimed Vetch 's detachment was part of a strategic plan to surround the fort , contemporary accounts report that Vetch wanted to have a command that was somewhat independent of Nicholson . These same accounts claim Vetch never got to within range of the fort 's guns until after the siege ended ; his attempts to erect a battery of mortars in a muddy area across Allain 's Creek from the fort was repulsed by cannon fire . The southern force met with guerrilla @-@ style resistance outside the fort , with Acadian and Indian defenders firing small arms from houses and wooded areas , in addition to taking fire from the fort . This fire resulted in three British killed , but the defenders were unable to keep the British on the south side from establishing a camp about 400 yards ( 370 m ) from the fort .
Over the next four days the British landed their cannons and brought them up to the camp . Fire from the fort and supporters outside it persisted , and the British bomb ships wrought havoc within the fort with their fire each night . With the opening of new British batteries imminent , Subercase sent out an officer with a parley flag on 10 October . The negotiations got off to a bad start because the officer was not properly announced by a drummer , and deteriorated from there . Each side ended up holding an officer of the other , principally over matters of military etiquette , and the British continued their siege work .
By 12 October , the siege trenches had advanced , and cannons that were within 300 feet ( 91 m ) of the fort opened fire . Nicholson sent Subercase a demand that he surrender , and negotiations began once more . By the end of the day , the parties reached an agreement on the terms of surrender , which was formally signed the next day . The garrison was allowed to leave the fort with all the honours of war , " their Arms and Baggage , Drums beating , and Colours flying . " The British were to transport the garrison to France , and there were specific protections in the capitulation to protect the local residents . These terms called for the " Inhabitants within Cannon shot of the Fort " to be allowed to remain on their properties for up to two years if they so chose , provided they were willing to take an oath to the British Crown .
= = Aftermath = =
The British took formal possession of Port Royal following a ceremony on 16 October , in which they renamed the place Annapolis Royal in honour of their queen . Samuel Vetch was inaugurated as the new governor of Nova Scotia . Massachusetts and New Hampshire proclaimed a day of public thanksgiving .
The first attempt to retake Annapolis Royal happened the next year . After a skirmish in which a party of British soldiers was ambushed , Bernard @-@ Anselme d 'Abbadie de Saint @-@ Castin lead a force of 200 Acadians and native warriors in a siege of the fort , without success .
The capture of Port Royal marked the end of French rule in peninsular Acadia , and inaugurated a struggle for control of the territory that lasted until the British conquests of the Seven Years ' War . The status of Acadia was one of the more contentious issues in the negotiations leading to the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht , and very nearly led to renewed war . French negotiators were unable to recover Acadia , although they were able to retain Isle Saint @-@ Jean ( present @-@ day Prince Edward
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wedge @-@ shaped formation , with Kaiser Max on his left flank ; the wooden warships of the second and third divisions followed behind in the same formation .
While he was forming up his ships , Persano transferred from his flagship , Re d 'Italia to the turret ship Affondatore . This created a gap in the Italian line , and Tegetthoff seized the opportunity to divide the Italian fleet and create a melee . He made a pass through the gap , but failed to ram any of the Italian ships , forcing him to turn around and make another attempt . After the second pass , Kaiser Max engaged Re d 'Italia , with the latter damaging Kaiser Max 's rigging and funnel . After the Italian ship had been rammed and sunk by Erzherzog Ferdinand Max , Kaiser Max attempted to ram another Italian vessel without success . She then engaged the small coastal defense ship Palestro with fifteen broadsides . The Austrian ironclad then Juan de Austria became surrounded by Italian ships , prompting Kaiser Max to come to her rescue .
Around this time , Persano broke off the engagement , and though his ships still outnumbered the Austrians , he refused to counter @-@ attack with his badly demoralized forces . In addition , the fleet was low on coal and ammunition . The Italian fleet began to withdraw , followed by the Austrians ; Tegetthoff , having gotten the better of the action , kept his distance so as not to risk his success . As night began to fall , the opposing fleets disengaged completely , heading for Ancona and Pola , respectively . Kaiser Max had emerged from the battle essentially undamaged , the Italian shells having been unable to penetrate her armor .
= = = Later career = = =
After returning to Pola , Tegetthoff kept his fleet in the northern Adriatic , where it patrolled against a possible Italian attack . The Italian ships never came , and on 12 August , the two countries signed the Armistice of Cormons ; this ended the fighting and led to the Treaty of Vienna . Though Austria had defeated Italy at Lissa and on land at the Battle of Custoza , Italy 's ally Prussia had decisively defeated the Austrian army at the Battle of Königgrätz . As a result , Austria , which became Austria @-@ Hungary in the Ausgleich of 1867 , was forced to cede the city of Venice to Italy .
Kaiser Max was rebuilt in 1867 , particularly to correct her poor seakeeping . Her open bow was plated over and she was rearmed with twelve 7 @-@ inch ( 178 mm ) muzzleloaders manufactured by Armstrong and two 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) 4 @-@ pounder guns . By 1873 , the ship was obsolescent and had a thoroughly rotted hull , so the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy decided to replace the ship . Parliamentary objection to granting funds for new ships forced the navy to resort to subterfuge to replace the ship . Reconstruction projects were routinely approved by the parliament , so the navy officially " rebuilt " Kaiser Max and her sister ships . In reality , Kaiser Max was completely broken up at the STT shipyard starting in December 1873 , and only some parts of the engines , her armor plate , and other miscellaneous parts were salvaged for use in the new Kaiser Max , so @-@ named to conceal the fact that she was a new vessel .
= The Negro Motorist Green Book =
The Negro Motorist Green Book ( at times styled The Negro Motorist Green @-@ Book or titled The Negro Travelers ' Green Book ) was an annual guidebook for African @-@ American roadtrippers , commonly referred to simply as the Green Book . It was originated and published by New York City mailman Victor H. Green in the United States from 1936 to 1966 , during the Jim Crow era , when open and often legally prescribed discrimination against non @-@ whites was widespread . Although pervasive racial discrimination and black poverty limited ownership of cars among African Americans , the emerging black middle class became car owners . In response , Green expanded the coverage in his book from the New York area to much of North America , also founding a travel agency .
Many blacks took to driving , in part to avoid segregation on public transportation . As the writer George Schuyler put it in 1930 , " all Negroes who can do so purchase an automobile as soon as possible in order to be free of discomfort , discrimination , segregation and insult . " Black Americans employed as athletes , entertainers , and salesmen also traveled frequently for work purposes . African @-@ American travelers faced a variety of dangers and inconveniences , such as white @-@ owned businesses refusing to serve them or repair their vehicles , being refused accommodation or food by white @-@ owned hotels , and threats of physical violence and forcible expulsion from whites @-@ only " sundown towns " . Green founded and published The Negro Motorist Green Book to tackle such problems , compiling resources " to give the Negro traveler information that will keep him from running into difficulties , embarrassments and to make his trip more enjoyable . "
From a New York @-@ focused first edition published in 1936 , Green expanded the work to cover much of North America , including most of the United States and parts of Canada , Mexico , the Caribbean , and Bermuda . The Green Book became " the bible of black travel during Jim Crow " , enabling black travelers to find lodgings , businesses , and gas stations that would serve them along the road . It was little known outside the African @-@ American community . Shortly after passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , which outlawed the types of racial discrimination that had made the Green Book necessary , publication ceased and it fell into obscurity . There has been a revived interest in it in the early 21st century in connection with studies of black travel during the Jim Crow era .
Los Angeles is now considering offering special protection to the sites that kept black travelers safe . Ken Bernstein , principal planner for the city 's Office of Historic Resources notes , " At the very least , these sites can be incorporated into our city 's online inventory system . They are part of the story of African Americans in Los Angeles , and the story of Los Angeles itself writ large . "
= = Traveling while black : the African @-@ American travel experience = =
Until long after the Civil Rights era ( 1955 – 1968 ) , black travelers in the United States faced major problems to which most whites were oblivious . White supremacists had long sought to restrict black mobility . As a result , simply undertaking an auto journey was fraught with difficulty for black people and was potentially a dangerous undertaking . They were subjected to racial profiling by police departments ( " Driving While Black " ) , faced being punished for being seen as " uppity " or " too prosperous " if they were driving a car ( an act that many whites regarded as a white prerogative ) , and risked harassment or worse on and off the highway . A bitter commentary published in a 1947 issue of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 's magazine , The Crisis , highlighted the uphill struggle blacks
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s , both the power of naval artillery and the speed of warships had further increased , leading to further investment in the castle between 1888 and 1893 . The keep 's magazine , which could hold up to 2 @,@ 250 shells , was reinforced with concrete and the south bastion of the old castle was filled in with shingle and concrete for additional protection . New 6 @-@ pounder ( 2 @.@ 7 kg ) quick @-@ firing guns were installed in a battery on the end of the east wing , supported by machine guns , to enable them to target fast moving vessels , particularly the new torpedo boats . Further emplacements for 12 @-@ pounder ( 5 @.@ 4 kg ) guns followed , including one on the top of the keep .
= = = 20th @-@ 21st centuries = = =
By the First World War , the guns installed at Hurst Castle in the 1870s were obsolete . The castle retained seventeen of them , as historian Coad states , wired up together " like a collection of elderly blunderbusses " , but the fort depended on its newer quick @-@ firing weapons . During the war , Hurst 's armament was controlled from Needles Battery , where a Fire Command Post , equipped with telegraphy , had been established . After the war , the guns were removed from the 16th @-@ century part of the castle , which was passed into the national collection of the Ministry of Works in 1933 , although some modernisation of the rest of the fortification took place in the 1930s . The " low light " was replaced by a new iron lighthouse in 1911 .
During the Second World War , Hurst was re @-@ armed in 1940 with two 12 @-@ pounder ( 5 @.@ 4 kg ) guns and a unit of the Isle of Wight Rifles was stationed there , controlled from the Fire Control Needles . Searchlights and two more 6 @-@ pounder ( 5 @.@ 4 kg ) guns followed the next year , when the 37 @-@ strong detachment was retitled the 129 Coastal Battery Royal Artillery , followed by the installation of Bofors anti @-@ aircraft guns . A tower , called the Director Tower , was built along the west wing . As the war progressed , the weapons were stood down and the battery finally closed in July 1945 , with most of the weapons being removed after the war .
In 1956 the whole of Hurst Castle was transferred to the guardianship of the Ministry of Works . During the 1970s , the additional concrete protection added to the south bastion in the 1880s was removed . When the government agency English Heritage was formed in 1983 , it took over the control of the castle . In 1996 the Friends of Hurst Castle took on the day @-@ to @-@ day management of the castle , with English Heritage continuing to run other aspects of the site . As of 2015 , the castle received around 40 @,@ 000 visitors a year . The castle is protected under UK law as an ancient monument . The High Lighthouse built in 1867 continues in use , and is protected as a grade II listed building .
The spit is subject to coastal erosion which has gradually pushed the spit towards the shore , a process which has eaten away at the remnants of the 1852 west wing battery and barracks , and has exposed the foundations of the later fortress on occasions . This erosion has increased significantly since the 1940s , due to the construction of groyne barriers at nearby Bournemouth and Christchurch which prevented the natural renewing of the spit with pebbles washed from local cliffs . Erosion caused fresh damage to the eastern end of the castle in early 2013 , leading to renewed concerns . Government efforts began in the 1960s to try to stabilise the spit in its current position , both to protect the castle and neighbouring towns , with over 900 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 990 @,@ 000 tons ) of gravel being laid down in the 1990s , and is continuing in the 21st century . The spit and the adjoining coastline is protected as an SSSI .
= = Architecture = =
= = = Central castle = = =
The central castle was originally constructed in the 16th century , but heavily redeveloped in the early and middle years of the 19th century . It comprises a central tower with three bastions to its north @-@ west , north @-@ east and south , approximately 52 metres ( 171 ft ) across . A curtain wall with gun positions originally linked the three bastions , but this was substantially altered with the addition of walls and chambers to produce a deeper structure . The central castle forms the entrance to the rest of the fortification and is accessed through a gateway dating from 1873 . The 16th @-@ century moat that protected the castle was filled in during the 1860s .
The twelve @-@ sided central tower , or keep , is approximately 20 metres ( 66 ft ) across ; it has two storeys and a basement . The inside of the tower is circular , with a spiral staircase running up through a central pillar . The ground floor and first floor rooms would have originally been sub @-@ divided to form living quarters for the garrison , but are now open spaces . Both have eight embrasure windows , suitable for holding lighter weaponry ; the first floor room was sufficiently elevated to have potentially fired out over the external walls . The roof has the remains of gun positions dating from the 1850s , and was originally topped by a look @-@ out tower , removed in 1805 . When first built , the keep was linked by three bridges to the outer bastions .
The two @-@ storied north @-@ west bastion protected the castle against attack along the spit from the mainland , and housed the castle 's original portcullis as well as providing accommodation for the garrison . It had three levels of gun positions on its ground floor , first floor and roof , which were adapted in the 19th century to house heavier weapons and shelter riflemen . The bastion links to an external caponier , a covered walkway with rifle loops for close defence , built in 1852 . The north @-@ east and south @-@ east bastions are only one storey tall , originally holding two levels of gun positions on the ground floor and roofs , again both adapted to support heavier guns in the 19th century .
= = = West and East Wings = = =
The West and East Wing date from the 1860s and are built from brick and stone . They had a lines of gun positions , each designed to hold a heavy gun and a crew of up to 12 men . The positions were protected by granite @-@ fronted casemates and wrought @-@ iron shields , and , with removable window screens , doubled as living accommodation for the crews . Small magazines were positioned behind the lines of casemates .
The West Wing is approximately 215 metres ( 705 ft ) long , and has 37 heavy gun positions and two main magazines , along with various auxiliary buildings , including canteens , stores and detention facilities . It also has two of the castle 's lighthouses , an 1865 tower , now disused , and an iron , gas @-@ lit tower , still in use . The garden is a recreation of the garden in the Second World War . The late @-@ 19th century and early @-@ 20th guns at the castle were predominantly added to the West Wing , and it roof supports emplacements for 12- and 6 @-@ pounder ( 5 @.@ 4 and 2 @.@ 7 kg ) quick @-@ firing guns , a Bofors gun and associated directing positions . A small theatrical theatre , built by gunners in the Second World War , survives in one of the gun positions , along with various wall paintings , possibly used in performances .
The East Wing is relatively unaltered since its construction . It is approximately 150 metres ( 490 ft ) long , with 24 heavy gun positions and two main magazines ; on the roof is the original gun directing position and a Bofors gun position added during the Second World War . It is reached through a gateway in the north @-@ east bastion . Just beyond the East Wing are three
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that the animals were often the only things known about Tasmania overseas and suggested that they should therefore be the centrepiece of marketing efforts , resulting in some devils being taken on promotional tours .
With their unique personality , the Tasmanian devil has been the subject of numerous documentaries , fiction and non @-@ fiction children 's books . Royalties from Margaret Wild 's Ruby Roars , about a Tasmanian devil , are going to research into DFTD . A 2005 Australian documentary on the Tasmanian devil , Terrors of Tasmania , directed and produced by David Parer and Elizabeth Parer @-@ Cook , follows a female devil called Manganinnie through breeding season and the birth and rearing of her young . The documentary also looks at the effect of devil facial tumour disease and the conservation measures being taken to ensure survival of the Tasmanian devil . It has screened on television in Australia and in the United States on the National Geographic Channel .
The Tasmanian devil is probably best known internationally as the inspiration for the Looney Tunes cartoon character the Tasmanian Devil , or " Taz " in 1954 . Little known at the time , the loud hyperactive cartoon character has little in common with the real life animal . After a few shorts between 1957 and 1964 , the character was retired until the 1990s , when he gained his own show , Taz @-@ Mania , and again became popular . In 1997 , a newspaper report noted that Warner Bros. had " trademarked the character and registered the name Tasmanian Devil " , and that this trademark " was policed " , including an eight @-@ year legal case to allow a Tasmanian company to call a fishing lure " Tasmanian Devil " . Debate followed , and a delegation from the Tasmanian government met with Warner Bros. Ray Groom , the Tourism Minister , later announced that a " verbal agreement " had been reached . An annual fee would be paid to Warner Bros. in return for the Government of Tasmania being able to use the image of Taz for " marketing purposes " . This agreement later disappeared . In 2006 , Warner Bros. permitted the Government of Tasmania to sell stuffed toys of Taz with profits funnelled into research on DFTD .
There is a DC Comics superhero called Tasmanian Devil who is a member of the Global Guardians team . Snarl , a character in the Transformers Beast Wars storyline , had the alternate form of a Tasmanian devil . Tasmanian Kid from Beast Wars II could also transform into a Tasmanian devil .
Researchers have named a genetic @-@ mutant mouse " the Tasmanian Devil " . It is defective in the development of sensory @-@ hair cells of the ear , leading it to abnormal behaviours including head @-@ tossing and circling , more like the cartoon " Taz " than the actual Tasmanian devil .
For the 2 @.@ 6 @.@ 29 release of the Linux kernel , Linus Torvalds temporarily replaced the Tux mascot with a Tasmanian devil named " Tuz " , in support of the Save the Tasmanian Devil Campaign .
A catamaran , called the Devil Cat , was named for , and based on , the Tasmanian devil . Operating on the world 's longest distance high speed ferry service , the catamaran crossed Bass Strait between George Town in Tasmania , and Station Pier , at Port Phillip , Port Melbourne in Victoria , during 1997 – 2002 .
= Clam dip =
Clam dip is a dipping sauce and condiment prepared with clams , sour cream or cream cheese , and seasonings as primary ingredients . Various additional ingredients can be used . It is usually served chilled , although it is sometimes served hot or at room temperature . It is used as a dip for potato chips , crackers , bread , and crudités . After a recipe for the dip was presented during a popular U.S. radio show , canned clams in New York City sold out in 24 hours . Commercial varieties of clam dip are mass @-@ produced by some companies and marketed to consumers in grocery stores and supermarkets .
= = History = =
In the early 1950s in the United States , the first televised recipe for clam dip appeared on the Kraft Music Hall show , a well @-@ known and popular radio and television variety program that ran from 1933 to 1971 . After the recipe segment aired , canned clams in New York City sold out within 24 hours . The ingredients used in this recipe were minced , canned clams , cream cheese , lemon juice , Worcestershire sauce , garlic , salt and pepper . Clam dip remained popular throughout the 1960s in the U.S. , at which time prepared manufactured clam dips were available in U.S. supermarkets . As salsa became more popular among American consumers , the popularity of clam dip declined .
= = Preparation = =
Clam dip is typically prepared using chopped or minced clams , sour cream or cream cheese , and various seasonings , and usually served chilled . It is used as a dip for potato chips , bread , crackers , and crudités . It has a creamy texture and mouthfeel . Canned , cooked , and frozen or fresh clams may be used , the latter of which can be cooked by steaming or pan cooking . Canned clams may be drained , or the liquid may be retained and used as an ingredient . After refrigeration , the dip may thicken , and the liquid from canned clams can be used to thin the dip . Milk is also sometimes used to thin clam dip . When refrigerated and left to sit overnight , the flavors of the ingredients intermingle more greatly , resulting in a more flavorful dip . Smoked clams are sometimes used , which imbues a distinct smoky flavor to the dish . The clams may be smoked in the shell and then minced afterward .
Additional ingredients can be used , such as lemon juice , Worcestershire sauce , onion , scallions , shallots , chives , garlic , and hot sauce . The ingredients can be mixed using a food processor . It is sometimes served as a hot dip , which may be kept warm using a chafing dish , and melted cheese may be used as an ingredient in hot versions . It is also sometimes served at room temperature . Clam dip can be served in a hollowed @-@ out loaf of bread , such as sourdough . It can be garnished with ingredients such as parsley , scallions and paprika . Crudites to accompany the dish can include red peppers , carrots , radishes , and cauliflower , among others . Prepared clam dip can be preserved by storing it in a freezer .
= = Commercial varieties = =
Some companies mass @-@ produce commercial varieties of prepared clam dip and market them to consumers in grocery stores and supermarkets . Commercial varieties are typically packaged in plastic tubs . Prepared clam dip mixes have also been commercially manufactured and marketed to consumers . One such product comes packaged with dried sour cream that is reconstituted using water .
= = Nutrition information = =
A one @-@ tablespoon serving of clam dip using the recipe that aired in the early 1950s on the Kraft Music Hall show contains 71 calories , 1 g carbohydrate , 5 g protein , 5 g total fat ( with 3 g saturated fat ) , 25 mg cholesterol and 136 mg sodium .
= Christmas Tree ( Lady Gaga song ) =
" Christmas Tree " is a song by American singer Lady Gaga . It was released on December 16 , 2008 for digital download . It was written and produced by Gaga , Martin Kierszenbaum , and Space Cowboy , who also provides guest vocals . Musically , " Christmas Tree " is a Christmas song with dance @-@ pop and synthpop influences . It samples the classic Christmas song " Deck the Halls " , as well as briefly using the lyrics " Rum pum pum pum " from the Christmas song " The Little Drummer Boy " in its intro . Lyrically , the song uses sexual innuendos .
The song received mixed reviews from music critics , with some commending its creativity and individuality from other Christmas songs and others criticizing its sexual innuendos and deeming it " not for the family " . Due to strong digital sells , it reached number 79 on the Canadian Hot 100 in January 2009 . It also reached number 18 on the Japanese RIAJ Digital Track Chart and number 23 on the Billboard Holiday / Seasonal Digital Songs chart in late 2010 . In December 2009 , it was available for free download on Amazon as a part of their " 25 Days of Free " promotion . It has been included in several Christmas compilation albums , including Now That 's What I Call Christmas ! 4 .
= = Background = =
" Christmas Tree " is a Christmas music @-@ themed song , featuring vocals from Gaga and Space Cowboy . It was written and produced by Gaga , Space Cowboy and Martin Kierszenbaum . Space Cowboy , whose real name is Nick Dresti , and Gaga were introduced in Los Angeles by Martin Kierszenbaum , the head of Gaga 's label , Cherrytree Records , an imprint of Interscope Records . Kierszenbaum recommended a collaboration between them after hearing Space Cowboy 's single " My Egyptian Lover " , released in January 2007 and featuring vocalist Nadia Oh . Kierszenbaum contacted Space Cowboy during December 2007 and Space
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was taken into account , Fringe was among the shows with the biggest increase , as its 18 – 49 rating rose 30 percent to score 3 @.@ 9 .
= = = Reviews = = =
Reviews of the episode tended to be mixed . Noel Murray from The Onion 's A.V. Club graded the episode with a D + , writing that " Unlike the previous two weeks ’ episodes , which juggled a number of storylines and locations and generated a real sense of Fringe ’ s expanding milieu , ' Fracture ' is so curtailed that it almost feels like it was made for the Fox accountants . The cast is small , the sets are few , and not much happens . The plot ’ s practically twist @-@ free , until the very end . Large chunks of the episode are given over to Peter talking to Walter about finding a new place for them to live , and Walter trying to learn more about Astrid — and really not discovering much , except that she doesn ’ t like it when he experiments on fruit . So Astrid ’ s underused yet again , even in an episode where she gets a lot of lines ... The story 's too simple and the acting too broad , and yet the episode still felt choppy , as though the Fringe creative team had to scramble to fix ' Fracture ' in post . "
Conversely , IGN 's Ramsey Isler viewed the episode more positively , and rated it 7 @.@ 9 / 10 . He explained it " deserves praise for doing a lot of things well , " and lauded the actors ' performances , the props , the direction , and cinematography . Despite however finding Walter less entertaining than the previous season , and believing the first half of the episode moved too slowly and resembled " an ordinary procedural crime show , " Isler enjoyed the ending for " [ bringing ] it all together and [ making ] the previous 90 % worthwhile " . After watching the episode , MTV columnist Josh Wigler " declared [ his ] fondness " for Joshua Jackson , stating the actor had " won [ him ] over thanks to Peter 's central role in these first few episodes of Fringe 's " second season " . Wigler continued that it was " an excellent mystery @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week episode to be sure , though I 'm really itching for more details on the alternate reality . Luckily , that 's supposed to come next week with the return of Nimoy 's William Bell , which makes tonight 's less mythology @-@ oriented outing easier to swallow . Plus , the end reveal with the Observer was pretty spicy , to say the least . "
= William George Malone =
Lieutenant Colonel William George Malone ( 24 January 1859 – 8 August 1915 ) was an officer in the New Zealand Military Forces who served in the First World War . He commanded the Wellington Infantry Battalion during the Gallipoli Campaign , and was killed in action during the Battle of Chunuk Bair .
Born in England , Malone emigrated to New Zealand in 1880 and joined the New Zealand Armed Constabulary . After two years service in the Taranaki region , he worked at Opunake and later took up farming on land he bought with his brother near Stratford . He studied to become a lawyer and worked in New Plymouth in partnership with other lawyers but later set up his own practice in Stratford .
A volunteer in New Zealand 's militia , he helped raised the Stratford Rifle Volunteers . When the militia was abolished and replaced with the Territorial Force , he was made commander of 11th Regiment ( Taranaki Rifles ) . Following the outbreak of the First World War , he volunteered for service with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force and was appointed commander of the Wellington Infantry Battalion . He led the battalion through training in Egypt and during the Gallipoli Campaign until his death at Chunuk Bair in Gallipoli .
= = Early life = =
William George Malone was born in Lewisham , a village in Kent , England , the second of five children of Louisa and Thomas Malone . His father was a chemist who worked in London for the photography pioneer Henry Fox Talbot . Thomas Malone died in 1867 at the age of 44 , which placed his family in reduced financial circumstances .
William Malone was initially educated at St. Joseph 's College in Clapham , London before receiving further schooling at Marist boarding schools in both England and France , and becoming fluent in French . After completing his education in 1876 , he became an office worker in London . His military career began with his enlistment with the City of Westminster Rifle Volunteers , and he also served for a time in the Royal Artillery Volunteers .
= = Life in New Zealand = =
Malone immigrated to New Zealand in January 1880 . His older brother , Austin , had previously moved to New Zealand and was serving in the New Zealand Armed Constabulary . A month after his arrival , Malone joined his brother in service with the Armed Constabulary . Both brothers were based at Opunake , in the Taranaki region . Malone took part in the storming of the village of Parihaka on 5 November 1881 .
Malone left the Armed Constabulary after two years service and became involved in surfboats which unloaded cargo at Opunake . With his brother , who had left the Armed Constabulary in November 1880 , he eventually bought a large block of bush country near Stratford and took up farming . Within a few years , his land had been converted into productive farmland . By this time , his mother and two sisters had also immigrated to New Zealand to join them in Stratford . He was also involved in the local militia , the Stratford Rifles .
In 1886 , Malone married Elinor Lucy ( née Penn ) . The couple would eventually have five children , a daughter and four sons . As well as supporting his young family he found time to take an active role in the Stratford community . He was a member of the Hawera County Council as well as the Taranaki Hospital and Charitable Aid Board . From 1890 , in addition to his farming , Malone also worked as a land agent .
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established . Sinclair then turned to an established motor design company , Ogle Design of Letchworth , to provide professional styling assistance and production engineering . However , Ogle 's approach was not to Sinclair 's liking ; they tackled the project as one of car design and focused more ( and expensively ) on the aerodynamics rather than the cycle technology around which the C1 was based . The weight of the vehicle increased to over 150 kilograms ( 330 lb ) , far more than Sinclair 's desired specification . By March 1983 , Sinclair and Wood Rogers had decided to stop the C1 programme . Wood Rogers comments that Ogle were convinced that the C1 would be a flop , telling Sinclair that it would not be fast enough , that its drivers would get wet when it rained and that the battery was not good enough .
To meet the steadily escalating development costs of the vehicle , Sinclair decided to raise capital by selling some of his own shares in Sinclair Research to fund a separate company that would focus on electric vehicles . A £ 12 million deal was reached in March 1983 , of which £ 8 @.@ 3 million was used to fund the establishment of the new Sinclair Vehicles company . Sinclair recruited Barrie Wills , a veteran former employee of the DeLorean Motor Company , to lead Sinclair Vehicles as its managing director . Although Wills initially expressed scepticism about the viability of an electric vehicle – his twenty @-@ five years in the motor industry had convinced him that an electric car was never going to happen – Sinclair managed to convince him that the project would work . In 1984 , Sinclair Vehicles ' new head office was established in Warwick in the West Midlands , an area with a long @-@ established link with the motor industry .
The project 's prospects were boosted by changes in the British government 's approach to electric vehicles . In March 1980 , it had abolished Vehicle Excise Duty for electric vehicles and by the start of 1983 , the Department of Transport was working on legislation that would introduce a new category of vehicle – the " electrically assisted pedal cycle " . This had a number of significant advantages from Sinclair 's point of view . Such a vehicle would be exempt from insurance and vehicle tax , and the user would not need a driving licence or a helmet , all of which were required for mopeds . The legislation , which was passed in August 1983 , was prompted by a lobbying campaign by manufacturers such as Raleigh who wanted to sell electric bicycles .
Sinclair realised that his electric vehicle design could
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11 – 5 Big East ) regular season record . West Virginia lost its quarterfinal round game in the conference tournament to Pitt , and it earned a number six seed in the 2006 NCAA Tournament . West Virginia won its opening weekend games against number eleven seed Southern Illinois team and the number fourteen seed Northwestern State Demons basketball team by 64 – 46 and 67 – 54 margins , respectively . The team then West Virginia lost in the Sweet Sixteen round to the number two seed Texas Longhorns in a wild finish that saw West Virginia erase a five @-@ point deficit in the final fourteen seconds only to lose the game on a buzzerbeater . The two wins helped Beilein raise his NCAA tournament record to 6 – 4 .
During the 2006 – 07 season , WVU finished the regular season with a 21 – 8 ( 9 – 7 Big East ) record to earn the number seven seed in the 2007 Big East Tournament . In the first round of the tournament , they defeated the number ten seed Providence 92 – 79 making a Big East Tournament record 17 three @-@ point shots . They lost to the second @-@ seeded Louisville Cardinals , 82 – 71 , in double overtime . Their 22 – 9 record earned them a top seed in the 32 @-@ team 2007 NIT . As the number one seed , West Virginia was able to play its first three games at home where it defeated the Delaware State Hornets 74 – 50 , UMass team 90 – 77 , and NC State 71 – 60 . Before West Virginia started play in the semifinals in New York , rumors started that Beilein would take the Michigan job after the season ended . In the semifinal contest against Mississippi State , they won 63 – 62 on a last @-@ minute shot by Darris Nichols after recovering from a 14 @-@ point second @-@ half deficit . The day before the championship game , Beilein was announced as one of three finalists ( along with Kevin Stallings and Chris Lowery ) for the Michigan Wolverines ' head coaching job . In the championship game , WVU defeated Clemson 78 – 73 . The five wins raised Beilein 's NIT career record to 13 – 6 .
= = = Michigan = = =
On April 3 , 2007 , the University of Michigan announced that it had hired Beilein to fill its coaching vacancy . He replaced Tommy Amaker , who was fired after failing to reach the NCAA Tournament in his six seasons . Beilein inherited a Big Ten Conference team that was in the final year of a scholarship reduction due to the involvement of former players in the Ed Martin scandal , in which NCAA rules had been violated .
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The team struggled to a 10 – 22 ( 5 – 13 ) record during the 2007 – 08 season .
During the 2008 – 09 season , Beilein 's second at Michigan , the 2008 – 09 Wolverines enjoyed several important victories . On November 20 , the unranked Wolverines upset # 4 @-@ ranked UCLA , recording their first win over a top @-@ five team in eleven years . On December 6 , Michigan posted its second win of the season over a top @-@ five opponent in a rematch against # 4 ranked Duke . The Wolverines reached the top 25 in the national rankings on December 22 , its first appearance since the February 6 , 2006 . On February 26 , Michigan defeated the # 16 @-@ ranked Purdue team 87 – 78 , raising its record to 3 – 4 against ranked opponents on the season . At the conclusion of the 2008 – 09 Big Ten season , Michigan was given a seven seed in the 2009 Big Ten Tournament . A win over Iowa in the Big Ten Tournament on March 12 was the Wolverines ' twentieth of the season . With that win , Beilein had achieved a 20 @-@ win season at seven different schools , including four at the Division I level ( Canisius , Richmond , West Virginia , Michigan ) . Three days later , Beilein 's Wolverines earned a bid to the 2009 NCAA Tournament , the school 's first appearance in 11 years . There , tenth @-@ seeded Michigan defeated the seventh @-@ seeded Clemson Tigers 62 – 59 in the first round of the South Regional on March 19 . In the second round , Michigan lost to the Oklahoma Sooners 73 – 63 .
During the 2009 – 10 season , Michigan earned its first win against a ranked non @-@ conference opponent and its second consecutive win against a ranked opponent on January 17 when it defeated # 15 Connecticut . Beilein signed a contract extension in January , extending his original contract to 2016 . Michigan finished 15 – 17 and did not appear in the postseason .
The 2010 – 11 team , which did not have a senior on the roster , was not expected to be very successful , projected by the Detroit News to finish 10th in the 11 @-@ team conference . After starting the conference schedule with a 1 – 6 record the team won eight of its last 11 games , including two games against Michigan State ( its first season sweep against them in 14 years ) , to finish tied for fourth in the conference with a 9 – 9 record . The victory at Michigan State was Michigan 's first since 1997 . In the Big Ten Tournament , Michigan 's win over Illinois gave Beilein his second 20 @-@ win season at Michigan , in his 1,000th game as a head coach . As a # 8 seed in the 2011 NCAA Tournament , Michigan defeated Tennessee 75 – 45 , establishing two NCAA Tournament records : the largest victory margin by an eight seed , and becoming the first team to ever win a tournament game without making a free throw . Michigan won by its third @-@ largest margin in its NCAA tournament history ( second @-@ most if vacated games are excluded ) , and the game marked the ninth straight time that John Beilein led a team victory in its first game of a postseason tournament ( 5 NCAA and 4 NIT ) . In the next round the Wolverines lost to # 1 @-@ seeded Duke , 73 – 71 , missing a potential game @-@ tying shot in the final seconds .
The 2011 – 12 Wolverines began the season ranked in the top 25 , and remained there all season . The team recorded a win over 9th @-@ ranked Michigan State on Jan. 17 , 60 – 59 . It was Beilein 's third consecutive win over the Spartans and came nine days after Beilein recorded his first victory over
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, who praised it for being an early classic and a proficient single , despite considering the song as entirely unremarkable like other ballads on the album . The song was commercially successful worldwide , peaking at number one in Ireland , and reaching top five positions in Belgium , Europe , Finland , Germany , Netherlands , Norway , Sweden and Switzerland . In the United Kingdom , it also peaked at number one , and is Spears ' sixth best @-@ selling single in the country . An accompanying music video was directed by Billie Woodruff , and portrays Spears dreaming that she is with her lover , while she sings and dances during the majority of the video . Spears has performed " Born to Make You Happy " on four concert tours .
= = Background = =
Before recording her debut album , Spears had originally envisioned it in style of " Sheryl Crow music , but younger [ and ] more adult contemporary " . However , the singer agreed with her label 's appointment of producers , who had the objective to reach a teen public at the time . She flew to Cheiron Studios in Stockholm , Sweden , where half of the album was recorded from March to April 1998 , with producers Max Martin , Denniz Pop and Rami Yacoub , among others . " Born to Make You Happy " was written and produced by Kristian Lundin , and co @-@ written by Andreas Carlsson , and was the first work by the duo . Spears originally recorded the vocals for the song in March 1998 , at Battery Studios in New York City , New York . They were later re @-@ recorded in April 1998 at Cheiron Studios , and used on the album version , while the original vocals were used on the " Bonus Remix " of the song . It was also mixed at Cheiron Studios by Max Martin . Esbjörn Öhrwall played the guitar , while keyboards and programming was done by Lundin . Background vocals were provided by Carlsson and Nana Hedin . " Born to Make You Happy " was released as the fourth single from ... Baby One More Time on December 6 , 1999 .
= = Composition = =
" Born to Make You Happy " is a teen pop and dance @-@ pop song that lasts for four minutes and three seconds . The song is composed in the key of B minor and is set in time signature of common time , with a moderately slow tempo of 88 beats per minute . Spears vocal range spans over an octave , from F ♯ 3 to B4 . The song 's lyrics are about a relationship that a woman desires to correct , not quite understanding what went wrong , as she comes to realize that " I don 't know how to live without your love / I was born to make you happy " . The song has a basic sequence of Bm – G – D – A as its chord progression .
David Gauntlett , author of Media , gender , and identity : an introduction ( 2002 ) , noted that , despite wanting her lover next to her in the song , Spears ' " fans see her as assertive , strong and confident , and an example that young women can make it on their own " . The singer revealed in an interview with Rolling Stone , the writers had to re @-@ write the original lyrics of the song . " I asked them to change the words to ' Born to Make You Happy . ' It was a sexual song , " she revealed . " I said , ' This may be a little old for me . ' Because of the image thing , I don 't want to go over the top . If I come out being Miss Prima Donna , that wouldn 't be smart . I want to have a place to grow " .
= = Critical response = =
" Born to Make You Happy " received mixed reviews from music critics . Kyle Anderson of MTV considered the song 's chorus more than " a little bit off @-@ putting , " saying the first lines of it " could be a sentiment that a lovelorn 16 @-@ year @-@ old can understand , but it also sounds like Spears is in training to be a geisha . " Craig MacInnis of Hamilton Spectator said " [ " Born to Make You Happy " ] verge on the sort of boy @-@ worshipping dreck that even Tiffany
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would have sniffed at . " Mike Ross of Edmond Sun said , as Spears emotes in the song , " the message behind the music is worse than mere sweet nothings . [ ... ] So much for Girl Power . " Amanda Murray of Sputnikmusic considered " Born to Make You Happy " a " proficient but entirely unrememberable song , " while Andy Petch @-@ Jex of musicOMH considered the song an " early classic . "
= = Commercial performance = =
On January 29 , 2000 , " Born to Make You Happy " debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart . The song shipped over 200 @,@ 000 copies in the United Kingdom , earning a silver certification by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . " Born to Make You Happy " has sold over 325 @,@ 000 copies in the United Kingdom , according to The Official Charts Company . It is her sixth best @-@ selling single in the country . In Ireland , the song also entered the Irish Singles Chart at number one on January 20 , 2000 , while peaking at number two on the European chart . In Sweden , " Born to Make You Happy " debuted at number four on December 23 , 1999 , peaking at number two in the following week . The song has shipped over 30 @,@ 000 copies in the country , earning a platinum certification by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) . In Germany , the song earned a gold certification by The Federal Association of Music Industry ( BMVI ) , after peaking at number three on the charts . In France , " Born to Make You Happy " reached number nine , and was certified Silver by the Syndicat National de l 'Édition Phonographique ( SNEP ) .
= = Music video = =
JIVE Records commissioned a music video for the song to be directed by Billie Woodruff . It was produced under Geneva Films , while the choreography was created by Wade Robson . The narrative of the video shows Spears dreaming as she sleeps in her room . As the dream begins , Spears is shown in a blue and silver futuristic room with several different levels , where she sings and walks around , and puts her feet on the wall while wearing a shiny silver outfit . MTV news reporter Ellen Thompson considered it the sexiest moment of the music video . As the video continues , Spears is seen on top of the apartment building she lives in , performing a dance segment in a red top and black skirt with a few backup dancers . The following scenes shows the singer wearing white clothes and singing in the room in which she is sleeping , while her love interest comes into her room to see her . Together , they start a pillow fight that shortly ends after Spears is shown again in her room still sleeping , however , now with a smile upon her face . A longer dance segment intercalates with all the scenes during the whole video .
= = Live performances = =
" Born to Make You Happy " has been performed by Spears on four tours . On her first tour , ... Baby One More Time Tour , she sang the song seated on a staircase , while on her second tour , Crazy 2k Tour , the performance of the song included a full dance segment . On 2000s Oops ! ... I Did It Again World Tour , Spears performed " Born to Make You Happy " wearing pajamas and slippers , with a dance segment near the end . " Born to Make You Happy " was performed for the last time on Dream Within a Dream Tour , where Spears emerged from the middle of a giant musical box on the stage as a ballerina , to perform the song in a medley with " Lucky " and " Sometimes " , right after the performance of " Overprotected " . Spears also performed " From the Bottom of My Broken Heart " and " Born to Make You Happy " on Disney Channel in Concert in 1999 . The performances were recorded and included
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1967 , Michael Howard , a young man interested in witchcraft and the occult wrote to Montalban after reading one of her articles in Prediction ; she invited him to visit her at her home . The two became friends , with Montalban believing that she could see the " Mark of Cain " in his aura . She invited him to become a student of the ONS , which he duly did . Over the coming year , he spent much of his time with her , and in 1968 they went on what she called a " magical mystery tour " to the West Country , visiting Stonehenge , Boscastle and Tintagel . In 1969 , he was initiated into Gardnerian Wicca , something she disapproved of , and their friendship subsequently " hit a stormy period " with the pair going " [ their ] own ways for several years . "
A lifelong smoker , Montalban developed lung cancer , causing her death on 11 January 1982 . The role of sorting out her financial affairs fell to her friend , Pat Arthy , who discovered that despite her emphasis on the magical attainment of material wealth , she owned no property and that her estate was worth less than £ 10 @,@ 000 . The copyright of her writings fell to her daughter , Rosanna , who entrusted the running of the OMS to two of Montalban 's initiates , married couple Jo Sheridan and Alfred Douglas , who were authorised as the exclusive publishers of her correspondence course . Sheridan – whose real name was Patricia Douglas – opened an alternative therapy centre in Islington , North London , in the 1980s , before retiring to Rye , East Sussex in 2002 , where she continued running the OMS correspondence course until her death in 2011 .
= = Personal life and magico @-@ religious beliefs = =
According to her biographer Julia Philips , Montalban had been described by her magical students as " tempestuous , generous , humorous , demanding , kind , capricious , talented , volatile , selfish , goodhearted , [ and ] dramatic " . Philips noted that she was a woman who made a " definite impression " in all those whom she encountered , but who equally could be quite shy and disliked being interviewed in anything other than print . Philips asserted that Montalban had a " mercurial personality " and could be kind and generous at one moment and fly into a violent temper the next . Several of her friends noted that she was prudish when it came to sexual matters . She would take great pleasure in causing arguments , particularly between a couple who were romantically involved .
Describing herself as a " pagan " , Montalban 's personal faith was Luciferian in basis , revolving around the veneration of Lucifer , or Lumiel , whom she considered to be a benevolent angelic being who had aided humanity 's development . Within her Order , she emphasised that her followers discover their own personal relationship with the angelic beings , including Lumiel . Montalban considered astrology to be a central part of her religious worldview , and always maintained that one could be a good magician only if they had mastered astrology . Her correspondence course focused around the seven planetary bodies that were known in the ancient world and the angelic beings that she associated with them : Michael ( Sun ) , Gabriel ( Moon ) , Samael ( Mars ) , Raphael ( Mercury ) , Sachiel ( Jupiter ) , Anael ( Venus ) and Cassiel ( Saturn ) . Each of these beings was in turn associated with certain days , hours , minerals , plants , and animals , each of which could be used in the creation of talismans that invoked the angelic power . Montalban disliked the theatrical use of props and rites in ceremonial magic , such
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as that performed by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn , preferring a more simplistic use of ritual .
= = Legacy = =
In his book on the history of Wicca , The Triumph of the Moon ( 1999 ) , historian Ronald Hutton of Bristol University noted that Montalban was " one of England 's most prominent occultists " of the 20th century . Michael Howard referred to Montalban 's teachings in his book on Luciferian mythology , The Book of Fallen Angels ( 2004 ) , with religious studies scholar Fredrik Gregorius noting that Howard played an " important [ role ] in furthering an interest " in Montalban 's ideas .
In 2012 , Neptune Press – the publishing arm of Bloomsbury 's Atlantis Bookshop – published a short biography of Montalban entitled Madeline Montalban : The Magus of St Giles , written by Anglo @-@ Australian Wiccan Julia Philips . Philips noted that for much of the project she found it difficult separating fact from fiction when it came to Montalban 's life , but that she had been able to nevertheless put together a biographical account , albeit an incomplete one , of " one of the truly great characters of English occultism . "
= Cranham =
Cranham is a residential suburb in northeast London , England , and part of the London Borough of Havering . It is located 17 @.@ 5 miles ( 28 km ) east @-@ northeast of Charing Cross and comprises an extensive built @-@ up area to the north and a low density conservation area to the south surrounded by open land . It was historically a rural village in the county of Essex and formed an ancient parish . It is peripheral to London , forming the eastern edge of the urban sprawl . The economic history of Cranham is characterised by a shift from agriculture to housing development . As part of the suburban growth of London in the 20th century , Cranham significantly increased in population , becoming part of Hornchurch Urban District in 1934 and has formed part of Greater London since 1965 .
= = History = =
= = = Toponomy = = =
Cranham is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Craohv and in 1201 as Craweno . It means ' spur of land frequented by crows ' and is formed from the Old English ' crāwe ' and ' hōh ' . It contained two Anglo @-@ Saxon manors of Ockendon ( Wochenduna ) and Cranham ( Crawenho ) . During the Middle Ages , and until around the 15th century , it was also known as Bishop 's Ockendon because a large part of its area was owned by the Bishop of London .
= = = Economic development = = =
The parish is recorded in 1086 as being heavily wooded , supporting an agrarian way of life . Forest clearance was well advanced by the 15th century , with an increase in population and arable land ; and there was a windmill in Cranham . Cranham lay on brick earth and this gave rise to the Cranham Brick and Tile Company which was in operation from 1900 to 1920 . Drury has suggested that early trade was with the nearby settlements of Romford and Hornchurch and with London via the River Thames at Rainham .
= = = Local government = = =
Cranham formed an ancient parish of 1 @,@ 879 acres ( 7 @.@ 60 km2 ) in the Chafford hundred of Essex . The vestry met in the church until 1829 and then at the parish workhouse . In 1836 the parish was grouped for poor relief into the Romford Poor Law Union and for sanitary provision in 1875 into Romford rural sanitary district . The sanitary district became Romford Rural District from 1894 and a parish council was formed to replace the vestry .
The parish formed part of the London Traffic Area from 1924 and the London Passenger Transport Area from 1933 . To reflect the significantly increased population in the area , Romford Rural District was abolished in 1934 and Cranham was amalgamated with neighbouring parishes into Hornchurch Urban District . The parish council was abolished and Hornchurch Urban District Council became the local authority . There was a revision of boundaries with North Ockendon , which had been part of Orsett Rural District , absorbed into Cranham and a small area to the north , near Great Warley , transferred to Brentwood Urban District .
In 1965 Hornchurch Urban District was abolished and its former area was transferred from Essex to Greater London , to be combined with that of the Municipal Borough of Romford in order to form the present @-@ day London Borough of Havering . In 1993 the Greater London boundary , to the east of Cranham and north of the railway line , was locally realigned to the M25 motorway , returning some mostly unpopulated areas of open land to Essex and leaving North Ockendon as the only part of Greater London outside the bounds of the motorway .
= = = Urban development = = =
In the 17th and 18th centuries manorial homes , including Cranham Hall , became attractive properties for merchants from the City of London . Initial attempts to expand the suburban estates from Upminster in the early 20th century ran into problems because of the lack of water supply . In 1922 sewage works for Upminster and Cranham were opened in Great Warley . In the 1930s land was used to develop some council housing and following the sale of the Benyon estate the pace of new building quickened . Cranham 's location on the very edge of London 's urban sprawl is explained by the halting effect on suburban house building of the introduction of the Metropolitan Green Belt and World War II . Thereafter building took place within the area bounded by the Southend Arterial Road in the north and St Mary 's Lane in the south ; and there were 615 council houses built by 1971 .
= = Governance = =
Cranham forms part of the Hornchurch and Upminster UK Parliament constituency , and is partly within the Havering wards of Upminster and Cranham . Together these form the Upminster Area Committee . The current MP is Angela Watkinson . Each ward elects three councillors to Havering London Borough Council . All six councillors elected in 2010 for the two wards were the Upminster and Cranham Residents ' Association candidates and the area is unusual in that the residents ' association is strongly active . From 1945 to 1974 Cranham formed part of the Hornchurch constituency and from 1974 to 2010 it formed part of the Upminster constituency . Cranham is within the Havering and Redbridge London Assembly constituency and the London European Parliament constituency .
= = Geography = =
Most of Cranham is located on the London Clay belt , with loam to the north and a gravel valley to the south . It rises to about 250 feet ( 76 m ) in the north and to below 50 feet ( 15 m ) in the south ; with a ridge running east to west upon which All Saints Church is located . Cranham forms a continuously built @-@ up area with Upminster to the west , with open fields separating it from Harold Wood in the north , Great Warley to the east and North Ockendon to the southeast . Franks Wood and Cranham Brickfields are designated a Site of Importance for Nature Conservation with a habitat of ancient woodland , coppices , ditches , scrub , tall herbs and neutral grassland . The community forest centre for the extensive Thames Chase is located in the open land to the south east . Cranham forms part of the Upminster post town in the RM14 postcode district . Climate data for Cranham is taken from the nearest weather station at Greenwich , around 12 miles ( 19 @.@ 3 km ) southwest of All Saints church :
= = Demography = =
Demographic data is produced by the Office for National Statistics for the wards of Cranham and Upminster . All of Cranham is contained within these wards , however they also cover the connected settlement of Upminster and the rural outlier of
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North Ockendon . In 2001 the population of Upminster ward was 12 @,@ 674 and Cranham ward was 12 @,@ 242 , giving a total population of 25 @,@ 098 . 80 @.@ 95 % in Upminster and 81 @.@ 73 % in Cranham report their religion as Christian , compared to 76 @.@ 13 % for Havering , 58 @.@ 23 % in London and 71 @.@ 74 % in England . 10 @.@ 08 % in Upminster and 10 @.@ 46 % in Cranham report having no religion , compared to 13 @.@ 18 % in Havering , 15 @.@ 76 % in London and 14 @.@ 59 % in England . With a black and minority ethnic population of 3 % in 2001 , Cranham and Upminster wards have the lowest Simpson index for ethnic diversity in London . The level of home ownership is atypically high compared to the rest of London and England , with over 90 % of housing tenure under owner @-@ occupation in both wards .
= = Economy = =
There are several short parades of shops ; the largest on Front Lane , dominated by a Tesco Express store . The nearest significant activity centre identified in the London Plan is the local district centre at Upminster . Within Havering , Upminster is identified as the nearest of seven main town centres . There are a number of commercial businesses centred around the A127 Southend Arterial Road including a wholesale butcher , mushroom cultivator , caravan sales , and a sports equipment supplier . There are a limited number of hospitality venues , including pubs and a popular tandoori restaurant .
= = Transport = =
Front Lane is the main road through Cranham and runs north to south , connecting with the A127 road in the north . Approximately 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) to the northeast it has a junction with the M25 motorway , which forms the outer ring road of London . Cranham is the location of the Upminster depot of the London Underground 's District line . The nearest London Underground station is at Upminster , approximately 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) to the west . The London @-@ Tilbury @-@ Southend Line of the National Rail network passes through the area in two places , with the nearest station also at Upminster . There are Transport for London bus service to Upminster , Hornchurch , Romford , and Ockendon station on routes 248 , 346 and 347 .
= = Culture = =
All Saints parish church was rebuilt in 1873 and is a grade II listed building . James Oglethorpe , the first governor of Georgia , now part of the United States of America , is buried with his wife at the centre of its chancel . The area around the church forms a conservation area . There is a second church called St Luke 's further north on Front Lane . Cranham Hall , the former manor house , is a grade II listed building . There are two community associations that are both registered charities . The Cranham Community Association operates a broad range of sporting , self @-@ improvement and hobby activities at Cranham Community Centre on Marlborough Gardens . Cranham Social Hall , with a capacity of 100 , is separately operated by the Front Lane Community Association , and provides a limited range of activities . The main cultural and entertainment facilities of the borough are located in Hornchurch and Romford .
= Thomas R. Cornelius =
Thomas Ramsey Cornelius ( November 16 , 1827 – June 24 , 1899 ) was a prominent American politician and soldier in the early history of Oregon . Born in Missouri , he moved to the Oregon Country with his family as a young man where he fought in the Cayuse War and Yakima Indian War against the Native Americans . He settled in Washington County near what later became Cornelius , named in his honor .
A Whig and later a Republican , he served in the Oregon Territorial Legislature , and following statehood , he served in the Oregon State Senate . In the Senate he served one term as the president of that chamber . He also built the Cornelius Pass Road that bears his name . He was the father of Benjamin P. Cornelius , who was also prominent in state politics .
= = Early life = =
Cornelius was born in Missouri , on November 16 , 1827 , to Elizabeth and Benjamin Cornelius . In 1845 , Thomas and his family traveled over the Oregon Trail to the Oregon Country and set up a farm on the Tualatin Plains , north of what would become the community of Cornelius . After the Whitman Massacre in late 1847 , Thomas volunteered for the militia of the Oregon Provisional Government in 1848 . The militia prosecuted the Cayuse War in an attempt to punish those responsible for the killings at the Whitman Mission .
After gold was discovered in California , Cornelius journeyed there for a brief time , returning to the Oregon Territory in 1849 . The next year he married Florentine Wilkes , and they had six children together before she died in 1864 , including son Benjamin . The family would settle on 640 acres ( 2 @.@ 6 km2 ) of their Donation Land Claim near Cornelius . In 1855 , a second war against the Native Americans started east of the Cascade Mountains against the Yakima tribe . Cornelius volunteered again for the militia . For three months he led a company with the rank of captain before being elected as colonel after James W. Nesmith resigned his commission . Cornelius continued as colonel until the end of the war in 1856 .
= = Political career = =
In 1856 , Cornelius was elected to upper chamber of the Oregon Territorial Legislature , called the Council . Serving as a Whig , he represented Washington , Columbia , and Multnomah counties in District 8 . He won re @-@ election to the Council in 1857 and again in 1858 to the final session of the territorial legislature . In 1859 , he continued holding office in the newly formed Oregon State Senate after Oregon entered the Union on February 14 , 1859 as the 33rd state .
In the Oregon Senate , Cornelius continued as a Republican representing Washington County and several other counties through the 1874 legislature . His service was interrupted by the American Civil War during 1862 session , when he was authorized by President Abraham Lincoln to raise a regiment of cavalry for federal service . He was chosen as colonel of the troops and they deployed to a military post at Walla Walla , Washington , where he assumed command . He resigned during the summer of 1862 and returned home .
During the 1866 legislature Cornelius was selected as President of the Oregon Senate . In 1886 , he won the Republican nomination for Governor of Oregon , but lost the general election to Sylvester Pennoyer .
= = Later life and family = =
After his first wife died in 1864 , Cornelius remarried in 1866 to Missouri A. Smith . In 1872 , he moved to Cornelius , which would be renamed after him , and opened a store . In addition to the store , Cornelius owned a total of 1 @,@ 500 acres ( 6 @.@ 1 km2 ) , including covering three farms , a warehouse , and a sawmill . He built the Cornelius Pass Road that linked the Tualatin Valley to the Columbia River . Cornelius died on June 24 , 1899 , at the age of 71 . He was buried at the Cornelius Methodist Church Cemetery .
= Thirsty Merc =
Thirsty Merc are an Australian pop rock band formed in 2002 by Rai Thistlethwayte ( vocals ,
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leading to the decisions by two of the show 's student couples — Rachel ( Lea Michele ) and Finn ( Cory Monteith ) , and Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) and Blaine ( Darren Criss ) — to begin having sex .
While an advanced copy of the episode was released to several reviewers and was highly praised by them , the reviewers of the broadcast were not as generally enthusiastic . In particular , some of the plotting and resulting characterization came in for criticism . The performance of " America " , however , was widely acclaimed , especially that of Santana ( Naya Rivera ) in the role of Anita . While the advance publicity about the " first time " events drew some pre @-@ broadcast condemnation , many critics were enthusiastic about the fact that a gay couple was being given such a storyline .
All six songs were released in five singles , available for download . Of these , " Uptown Girl " , a song sung by the returning Dalton Academy Warblers , charted on the Billboard Hot 100 , and also on the Canadian Hot 100 . The remaining songs , all from West Side Story , did not chart . Upon its initial airing , this episode was viewed by 6 @.@ 91 million American viewers , the lowest of the season , and garnered a 3 @.@ 1 / 10 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic . The total viewership for this episode was down somewhat from the previous episode , " Pot o ' Gold " , though ratings were fractionally higher .
= = Plot = =
Artie Abrams ( Kevin McHale ) has taken charge of directing the school musical , West Side Story , and he tells the two leads — Rachel ( Lea Michele ) , playing Maria , and Blaine ( Darren Criss ) , playing Tony — that they are not conveying enough emotion in their rendition of " Tonight " . He questions whether they can convincingly portray the roles if they are still virgins . Later , his co @-@ director Coach Beiste ( Dot @-@ Marie Jones ) confesses to him that she is attracted to football recruiter Cooter Menkins ( Eric Bruskotter ) , who is at McKinley to scout potential players for Ohio State , though she is sure he would never consider her . Artie thinks otherwise , and acting on his advice , Cooter arranges a date with her .
Blaine and Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) discuss their decision to postpone sex . Blaine goes to Dalton Academy to invite the Warblers to see him in West Side Story and arrives as they are performing " Uptown Girl " . Afterward , new Warbler Sebastian Smythe ( Grant Gustin ) makes a play for Blaine , intercut with Santana ( Naya Rivera ) and Rachel singing " A Boy Like That " from the musical . They later meet at a coffee shop , and Kurt arrives as Blaine is telling Sebastian that he already has a boyfriend . Sebastian convinces them to go with him to the local gay bar and supplies fake IDs . While Blaine and Sebastian are dancing , Kurt is surprised to see Dave Karofsky ( Max Adler ) , who has transferred to another school . When Blaine and Kurt leave , Blaine is drunk and aroused , and urges Kurt to have sex with him in the back seat of the car ; Kurt refuses , and Blaine angrily walks home .
Rachel lets Finn ( Cory Monteith ) know that she is interested in having sex with him , but he balks when she admits her reason is to be a better Maria . Later , she asks advice from the other girls in the show . While Santana and Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) both urge her not to have sex with Finn , Tina ( Jenna Ushkowitz ) reveals that she and Mike ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) had sex over the summer and says how wonderful it was with the boy she loved — her words are intercut with Rachel and Santana singing " I Have a Love " in rehearsal . Mike 's father ( Keong Sim ) confronts him about his participation in the musical , and Mike tells him he wants to be a professional dancer , not a doctor . His father disowns him .
Cooter recruits Shane ( LaMarcus Tinker ) for Ohio State , but not Finn , who is despondent about his future . Rachel comforts him , and promises that she will help him find a new future . Back at school , Blaine apologizes to Kurt for getting drunk , and says he cares nothing for Sebastian . Kurt proposes that they go over to Blaine 's house for the night .
On opening night , Artie is assailed by self @-@ doubt , but he is thanked by the cast for his leadership , and he thanks them for trusting him . They perform " America " , which gets a standing ovation . Blaine and Rachel , waiting to go on and still virgins , are afraid they will not convey the necessary emotion , but Rachel reminds Blaine that they both have found their soulmates in Finn and Kurt , just like Maria and Tony had with each other . As they sing " One Hand , One Heart " on stage , they are also shown in scenes involving their first sexual encounters with their true soulmates .
= = Production = =
The episode began filming on September 23 , 2011 , and ended on October 14 , 2011 . The last nine days were shot in parallel with the sixth episode , which began shooting on October 6 , 2011 , and briefly with the seventh episode , which began shooting on October 13 , 2011 .
Grant Gustin makes his first appearance in this episode , playing a new " major " recurring character , Sebastian Smythe , a " gay Dalton Academy Warbler who sets his sights on Blaine " . Gustin won the role after " an exhaustive , weeks @-@ long casting search " , and the character is referred to as " promiscuous " and " scheming " . Gustin 's first day on the Glee set was September 26 , 2011 . He had been playing the role of Baby John in the touring company of Broadway revival of West Side Story since it opened on September 30 , 2010 , and left the show after performing on September 23 , 2011 to return for his first day with Glee .
Although the Dalton Academy Warblers also return in this episode , they are not voiced by the Tufts Beelzebubs , who sang backgrounds for Warblers numbers in the second season . According to Curt Mega , who sings lead on the Warblers track in this episode , the backgrounds were sung by " Jon Hall , Brock Baker and Luke Edgemon and some others " , with the three named men having played on @-@ screen Warblers in the second season . Some of the actors who played Warblers in the second season , including Hall and Mega , returned for the third . After the Warblers were filmed on October 3 , 2011 , Dominic Barnes , who played Trent in season two , tweeted to Gustin , " very impressive moves today sir " , to which Gustin replied , " Thanks bro ! Fun stuff ! ! "
Another " major recurring role " debuts in this episode : Eric Bruskotter joins the cast as Cooter Menkins , " a football recruiter who comes scouting for talent at McKinley , but finds he can ’ t take his eyes off the team ’ s gruff but big @-@ hearted coach . " Other recurring guest stars that appear in the episode include football coach Shannon Beiste ( Jones ) , the focus of Cooter 's eyes , former prom king Dave Karofsky ( Adler ) , exchange student and new glee club member Rory Flanagan ( Damian McGinty ) , and Mike 's parents Julia Chang and Mike Chang , Sr. ( Tamlyn Tomita and Sim ) .
This episode features six covers , five of which are from West Side Story , the stage musical being rehearsed and performed during the course of the episode : " A Boy Like That " and " I Have a Love " sung by Rivera and Michele , " Tonight " and " One Hand , One Heart " sung by Michele and Criss , and the number performed by the Sharks and Jets , " America " . The sixth cover , " Uptown Girl " , is sung by the Dalton Academy Warblers , with Mega on lead vocal .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" The First Time " was first broadcast on November 8 , 2011 in the United States on Fox . It garnered a 3 @.@ 1 / 8 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , and received 6 @.@ 91 million American viewers during its initial airing , the lowest number of viewers for a new episode in the third season . While the show 's viewership was down by over 7 % from the 7 @.@
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the new majority rule constitution by 85 % in a national referendum . Multiracial elections were held in April 1979 with the country due to be reconstituted as Zimbabwe Rhodesia afterwards . By this time Harper had already left the country ; The Guardian reported shortly before the elections that he was " already settled in South Africa " . Zimbabwe Rhodesia , with Bishop Abel Muzorewa as Prime Minister , failed to win international acceptance and following the Lancaster House Agreement of December 1979 , the UK oversaw a process leading to fresh elections in which the guerrilla leader Robert Mugabe was elected Prime Minister . Britain granted independence to the country as Zimbabwe in April 1980 . Harper died on 8 September 2006 , at the age of 90 .
= Stephen Newton =
Stephen Cox Newton ( 21 April 1853 – 16 August 1916 ) was an English cricketer who represented , and captained , Somerset County Cricket Club in the late 19th century . During a 14 @-@ year first @-@ class cricket career , he also represented Cambridge University , Middlesex and the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) .
He made his debut in first @-@ class cricket for Cambridge University , where he was awarded his Blue . He then spent nine seasons playing for Somerset , and captained the side for the last five of those seasons . Working as a schoolmaster at Highgate School in London from 1876 – 1884 , his playing opportunities for the south @-@ western county were limited , and from 1885 he only played first @-@ class cricket at Lord 's cricket ground , representing Middlesex in three matches that season , and appearing for the MCC on nine occasions over six years . He returned to play for Somerset in 1887 and 1890 when they had lost their first @-@ class status . He worked as headmaster of Loudon House School in London for some years from 1888 , and died following an operation in 1916 in Ipswich .
= = Early life = =
Stephen Cox Newton was born on 21 April 1853 in Nailsea , Somerset to Robert Newton and Elizabeth Catherine Cox . He attended Victoria College , Jersey , where he played in the school cricket team for seven summers , from 1866 to 1872 , and topped the batting averages in five of those years ( 1867 , 1868 , 1869 , 1870 , and 1872 ) . He also captained the side during his last three years at the school .
On completion of his time at Victoria College , Newton continued his education at Cambridge University , attending Corpus Christi College . He played in the Freshman 's match in 1873 , in which made scores of two and twelve and took two wickets . A report in the Cambridge Independent Press concluded that very few of the players competing showed promise , and that they would " be surprised if more than two will be awarded their Blues " . Accordingly , Newton was not selected for the University team until final year at Cambridge . Despite this , he appeared a number of times during the summer vacation , known at Cambridge as the " long vacation " , for the eponymous Cambridge Long Vacation Club , captaining the team in 1875 .
He played five first @-@ class matches for the university , all in 1876 . His highest score during these matches was the 33 not out that he scored in the second innings of his first @-@ class debut , against an England XI . He was awarded his cricketing Blue , scoring seven runs at number ten during a nine wicket Cambridge victory over Oxford University .
= = Somerset County Cricket Club = =
= = = Pre @-@ first @-@ class years = = =
Newton assisted Somerset from 1876 until 1890 . The county cricket club had only been formally set @-@ up the previous year , and was seeking first @-@ class status . The majority of matches played by Newton for the county between 1876 and 1878 are recorded by CricketArchive as being for the ' Gentlemen of Somerset ' , and are not categorised as first @-@ class cricket , and although those from 1879 onwards are recorded as being for ' Somerset ' , they are generally regarded as remaining a ' second @-@ class ' of cricket .
During these pre @-@ first @-@ class seasons , Newton made a name for himself , and in his official history of the club , Peter Roebuck describes him as one of the talents of the side . He took on the captaincy of the club in 1880 , a season in which he passed 30 runs in five of the recorded seven innings in which he played . His highest score recorded on CricketArchive during these years for Somerset was the 91 which he scored in 1876 against the Gentlemen of Dorset . Team @-@ mate Bill Roe described Newton as a useful batsman who favoured playing balls on his pads . In his obituary , Newton was described as being " a most excellent field " , particularly strong at cover @-@ point , while Haygarth 's Scores and Biographies characterised him as " a fine and free hitter , and a most excellent field " . He was the county 's top run @-@ scorer in 1877 , accumulating 285 runs at an average of 25 @.@ 90 , and he was also one of their principle bowlers , collecting 21 wickets during the season . He remained near the top of the batting charts for the club the following year , scoring the second @-@ most runs behind Edward Sainsbury , 146 at an average of 18 @.@ 25 . He was used less as a bowler than in the previous year , taking just six wickets . He once again trailed only Sainsbury amongst batsmen in 1880 , scoring 278 runs at an average of 30 @.@ 88 . He was appointed as the club captain for 1881 , though he was not able to play as frequently for the club , and finished the season with 93 runs from five innings at an average of 18 @.@ 3 .
= = = First @-@ class cricket = = =
Somerset gained first @-@ class status in 1882 , and retained it for four seasons . Newton was the club captain for the first three of these seasons , becoming the county 's first official captain . He did not , however , appear in Somerset 's first three matches : as a schoolmaster in London , he only played for the county in late @-@ July and August . In his first match as a first @-@ class cricket captain , he top @-@ scored in both innings , with 57 and 67 , as Somerset lost to MCC by one wicket . He then made 80 in the side 's next match , a victory over Hampshire . He fared less well in the remainder of the 1882 season , failing to reach a half @-@ century in any of his other three matches . Newton 's batting average of 34 @.@ 44 from his five first @-@ class matches in 1882 was the highest he achieved during his first @-@ class career , and both his total number of runs scored ( 310 ) and his number of half @-@ centuries ( 3 ) during the season were also career highs .
Newton suffered a slow start to his 1883 campaign , failing to pass 10 runs in his first five innings . His improvements improved in his next three matches , highlighted by a half @-@ century against Gloucestershire , scored during a 135 run partnership
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@ methylgrifolic acid . P. niger has also been used for mushroom dyeing , in which it produces gray @-@ blue and green colors .
= = Species = =
Phellodon was originally circumscribed with three species . Joost Stalpers included 13 Phellodon species in his 1993 monograph on the Thelephorales . The tenth edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi ( 2008 ) indicated 16 species in the genus . As of September 2015 , Index Fungorum lists 18 species of Phellodon , not including the three eastern United States species added in 2013 – 14 .
Phellodon atratus K.A.Harrison ( 1964 ) – California , United States
Phellodon brunneo @-@ olivaceus R.E.Baird ( 2013 ) – United States
Phellodon confluens ( Pers . ) Pouzar ( 1956 ) – China , eastern United States , Europe
Phellodon excentrimexicanus R.E.Baird ( 1985 ) – Mexico
Phellodon fibulatus K.A.Harrison ( 1972 ) – North Carolina , United States
Phellodon fuligineoalbus ( J.C.Schmidt ) Baird ( 2013 ) – United States
Phellodon implicatus R.E.Baird & S.R.Khan ( 1986 ) – Florida , United States
Phellodon indicus Khara ( 1978 ) – Himachal Pradesh , India
Phellodon maliensis ( Lloyd ) Maas Geest . ( 1966 ) – Australia , New Zealand
Phellodon melaleucus ( Sw. ex Fr . ) P.Karst. ( 1881 ) – Europe , North America
Phellodon mississippiensis R.Baird ( 2014 ) – Mississippi , United States
Phellodon niger ( Fr . ) P.Karst. ( 1881 ) – Europe , North America
Phellodon nothofagi McNabb ( 1971 ) – New Zealand
Phellodon plicatus ( Lloyd ) Maas Geest . ( 1966 ) – Australia
Phellodon putidus ( G.F.Atk. ) Banker ( 1906 ) – North America
Phellodon radicatus R.E.Baird ( 1985 ) – North America
Phellodon rufipes Maas Geest . ( 1971 ) – Japan
Phellodon secretus Niemelä & Kinnunen ( 2003 ) – Finland
Phellodon sinclairii ( Berk . ) G.Cunn. ( 1958 ) – New Zealand
Phellodon tenuis R.E.Baird ( 1988 ) – Brazil
Phellodon tomentosus ( L. ) Banker ( 1906 ) – Europe , North America
= HMS Jamaica ( 44 ) =
HMS Jamaica , a Crown Colony @-@ class cruiser of the Royal Navy , was named after the island of Jamaica , which was a British possession when she was built in the late 1930s . The light cruiser spent almost her entire wartime career on Arctic convoy duties , except for a deployment south for the landings in North Africa in November 1942 . She participated in the Battle of the Barents Sea in 1942 and the Battle of North Cape in 1943 . Jamaica escorted several aircraft carriers in 1944 as they flew off airstrikes that attacked the German battleship Tirpitz in northern Norway . Late in the year she had an extensive refit to prepare her for service with the British Pacific Fleet , but the war ended before she reached the Pacific .
Jamaica spent the late 1940s in the Far East and on the North America and West Indies Station . When the Korean War began in 1950 she was ordered , in cooperation with the United States Navy , to bombard North Korean troops as they advanced down the eastern coast . The ship also provided fire support during the Inchon Landing later that year . Jamaica was refitted late in the year and returned to Great Britain in early 1951 where she was placed in reserve .
She was recommissioned in 1954 for service with the Mediterranean Fleet . In 1955 Jamaica was used to play HMS Exeter in the film Battle of the River Plate , in company with her wartime partner HMS Sheffield as HMS Ajax . In 1956 the ship participated in Operation Musketeer , the Anglo
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the inside of Samus 's helmet and features a radar , map , missile ammunition meter , health meter , and statistics on bosses . Several visors are available , and each performs a different function . One , also seen in the previous game , is a scanner that searches for enemy weaknesses , interfaces with mechanisms such as force fields and elevators and retrieves text entries from certain sources . The others reveal and highlight interdimensional objects or cloaked enemies , and create a visual representation of sound .
Echoes also features a multiplayer mode that allows up to four players to engage in combat using a split screen . It has six arenas and two modes : Deathmatch , in which players attempt to kill their opponents as many times as possible within a set amount of time ; and Bounty , which focuses on collecting coins that injured characters drop . Multiplayer in Echoes features the same control scheme as the single @-@ player mode , including the lock @-@ on system for circle strafing while targeting .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Setting = = =
Echoes takes place on a rogue planet in the Dasha region , Aether , inhabited by a race known as the Luminoth . The Luminoth lived peacefully , protecting the planet 's pure natural energy , which they call the " Light of Aether " . Five decades before the game 's events , a Phazon meteor collides into the planet and leaves a scar causing environmental damage and splitting the planetary energy . The split creates another planet in an alternate dimension , Dark Aether , a mirror version of Aether that is dark , arid , and has a poisonous atmosphere . Dark Aether becomes home to the Ing , cruel shapeshifting creatures who intend to destroy the Luminoth , and are able to possess bodies of the living , the dead , and the artificially intelligent . Eventually , the Ing and the Luminoth engage in a war over the planet 's energy — whichever race controls it is capable of destroying the other .
Around this time , Space Pirates set up a base on Aether after detecting the mutagenic substance Phazon on the planet . A Galactic Federation Marine Corps patrol ship encounters one of the Pirates ' supply ships leaving the planet and an altercation follows . Both ships suffer heavy damage , and after the Federation loses contact with the Marines , it calls the bounty hunter Samus Aran to investigate .
= = = Plot = = =
While looking for the Marines near Aether , Samus 's ship is damaged by severe lightning storms from the planet . Said storms have caused electromagnetic interference that prevented the Marines from communicating with the Federation . Samus finds the troops dead and surrounded by hive creatures called Splinters . Deceased Marines suddenly rise and attack her , apparently possessed , and she fights them off . Samus then encounters her evil doppelgänger , Dark Samus , for the first time , and Dark Samus jumps through a portal . Samus decides to follow her through it and into Dark Aether , where Samus is attacked by a group of dark creatures called Ing , who steal the weapons from Samus 's suit before pushing her back through the portal .
Upon returning to Aether , Samus learns that the Marines were attacked and killed by Ing @-@ possessed Splinters , and decides to enter a nearby alien temple structure to look for clues . When she reaches the structure , she meets U @-@ Mos , the last remaining sentinel of the Luminoth , an alien race that have fought against the Ing for decades . They are now on the verge of defeat . He tells Samus that after a meteor struck Aether , the impact was so devastating , it created a vile trans @-@ dimensional duplicate Aether , called " Dark Aether " . The toxic world hosts a deadly and aggressive species called Ing . He also tells Samus that the Ing have taken virtually all of the ' Light of Aether ' , the entire collective planetary energy for Aether that keeps the planet stable , and begs her to retrieve it . As if any world gains all this energy , the other will perish .
Samus goes to three regions — the Agon Wastes , a parched , rocky , desert wasteland region ; Torvus Bog , a drenched swamp area that houses a partially submerged hydrosubstation ; and the Sanctuary Fortress , a highly advanced cliffside fortress built by the Luminoth filled with corrupted robots that serves as the Ing hive in Dark Aether — to retrieve the Light of Aether and return it to the Luminoth temples . Samus fights Space Pirates , Dark Samus , and
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a Zarghami , president of Nickelodeon , said " One of the great things about animation is that you can play it over and over again , and kids will still watch it [ ... ] With live action they won 't . " On March 3 , 2008 , the season premiered with the episode " Krabby Road " . It was written by Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash and Eric Shaw , while Alan Smart served as animation director .
In 2009 , Nickelodeon began celebrating the tenth anniversary of the show with Square Roots : The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants , a documentary special by filmmaker Patrick Creadon , that discusses the history of the show and the ascent of the " absorbing character 's journey to pop culture stardom " . Creator Stephen Hillenburg , speaking by phone from Southern California , said " Ten years . I never imagined working on the show to this date and this long . I really figured we might get a season and a cult following , and that might be it . " In an interview , Tom Kenny told that " What I 'm most proud of is that kids still really like it and care about it [ ... ] They eagerly await new episodes . People who were young children when it started 10 years ago are still watching it and digging it and think it 's funny . That 's the loving cup for me . "
Nickelodeon also broadcast a 50 ½ -hour television marathon titled " The Ultimate SpongeBob SpongeBash Weekend " . The marathon featured the ten most memorable episodes as picked by its viewers on Nick.com. The night capped off with the television encore of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie at 8 PM . On July 19 , ten new episodes including the special episode " To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants " premiered . Paramount Home Entertainment released a 14 @-@ disc DVD titled The First 100 Episodes on September 22 , 2009 . The DVD runs approximately 2200 minutes and includes the first 100 episodes of the series . A second SpongeBob SquarePants television film , titled Truth or Square , aired on Nickelodeon on November 6 , 2009 . Several celebrities made live action cameo appearances on the film , including Rosario Dawson , LeBron James , Tina Fey , Will Ferrell , Craig Ferguson , Robin Williams and P ! nk , while Ricky Gervais provided opening and closing narration for the film .
Animation was handled overseas in South Korea at Rough Draft Studios . Animation directors credited with episodes in the sixth season included Andrew Overtoom , Alan Smart , and Tom Yasumi . Episodes were written by a team of writers , which consisted of Casey Alexander , Steven Banks , Luke Brookshier , Nate Cash , Zeus Cervas , Sean Charmatz , Derek Iversen , Tom King , Dani Michaeli , Richard Pursel , Chris Reccardi , Aaron Springer , Eric Shaw , and Paul Tibbitt . The season was storyboarded by Alexander , Brookshier , Cash , Cervas , Charmatz , King , Reccardi , and Springer .
= = Cast = =
The sixth season had a cast of six main actors . Tom Kenny provided the voice of the title character SpongeBob SquarePants and his pet snail Gary . SpongeBob 's best friend , a starfish named Patrick Star , was voiced by Bill Fagerbakke , while Rodger Bumpass played the voice of Squidward Tentacles , an arrogant and ill @-@ tempered octopus . Other members of the cast were Carolyn Lawrence as Sandy Cheeks , a squirrel from Texas ; Clancy Brown as Mr. Krabs , a miserly crab obsessed
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s keel in June 1888 . Bennington was launched in June 1890 . She was just over 244 feet ( 74 m ) long and 36 feet ( 11 m ) abeam and displaced 1 @,@ 710 long tons ( 1 @,@ 740 t ) . She was equipped with two steam engines which were supplemented with three schooner @-@ rigged masts . The ship 's main battery consisted of six 6 @-@ inch ( 15 @.@ 2 cm ) guns and was augmented by an assortment of smaller caliber guns .
After her June 1891 commissioning , Bennington was attached to the Squadron of Evolution and for its cruise to South America . The gunboat made two Mediterranean tours between 1892 and 1894 , after which she was assigned to the duties in the Pacific . She sailed the Pacific coasts of North and Central America and spent time in the Hawaiian Islands to protect American interests there . On her way to support United States Army operations of the Philippine – American War , Bennington claimed Wake Island for the United States . After two years in the Philippines , she returned to the United States and was decommissioned for 18 months of repairs and refitting . After her March 1903 re @-@ commissioning , most of the next two years were spent patrolling the Pacific coasts of North and South America .
On 21 July 1905 at San Diego , California , Bennington suffered a boiler explosion , that killed 66 men and injured nearly everyone else on board . Shortly after the explosion , a tug beached the ship to prevent her from sinking . Eleven men were awarded the Medal of Honor for " extraordinary heroism " in the aftermath of the explosion . After Bennington was refloated , the damage was deemed too extensive to repair and the ship was decommissioned in September . The ship was sold for scrap in 1910 , but instead served as a water barge for the Matson Line at Honolulu from 1912 . In 1924 , the former Bennington was scuttled off the coast of Oahu .
= = Design and construction = =
The Yorktown class gunboats – unofficially considered third @-@ class cruisers – were the product of a United States Navy design attempt to produce compact ships with good seakeeping abilities and , yet , able to carry a heavy battery . Bennington was authorized in the 1888 fiscal year , and the contract for her construction was awarded to N. F. Palmer & Co. of Chester , Pennsylvania . The hull for Bennington was subcontracted to the Delaware River Iron Shipbuilding & Engine Works and built to the Navy 's Bureau of Construction and Repair design . The mechanical design was patterned after the layout for her older sister ship Yorktown developed by William Cramp & Sons .
Bennington 's keel was laid down in June 1888 , and the ship was launched on 3 June 1890 , sponsored by Anne Aston , the daughter of Rear Admiral Ralph Aston , Chief Engineer of the U.S. Navy .
= = = Layout = = =
As built , Bennington was 244 feet 5 inches ( 74 @.@ 50 m ) in length and 36 feet ( 11 m ) abeam . Her steel hull had an average draft of 14 feet ( 4 m ) , which was expected to give her the ability to escape from larger ships into shallow water . At the waterline was a turtleback deck of ⅜ -inch ( 9 @.@ 5 mm ) steel that formed a watertight seal over the lower spaces . The deck had a crown at the level of the waterline and curved downwards to 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 9 m ) below the waterline at the sides of the ship . Below this armored deck were twelve compartments separated by watertight bulkheads ; the spaces above were equipped with watertight doors intended to be closed during battle .
Above the armored deck , Bennington had forecastle and poop decks with an open gun deck that spanned the length of the ship between them . The conning tower was located forward on the forecastle deck and was oval @-@ shaped to deflect shot . It was outfitted with a steam @-@ powered Ship 's wheel , an engine order telegraph , and speaking tubes ; it was protected by 2 inches ( 51 mm ) of steel armor plate .
= = = Propulsion = = =
Bennington was powered by two triple @-@ expansion steam engines which each drove one of the pair of 10 @.@ 5 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 2 m ) , three @-@ bladed screw propellers . The cylinders of each engine were 22 , 31 , and 51 inches ( 56 , 79 , and 130 cm ) in diameter and had a 30 @-@ inch ( 76 cm ) stroke . Each engine was rated at 3 @,@ 400 indicated horsepower ( 2 @,@ 500 kW ) and together were designed to move the ship at 16 knots ( 30 km / h ) , though the ship exceeded that in her trials , topping out at 17 @.@ 5 knots ( 32 @.@ 4 km / h ) .
The engines , situated in separate watertight compartments , were each fed by a pair of coal @-@ fired boilers . Each boiler was horizontally mounted and was 9 feet 6 inches ( 2 @.@ 90 m ) in diameter and 17 feet 6 inches ( 5 @.@ 33 m ) in length with a total grate area of 220 square inches ( 1 @,@ 400 cm2 ) . Bennington 's coal bunkers could carry up to 400 long tons ( 410 t ) of fuel , and were shielded from " shot and shell " . At a near top @-@ speed of 16 knots , the ship
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could cover 2 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 200 km ) in 6 ½ days ; at the more economical speed of 8 knots ( 15 km / h ) she could cruise 12 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 22 @,@ 000 km ) over 62 days .
To supplement her steam power plant , Bennington was built with three masts that were schooner @-@ rigged . She had a total sail area of 6 @,@ 300 square feet ( 590 m2 ) . The steam and sail combination was expected to allow Bennington to remain at sea for months at a time during wartime .
= = = Armament = = =
Bennington 's main battery consisted of six 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) / 30 caliber Mark 3 guns , with each gun weighing in excess of 11 @,@ 000 pounds ( 5 @,@ 000 kg ) . Two were mounted on the forecastle deck , two on the poop deck , and the other pair amidships on the gun deck . The two guns on the gun deck were mounted 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) above the waterline , while the other four were 18 feet ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) above . The guns fired 105 @-@ pound ( 48 kg ) armor @-@ piercing projectiles with a propellant charge weighing 18 @.@ 8 pounds ( 8 @.@ 5 kg ) at 1 @,@ 950 feet per second ( 590 m / s ) . At an elevation of 30 @.@ 2 ° , the guns had a range of 18 @,@ 000 yards ( 16 @,@ 000 m ) . Each gun was shielded with steel plating 3 inches ( 76 mm ) thick .
Bennington 's secondary battery consisted of four 6 @-@ pounder ( 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 24 in ) ) guns , and four 1 @-@ pounder ( 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 46 in ) ) guns . Both were based on designs of the French arms company Hotchkiss . According to a 1902 Bureau of Ordnance publication , an armor @-@ piercing round fired from a 6 @-@ pounder gun could penetrate 2 inches ( 51 mm ) of armor at a distance of 1 @,@ 000 yards ( 910 m ) .
= = Early career = =
USS Bennington ( Gunboat No. 4 ) was commissioned at the New York Navy Yard on 20 June 1891 under the command of Commander Royal B. Bradford . As one of the first steel @-@ hulled gunboats of the " New Navy " , Bennington was assigned to the Squadron of Evolution , a unit made up entirely of " New Navy " ships that was established to test and perfect tactics and doctrine developed at the Naval War College . In addition to operating as the first tactical fleet of the U.S. Navy , the squadron performed the secondary mission of cruising to foreign ports to demonstrate to the world the types of modern ships the United States was capable of building . In that latter role , Bennington and the rest of the squadron departed New York on 19 November 1891 for the unit 's cruise to Brazil .
On 5 May 1892 , Bennington was transferred to the South Atlantic Squadron and cruised South American waters until 19 July . Setting out from Bahia , Brazil , the gunboat visited Spanish and Italian ports during the 400th anniversary celebration of Columbus ' voyage to the western hemisphere . She concluded the European portion of those festivities on 18 February 1893 when she departed Cadiz , with a replica of Columbus ’ s caravel Pinta in tow for Cuba . After stops in the Canary Islands , the Netherlands West Indies , and Havana , the gunboat arrived back in the United States at Hampton Roads , Virginia , on 26 March .
Following participation in the 1893 International Naval Review at Hampton Roads , Bennington moved north for operations along the coast of New England before beginning preparations for foreign service . To this end , she entered the New York Navy Yard on 24 May and remained there until 6 August . The ship departed New York on the 6th and arrived in Lisbon on the 18th . She cruised the Mediterranean , visiting various ports along its shores , for the next six months . In February 1894 , orders arrived sending her to the Pacific . On the 18th , the gunboat transited the Strait of Gibraltar and headed back across the Atlantic . After steaming around Cape Horn and stopping at several Latin American ports , the warship finally arrived at the Mare Island Navy Yard on 30 April .
= = Pacific Duty = =
Bennington served In the Pacific for a little more than four years . For the most part , her duty consisted of cruising along the west coast protecting American interests in Latin America during the numerous political upheavals that occurred at that time in Central and South America . In addition , she made two extended cruises to the Hawaiian Islands . The first came after a group of pro @-@ royalists attempted in January 1895 to stage a countercoup against the provisional government of the islands . Bennington departed Mare Island on 28 May , arrived at Honolulu on 5 June , and spent the next nine months protecting American interests in the islands . On 5 March 1896 , she departed Honolulu , bound for San Francisco where she arrived on 16 March . The following day , the warship entered the Mare Island Navy Yard for five months of repairs .
On 8 August , she resumed cruises along the west coast . That employment lasted a year and a week . On 14 August 1897 , Bennington headed back to Hawaii . She arrived in Lahaina Roads on 27 September and reached Honolulu on the 30th . Except for a six @-@ day cruise back to Lahaina in March 1898 , the gunboat remained at Honolulu for just over nine months .
At the outbreak of the Spanish – American War , Bennington was in Hawaiian waters . After spending the first two months of the war in the Hawaiian Islands , she departed Honolulu on 16 June and steamed to the west coast of the United States . The warship arrived in San Francisco on 26 June and patrolled the California coast for the remainder of hostilities . On 18 September , Bennington stood out of San Francisco on her way ultimately to the Philippines . She arrived in Hawaii on 27 September and devoted a little over three months to operations in nearby waters . On 7 January 1899 , she resumed her voyage west . Ten days out of Honolulu , she stopped at Wake Island . There Commander Edward D. Taussig , Bennington 's commander , under direct orders from President William McKinley claimed the atoll for the United States , despite protests from Germany ( which considered the island group a part of its claim of the Marshall Islands ) . Wake eventually became an important link in the Honolulu – Manila trans @-@ Pacific cable . Bennington later made a stop at San Luis d 'Apra , Guam , from 23 January to 15 February where Commander ( later Rear Admiral ) Taussig accepted the relinquishment of Guam from her Spanish colonial governor . Taussig briefly served as the first naval governor of Guam and established a native ruling council , before continuing on to Manila where Bennington arrived on 22 February .
= = Philippine – American War = =
For a little more than two years after her February 1899 arrival , Bennington served in the Philippine Islands in support of the Army 's campaigns during the Philippine – American War . For the most part , her service in the islands consisted of patrol and escort duty – preventing rebel movement and stopping the importation of arms , as well as seeing American troops and supplies safely
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it would be only decent for it ... to put on an appearance with as little delay as possible " . Hume doubted its distinction , as did other ornithologists . The Sind sparrow was rediscovered by Scrope Berdmore Doig in 1880 , in the Eastern Nara district . Ernst Hartert considered it a subspecies of the house sparrow , Passer domesticus pyrrhonotus , in his Die Vögel der paläarktishen Fauna , but Doig and Claud Ticehurst both found that the two species bred in the same areas without interbreeding .
The specific epithet of the Sind sparrow , pyrrhonotus , comes from the Greek purrhos ( " flame @-@ coloured " ) , and -nōtos ( " -backed " ) . E. C. Stuart Baker suggested the English name rufous @-@ backed sparrow , but as this name might cause confusion with other species , Ticehurst suggested the name Sind jungle @-@ sparrow , which became the accepted name for the species . This name refers to Sindh , a province now in Pakistan which makes up a large part of the Sind sparrow 's range , and the jungle habitat of the bird ( in the word 's original sense of tangled dry thicket ) . This name is shortened to jungle sparrow or Sind sparrow , of which the first was used in the IOC World Bird List , until Sind sparrow was adopted in 2009 .
The Sind sparrow is a member of the genus Passer , which contains the house sparrow and around twenty other species . In a 1936 review of the house sparrow 's relatives , German ornithologist Wilhelm Meise suggested that the Sind sparrow evolved from an isolated population of house sparrows , noting that the Indus valley is a centre of small bird types . British ornithologist J. Denis Summers @-@ Smith considered the Sind sparrow to be part of the " Palaearctic black @-@ bibbed sparrow " group including the house sparrow , though not one with a particularly close relationship with the house sparrow . Summer @-@ Smith suggested that these species separated 25 @,@ 000 to 15 @,@ 000 years ago , during the last glacial period , when sparrows would have been isolated in ice @-@ free refugia , such as the Indus River Delta , where he thought the Sind sparrow evolved . However , studies of mitochondrial DNA indicate an earlier origin of Passer species , with speciation occurring as early as the late Miocene and early Pliocene , about 5 million years ago . Hume and Ticehurst observed a resemblance , and a possible relation , between the Sind sparrow and the Dead Sea sparrow of the Middle East and Balochistan . William Robert Ogilvie @-@ Grant and Henry Ogg Forbes saw a resemblance to the Abd al @-@ Kuri sparrow , endemic to the island of Abd al @-@ Kuri , in their 1899 description of that species , noted upon by Guy M. Kirwan in a 2008 study .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The Sind sparrow has a restricted distribution , primarily occurring within the Indus valley of Pakistan , and the lower parts of the tributaries of the Indus in the Punjab region . Its distribution extends from the Indus Delta north to the Kabul River near Nowshera and the Jhelum near Nurpur Noon , extending east into India as far as the Delhi area . It also breeds locally in parts of Pakistan 's western province of Balochistan , and has been recorded several times in south @-@ eastern Iran . The Sind sparrow is somewhat common in its restricted breeding range , and no threats are known to the survival of the species , so it is assessed as least concern on the IUCN Red List .
During winter , it often makes short distance movements , and some birds move into parts of western Pakistan and an adjoining corner of Iran , and less commonly north @-@ western Gujarat , India . Longer movements may occur , as suggested by a possible sighting in the United Arab Emirates in November 2000 .
It mostly breeds in acacia and tamarisk scrub and tall grass , invariably near rivers or other wetlands . The construction and expansion of irrigation canals has increased its habitat in Sindh , and helped it extend its range into the Yamuna floodplain and parts of Rajasthan , India . It may breed around rice paddies and other fields , or human habitations , provided that there is enough cover and suitable nesting sites . In winter , it moves away from its main riverine habitat , and into drier thickets characterised by Salvadora and Capparis bushes , but never moves too far from water .
= = Behaviour = =
The Sind sparrow is gregarious , generally forming small groups of four to six birds while feeding . It tends to breed in loose colonies of a few pairs , and non @-@ breeding birds may gather to roost in acacias or tamarisks near water . During winter , the non @-@ breeding season , it forms larger flocks of as many as 30 birds , and joins flocks with other seed @-@ eating birds , such as house sparrows and red avadavats . The Sind sparrow feeds mainly on the seeds of grasses and other plants such as Polygonum plebeium . It may also forage for insects such as caterpillars , especially to feed nestlings . Flocks forage on flats alongside rivers , flying into nearby bushes and continuing to forage when disturbed .
Nesting occurs during a period of several months between April to September , the timing depending on rainfall , during which two clutches are raised by most pairs . Sind sparrows build nests in the upper branches of thorny trees or the ends of thin branches hanging over water . The nest is an untidy dome of grass and other plant matter , such as tamarisk twigs , roots , and reeds , with a diameter of about 9 to 18 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 to 7 @.@ 1 in ) . The nest has an entrance located higher up on the sides , is somewhat flat on top , and is lined with softer plant material and feathers . The birds may sometimes build below the nests of egrets or extend the nest of a baya weaver or pied myna . Both the male and female take part in nest building and incubation . Clutches typically contain three to five eggs . Scrope Doig described the eggs as being markedly smaller than the house sparrow 's , measuring 0 @.@ 7 × 0 @.@ 5 in ( 1 @.@ 3 × 1 @.@ 8 cm ) and similarly greenish or greyish with highly variable blotches , striations , and other markings .
= History of paleontology =
The history of paleontology traces the history of the effort to understand the history of life on Earth by studying the fossil record left behind by living organisms . Since it is
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its time @-@ outs .
With the win , Trestman became the fourth head coach in franchise history to win his head coaching debut , after George Halas , Neill Armstrong and Dick Jauron . The Bears comeback in the second half marked the first time since 1980 the Bears came back from an 11 @-@ point deficit to win with two touchdown drives of 80 yards or more . The offense allowed zero sacks , the first time the Bears didn 't allow a sack in a season opener since 1998 against the Jacksonville Jaguars .
= = = = Week 2 : vs. Minnesota Vikings = = = =
In week two , the Bears donned their 1940s alternate uniforms against rival Minnesota , in the second home game of the season , marking the first time since 1999 that the Bears hosted the first two games of the regular season . During the two games played between the rivals last season , the Bears won the first game 28 – 10 , while the Vikings won the second 21 – 14 . Since 2001 , the Bears led the series 16 – 10 . ESPN writes that the Bears could capitalize on the Vikings ' tendency to turn the ball over , as they gave away the ball to the Detroit Lions four times in week one . Chicago 's defense should also prevent NFL MVP Adrian Peterson , who had been struggling when playing the Bears at Soldier Field . Since 2009 , Peterson has been able to record only 73 rushing yards per game .
The Bears fell behind early after Cordarrelle Patterson 's 105 @-@ yard kickoff return for a touchdown . Devin Hester attempted to respond on the ensuing kickoff , but was pushed out of bounds at the Vikings ' 32 @-@ yard line . The Bears fought back with a one @-@ yard touchdown pass by Jay Cutler to Martellus Bennett , which Chicago added to with Cutler 's touchdown pass to Brandon Marshall . In the second quarter , Jared Allen stripped the ball from Cutler , and Brian Robison returned the fumble 61 yards for a touchdown with 7 : 34 to go in the half . Afterwards , Hester returned the kickoff 80 yards to Minnesota 's 23 @-@ yard line . The Bears offense later reached Minnesota 's one @-@ yard line , but Cutler had his pass intercepted by Kevin Williams in the end zone for a touchback . The Vikings failed to capitalize on the turnover after Tim Jennings intercepted Christian Ponder and scored on a 44 @-@ yard interception return . Minnesota retaliated with Ponder 's 20 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Kyle Rudolph with 1 : 11 remaining , and the half ended with the Bears settling for a field goal . In the second half , the Vikings scored two field goals from Blair Walsh to take the 30 – 24 lead . However , the Bears scored on Cutler 's 16 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Bennett , and ultimately prevailed after recovering a fumbled squib kick .
The win marked the second time in franchise history that the Bears won their first two games after trailing in the fourth quarter , the first being in 1971 . During halftime , the team honored the 1963 Bears , two days following the death of running back Rick Casares , who was the team 's leading rusher until Walter Payton surpassed him . When asked about Casares , defensive end Ed O 'Bradovich stated , " Oh my God , I think when you talk to my fellow teammates over here , what was all right , true and good about professional football was embodied in Rick Casares . Nobody loved the game more than him . "
= = = = Week 3 : at Pittsburgh Steelers = = = =
The Bears travelled to Heinz Field to face the winless Pittsburgh Steelers in their first NBC Sunday Night Football matchup of the season . Pittsburgh had lost the previous week to Cincinnati to fall to 0 – 2 for the first time in 11 years . In the last game between the two in 2009 , the Bears triumphed 17 – 14 . The Bears were the 1 @-@ point favorites ; eight CBSSports.com experts voted on their predictions for the game , with a 5 – 3 result favoring Chicago , while four ESPN analysts predicted that the Steelers would win . One of the goals of the defense was to contain Ben Roethlisberger in the passing pocket , especially as the offensive line suffered the loss of center Maurkice Pouncey . Additionally , the Steelers also had the 31st @-@ ranked rushing offense and had yet to score a rushing touchdown , who was expected to regain first @
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-@ rounder Le 'Veon Bell . Alan Rubenstein of ChicagoNow writes that the Bears should attempt to improve their pass rush , which was only able to record two sacks in the last two games . Marc Trestman cited the weather as a factor for the poor performance , stating , " It ’ s tough to rush the passer in wet weather ... For both sides . It ’ s tough to get a pass rush with a soggy field and a wet field . It ’ s an advantage throwing the football . On a rainy day ( versus ) no rain , really the advantage goes to the offense . Because we can sit back there and protect . And it ’ s really hard to configure a pass rush to get close . " On offense , the Bears should attempt to attack the Steelers ' 14th @-@ ranked rush defense . A key matchup was the WR @-@ CB duel between Brandon Marshall and Ike Taylor ; Taylor contained Bengals receiver A. J. Green , who recorded 162 yards against the Bears in week one , to just six catches for 41 yards in week two .
Chicago started the game with Robbie Gould 's field goal , followed by Matt Forté and Michael Bush 's touchdown runs to take a 17 – 0 lead in the first quarter . Pittsburgh then scored on Shaun Suisham 's 27 @-@ yard field goal , but the Bears then scored after Major Wright returned Roethlisberger 's interception 38 yards for a touchdown for the 24 – 3 lead at halftime . In the second half , the Steelers began to rally with Roethlisberger throwing two touchdown passes of 33 and 21 yards to Antonio Brown , followed by Suisham kicking two more field goals to narrow the margin to 27 – 23 . However , Jay Cutler threw a 17 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Earl Bennett ; the pass was initially ruled as incomplete , but was reversed . Eventually , Lance Briggs stripped Roethlisberger , and Julius Peppers returned the fumble 42 yards for a touchdown . Although the eventual extra point by Gould was blocked by Troy Polamalu , the Bears finished the game with Chris Conte intercepting Roethlisberger with 1 : 39 left in the game for the fifth takeaway by Chicago on the night and the 40 – 23 win , dropping the Steelers to 0 – 3 for the first time since 1986 .
= = = = Week 4 : at Detroit Lions = = = =
The second divisional game of the year for the 3 – 0 Bears , looking for their first 4 – 0 start in seven seasons , took place at Ford Field against the 2 – 1 Detroit Lions . Since 2001 , the Bears had won 17 of the meetings between the two , compared to Detroit 's 9 . The Bears defense , ranked 19th in scoring defense with 24 @.@ 7 points per game and 25th in yards allowed with 383 @.@ 0 , had to keep up with the Lions ' 4th @-@ ranked offense , who recorded 410 @.@ 7 yards per game 27 @.@ 3 PPG , sixth in the league . The Lions also had running back Reggie Bush return from a knee injury ; Bush had recorded 260 yards and a touchdown in the first two games . However , the Lions ' leading receiver Nate Burleson broke his arm in a car accident , which meant additional focus on Calvin Johnson for the Bears . Expectations were for Charles Tillman to cover Johnson , who was limited by Tillman to 15 catches , no touchdowns and an average of 62 @.@ 3 receiving yards in the last three games . Although Tillman had suffered groin and knee injuries that left him questionable for the game , he was later listed as active against the Lions . However , Johnson recorded 40 catches for 20 + yards in 2012 , and the Bears allowed the Steelers to gain 20 yards or more in nine plays . To attempt to combat Johnson , the Bears switched from the pressure defense run in the first three games to the cover 2 . In the battle on the line of scrimmage , the Bears had to contain Ndamukong Suh and Nick Fairley , while the Lions had to protect Matthew Stafford from Julius Peppers and Corey Wootton . Offensively , the Bears also had to survive the crowd , who helped the Bears commit nine false start penalties in 2011 .
Neither team scored a touchdown in the first quarter , instead both scoring field goals , which extended into the first score of the second quarter . Later in the quarter , Matt Forté scored on a 53 @-@ yard run , allowing the Bears to take the 10 – 6 lead . However , after a David Akers field goal , the Lions would score three unanswered touchdowns , all within 3 minutes , 26 seconds : Micheal Spurlock 's 57 @-@ yard punt return led to Matthew Stafford 's 1 @-@ yard run , while Jay Cutler was intercepted by Glover Quin , which set up Stafford 's 2 @-@ yard pass to Calvin Johnson ; finally , the Lions scored after Reggie Bush found a hole and hurdled over Bears ' safety Major Wright en route to a 37 @-@ yard touchdown . The 27 points scored in the quarter was the most by the Lions since September 30 , 2007 against the Bears . The Bears ended the half with a field goal , but continued to trail 30 – 13 . After the Bears kicked a field goal in the third quarter , Cutler was intercepted again , this time by Louis Delmas . However , Chicago regained possession after Stafford 's pass to Johnson was kicked and caught by Wright . Three plays later , Cutler was sacked by Ndamukong Suh , and fumbled ; the ball was picked up by Nick Fairley , who ran four yards for the touchdown . In the fourth quarter , Akers kicked another field goal to put the Lions up 40 – 16 . Afterwards , the Bears began to mount a charge , with Cutler throwing a 14 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Alshon Jeffery with less than four minutes in the game , followed by a two @-@ point conversion on another pass to Jeffery . With 43 seconds remaining , a ten @-@ yard pass to Earl Bennett and a two @-@ point conversion off a throw to Brandon Marshall drew the Bears within eight points , but the eventual onside kick was recovered by Lions receiver Kris Durham , allowing the Lions to clinch the 40 – 32 victory .
Statistically , the Bears offense struggled . Cutler completed 27 of 47 passes for 317 yards , two touchdowns , three interceptions and a 65 @.@ 6 passer rating . Cutler 's three interceptions and fumble tied his turnover amount in the first three games . The offense also had trouble on third down ; despite being ranked ninth in third down efficiency , the Bears failed to convert until there were 47 seconds left in the game to end the game converting just 1 of 13 third downs .
= = = = Week 5 : vs. New Orleans Saints = = = =
The Bears entered week six against the undefeated New Orleans Saints , the team Marc Trestman and offensive coordinator Aaron Kromer worked
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point . In the fourth , Stafford was intercepted by Chris Conte , who reached Detroit 's 9 @-@ yard line , and Cutler would then throw a 14 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Alshon Jeffery , which was eventually nullified . After an incomplete pass , Gould kicked a 32 @-@ yard field goal to draw the score to 14 – 13 . However , Johnson would catch a 14 @-@ yard pass from Stafford to increase the lead to 21 – 13 , and with 2 : 22 remaining , Josh McCown entered the game in favor of Cutler , and guided the Bears ' offense 74 yards , culminating in McCown 's 11 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Marshall with 40 seconds to go . On the two @-@ point conversion , McCown 's pass to tight end Dante Rosario fell incomplete , but Willie Young was penalized for roughing the passer , allowing the Bears a second chance , which failed after Matt Forté was tackled by Nick Fairley in the backfield . The Bears ' onside kick would backfire , as Joique Bell recovered , sealing a season sweep for the Lions .
Despite stating he was " 100 percent " healthy after the groin injury suffered two games prior , it appeared the injury was still lingering ; after throwing a pass during the third quarter , Cutler fell down and grabbed his groin , before standing back up . Regarding the injuries , Cutler stated , " It held up OK . It 's all on the same leg so I think that was a problem . But the groin , you take the ankle out of the equation and I would have been fine , I think . " Cutler ended the game having completed 21 of 40 passes for 250 yards with a touchdown , interception and a 69 @.@ 8 passer rating . Despite x @-@ rays on his ankle being negative , Cutler was ruled out of the next week 's game against the Baltimore Ravens with a high ankle sprain . During the second quarter , Charles Tillman was also injured , suffering a torn right triceps brachii muscle , and was placed on injured reserve with the designation to return , allowing him to practice after six weeks and play in games two weeks after ; as a result , Tillman missed the entire regular season .
= = = = Week 11 : vs. Baltimore Ravens = = = =
Against the Baltimore Ravens in week twelve , the Bears wore their 1940s alternate uniforms . The Bears last played the Ravens in 2009 , which ended with a Baltimore 31 – 7 victory . With Jay Cutler still out , Josh McCown continued to play as quarterback for the Bears , who had the eighth @-@ best passing offense in the league with 261 @.@ 7 yards per game , which competed against the Ravens ' 18th @-@ ranked pass defense . On the ground , the Ravens had the tenth @-@ best rushing D with 102 @.@ 6 rushing yards allowed per game , but offensively , had the 30th @-@ ranked
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rushing offense , averaging just 73 @.@ 1 yards per game , going against Chicago 's defense which allowed 129 @.@ 4 rushing yards per game . Against Joe Flacco , the Bears had the opportunity to force turnovers , as Flacco had thrown eleven interceptions in the previous nine games . For the Bears on offense , a liability was to protect McCown from Terrell Suggs and Elvis Dumervil , who combined for 17 of 32 sacks by the Ravens . Two parties had the majority favoring the Bears for the game : 10 of 13 ESPN analysts predicted a Bears victory , with Ron Jaworski , Seth Wickersham and Cris Carter being the only three to predict a win for Baltimore . CBS Sports analysts predicted the Ravens would win in a 5 – 4 vote .
The Ravens opened the game with Ray Rice gaining a 47 @-@ yard run , his longest of the year up to that point ( his previous highest in 2013 was 14 yards ) , which led to Rice 's 1 @-@ yard run with 9 : 58 in the first . The Ravens added to the score with Justin Tucker 's 52 @-@ yarder , bringing the score to 10 – 0 . With 4 : 51 left in the first quarter , the game was suspended due to inclement weather , which included a tornado watch , which was eventually elevated to a tornado warning . Fans were ordered to evacuate the stands and enter the covered concourses , while the teams returned to the locker rooms . The evacuation marked the first time Soldier Field had an evacuation since the stadium 's opening in 1921 . The game resumed play at 3 : 25 p.m. ET , after a 1 @-@ hour , 53 minute @-@ delay . In the second quarter , Robbie Gould kicked a 20 @-@ yard field goal , and eventually , rookie defensive end David Bass escaped a chop block by Rice and intercepted Flacco , scoring on a 24 @-@ yard return and tying the game . The Ravens eventually scored on Torrey Smith 's five yard touchdown catch , and after Flacco had a pass intercepted by Jon Bostic , Gould ended the half kicking a 46 @-@ yarder . After a scoreless third period , Matt Forté caught a 14 @-@ yard pass from McCown and scored with 10 : 33 in the fourth , the Bears finally taking the lead 20 – 17 . Now behind by three , the Ravens engineered an 82 @-@ yard drive to Chicago 's 2 @-@ yard line , but Rice failed to score twice , and a botched snap from Gino Gradkowski slowed down the Ravens , and Flacco 's pass towards Smith was overthrown . As a result , the Ravens resorted to a 21 @-@ yard field goal with three seconds in regulation to force overtime . In overtime , Flacco 's pass for Tandon Doss fell incomplete , and the Ravens punted to the Bears . McCown then completed a 43 @-@ yard pass to Martellus Bennett , and Gould kicked the game @-@ winning 38 @-@ yard field goal with 8 : 41 remaining to win the game 23 – 20 , which lasted five hours , 16 minutes .
= = = = Week 12 : at St. Louis Rams = = = =
The Bears visited Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis to play the Rams , again without Jay Cutler . However , the Rams were also without starting quarterback Sam Bradford , and instead had Kellen Clemens as backup . The Bears had won four consecutive games against the Rams . Two rookie players the Bears ' defense had to contain were running back Zac Stacy , who recorded an average of 107 @.@ 7 yards and three touchdowns in the previous three games , along with ranking second among rookie running backs with 537 rushing yards ; and receiver Tavon Austin , who recorded 314 yards against the Indianapolis Colts in the previous week . Additionally , the Rams ' offense was ranked fourth in the NFL with 54 @.@ 6 percent of yardage occurring after the catch . For the Bears ' offense , Jeff Joniak wrote they needed to avoid attempting to score in the red zone ; in the previous three games , the Bears had 12 drives in the red zone , but managed to score only four touchdowns , while also allowing a turnover , and was ranked 13th after scoring 55 percent . Meanwhile , the Rams had forced quarterbacks to record only a 45 @.@ 8 passer rating when in the red zone , along with the second lowest completion percentage , and the third fewest completions recorded . Also , St. Louis led the league in red zone interceptions with six . Finally , the Rams led the league in overall sack percentage with 9 @.@ 4 , while defensive end Robert Quinn had the most knockdowns and hurries in the NFL , and was second in sacks with 12 . An advantage Chicago had , however , was the second @-@ most passing touchdowns in the NFL with 15 , while Josh McCown 's average gain per pass is higher than Cutler 's , with a 7 @.@ 47 to 7 @.@ 20 . The Rams also did not have the capable secondary to cover the trio of Martellus Bennett , Alshon Jeffery and Brandon Marshall .
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, the Sejm refused to allocate funding for a statue in Warsaw to honor Tsar Alexander , further incensing Moscow . The Tsar 's tightening grip on Poland ran counter to the growing romantic nationalism sweeping Poland 's youth , especially in the universities . These factors led to increasing discontent within Poland culminating in the failed November Uprising in 1830 . An extraordinary Sejm was convened on 18 December 1830 . Despite the danger this failed attempt to assassinate the Grand Duke represented , the Sejm was swept by nationalist fervor and supported the insurgents , thereby appointing a new revolutionary government led by General Józef Chłopicki . On 25 January 1831 , it passed an act introduced by Roman Sołtyk dethroning Tsar Nicholas I and declaring full independence from Russia . Senator Wincenty Krasiński , one of the few votes against the National Patriotic Society members , refused to join the revolt . The overthrow of Russian rule was planned badly and as the fortunes of war turned against the insurgents , the last session of the Sejm @-@ in @-@ exile was held in Płock in September that year . After the uprising was crushed , in an act of vengeance the Tsar not only eliminated the parliamentary institution of the Sejm from the new government of Congress Poland , but ordered the demolition of the Chamber of Deputies in the Castle of Warsaw . Member of the Sejm and noted historian Joachim Lelewel , as well as fellow deputy Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz and countless others , fled the Russian crackdown in what would be termed the " Great Emigration . "
= = Composition and duration = =
The Sejm was composed of the king , the upper house ( Senate ) and the lower house ( Chamber of Deputies or Sejm proper ) . There were 128 members ( called deputies ) , including 77 deputies elected by the nobility ( szlachta ) at local sejmiks , and 51 elected by the non @-@ noble classes . They were chosen for 6 years , with one third of them chosen every 2 years . Sejms were called every 2 years for a period of 30 days , with provisions for extraordinary sessions in time of special need . The king could also dissolve the Sejm before the 30 days elapsed . During the Uprising , on 19 February , 1831 , a new law declared the Sejm in constant session . The Marshal of the Sejm was appointed by the king . Candidates for all offices had to meet specific wealth requirements .
Suffrage was offered to property owners , lease holders , and teachers . Jews were forbidden from voting . Military personnel had no right to vote . Overall , about 100 @,@ 000 people in the Congress Poland population of 2 @.@ 7 million had the right to vote , which made them one of the most enfranchised populations in early 19th @-@ century Europe .
Candidates for Deputy had to be literate males over the age of 30 . The deputies had legal immunity , although that did not prevent two liberal deputies , brothers Bonawentura and Wincenty Niemojowski , from being placed under temporary house arrest to prevent them from joining the Sejm in 1825 .
The Senate had 64 members , including 9 bishops , 18 voivodes and 37 castellans . Candidates for the Senate members ( senators ) were appointed by the king for a lifetime from a list prepared by a Senate , and had to be at least 35 years old .
= = Competences = =
While the Constitution of Congress Poland was relatively liberal in theory , and gave the Sejm significant powers ( wider than those of the Sejm of the Duchy of Warsaw ) , in practice those competences were limited , as they were often not respected by the tsar . Jews and peasants lost rights they had previously enjoyed under the Duchy of Warsaw .
The Sejm had the right to vote on civil , administrative and legal issues ; a simple majority was required to pass laws . With permission from the king , it could vote on matters related to the fiscal system and the military . It had the right to control government officials , and could prepare reviews and reports on them to present to the king . It had legislative competences in court and administrative law . It could issue laws on currency , taxation and budget , deal with issues related to military conscription ( such as its size ) , and amend the constitution . It had no legislative initiative , as that belong only to the king ; however , the Sejm could issue petitions to the monarch with proposed legislation .
The Senate , rather than the judiciary , acted as the tribunal , and could sit in judgement over government officials impeached by the Sejm . The Sejm Tribunal also had competences in cases of crimes against the state . After the Sejm Tribunal 's 1828 acquittal of the National Patriotic Society members , Tsar Nicholas reversed the tribunal 's verdict and permanently removed the Sejm 's competency to hear other such cases .
= 10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam =
The 10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam ( Vietnamese : Đại hội đại biểu toàn quốc lần thứ X ) was held in Ba Đình Hall , Hanoi from 18 to 25 April 2006 . The congress occurs every five years . 1 @,@ 176 delegates represented the party 's 3 million members . At the 13th plenum of the Central Committee , held before the congress , it was decided that eight members of the Communist Party 's 9th Politburo had to retire . While certain segments within and outside the Politburo were skeptical , the decision was implemented . Because of party rules , the congress was not empowered to elect the general secretary , and it held a survey on whom the delegates wanted to be appointed General Secretary . The first plenum of the Central Committee , held in the immediate aftermath of the congress , re @-@ elected Nông Đức Mạnh as general secretary .
The congress is noteworthy because of the extent of democratization which took place within the party . The role of the Central Committee in decision @-@ making was strengthened , and the role of the Politburo as a supreme organ was weakened . Inner @-@ party accountability was strengthened . The Eighth Five @-@ Year Plan of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was approved at the congress , renewed its Marxist – Leninist credentials and emphasized the need to continue to improve the socialist @-@ oriented market economy .
= = Preparations = =
Preparations for the 10th Congress were led by the Personnel Appointments subcommittee of the 9th Central Committee , probably chaired by General Secretary Nông Đức Mạnh . Mạnh worked closely with the Head of the Commission for Organization and Personnel to prepare a list of nominees for the election of the Central Committee at the upcoming congress . The 12th plenum of the 9th Central Committee , held in July 2005 , laid down the principles for the Personnel Appointments subcommittee to work within :
( i ) quality of candidates in terms of qualifications and a " clean " CV
( ii ) reasonable distribution of candidates among different sectors and representations from among the population to ensure total Party leadership in all areas .
After the 12th plenum , the Personnel Appointments subcommittee began discussions with important organizations and individuals within the Party , most notably with the Central Commission for Inspection ( which investigates complaints against Party members ) , party elders Đỗ Mười , Lê Đức Anh , Võ Văn Kiệt , Võ Nguyên Giáp and Nguyễn Đức Tâm , and with the 9th Politburo . The nomination list created in these discussions had to be voted on by the 9th Central Committee . At its 13th plenum , the 9th Central Committee , several changes to the nomination list recommended by Personnel Appointments subcommittee were made ; the Central Committee decided to retire 8 out of 14 Politburo members , the largest number of en masse retirements in the history of the Politburo . However , in official pronouncements , this decision was referred to as a " survey " , and not an election . Even so ,
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burned to keep them out of the hands of the Mexican army . Santa Anna was intent on executing members of the Republic 's interim government , who fled from Washington @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Brazos to Groce 's Landing to Harrisburg and New Washington . The government officials eventually escaped to Galveston Island , and Santa Anna burned the towns of Harrisburg and New Washington when he failed to find them . Approximately 5 @,@ 000 terrified residents of New Washington fled from the Mexican army . After a little over a month of training the troops , Houston reached a crossroads where he ordered some of them to escort the fleeing refugees farther east while he took the main army southeast to engage the Mexican army . The subsequent Battle of San Jacinto resulted in the surrender of Santa Anna and the signing of the Treaties of Velasco .
= = Prelude = =
= = = Changes in Mexico : 1834 - 1835 = = =
In 1834 , Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna shifted from a Federalist political ideology to creating a Centralist government and revoked the country 's Constitution of 1824 . That constitution had not only established Coahuila y Tejas as a new Mexican state , but had also provided for each state in Mexico to create its own local @-@ level constitution . After eliminating state @-@ level governments Santa Anna had in effect created a dictatorship and put Coahuila y Tejas under the military rule of General Martín Perfecto de Cos . When Santa Anna made Miguel Barragán temporary president , he also had Barragán install him as head of the Mexican Army of Operations . Intending to put down all rebellion in Coahuila y Tejas , he began amassing his army on November 28 , 1835 , soon followed by General Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma leading the Vanguard of the Advance across the Rio Grande in December .
= = = Temporary governments in Texas : November 1835 - March 1836 = = =
Stephen F. Austin was commander of the existing unpaid volunteer Texian army , and at his urging the Consultation of 1835 convened in San Felipe de Austin on November 3 of that year . Their creation of a provisional government based on the 1824 constitution established the General Council as a legislative body with each municipality allotted one representative . Henry Smith was elected governor without any clearly defined powers of the position . Sam Houston was in attendance as the elected representative from Nacogdoches , and also served as commander of the Nacogdoches militia . Edward Burleson replaced Austin as commander of the volunteer army on December 1 .
On December 10 , the General Council called new elections to choose delegates to determine the fate of the region . The Consultation approved the creation of the Provisional Army of Texas , a paid force of 2 @,@ 500 troops . Houston was named commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the new army and issued a recruitment Proclamation on December 12 . The volunteer army under Burleson disbanded on December 20 .
Harrisburg was designated the seat of a deeply divided provisional government on December 30 . Most of the General Council wanted to remain part of Mexico , but with the restoration of the 1824 constitution . Governor Smith supported the opposing faction who advocated for complete independence . Smith dissolved the General Council on January 10 , 1836 , but it was unclear if he had the power to do that . He was impeached on January 11 . The power struggle effectively shut down the government .
The Convention of 1836 met at Washington @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Brazos on March 1 . The following day , the 59 delegates created the Republic of Texas by affixing their signatures to the Texas Declaration of Independence . Houston 's military authority was expanded on March 4 , to include " the land forces of the Texian army both Regular , Volunteer , and Militia . " The delegates elected the Republic 's ad interim government on March 16 , with David G. Burnet as president , Lorenzo de Zavala as vice president , Samuel P. Carson as secretary of state , Thomas Jefferson Rusk as secretary of war , Bailey Hardeman as secretary of the treasury , Robert Potter as secretary of the navy , and David Thomas as attorney general .
= = Battle of Gonzales : October 2 , 1835 = =
The Battle of Gonzales was the onset of a chain of events that led to what is known as the Runaway Scrape . The confrontation began in September 1835 , when the Mexican government attempted to reclaim a bronze cannon that it had provided to Gonzales in 1831 to protect the town against Indian attacks . The first attempt by Corporal Casimiro De León resulted in De León 's detachment being taken prisoners , and the cannon being buried in a peach orchard . James C. Neill , a veteran who had served at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend under Andrew Jackson , was put in charge of the artillery after it was later dug up and wheel mounted . When Lieutenant Francisco de Castañeda arrived accompanied by 100 soldiers and made a second attempt at repossessing the cannon , Texians dared the Mexicans to " come and take it " . John Henry Moore led 150 Texian militia on October 2 in successfully repelling the Mexican troops . A " Come and Take It " flag was later fashioned by the women of Gonzales . The cannon was moved to San Antonio de Béxar and became one of the artillery pieces used by the defenders of the Alamo .
The immediate result of the Texian victory at Gonzales was that two days later the number of volunteers had swelled to over 300 , and they were determined to drive the Mexican army out of Texas . Simultaneously , a company of volunteers under George M. Collinsworth captured the Presidio La Bahía from the Mexicans on October 9 at the Battle of Goliad . The Mexican government 's response to the unrest in Texas was an October 30 authorization of war . On the banks of the Nueces River 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) from San Patricio on November 4 during the Battle of Lipantitlán , volunteers under Ira Westover captured the fort from Mexican troops .
= = Béxar : 1835 - 1836 = =
= = = Siege of Béxar and its aftermath : October 1835 - February 1836 = = =
By October 9 , Cos had taken over San Antonio de Béxar . Stephen F. Austin sent an advance scout troop of 90 men under James Bowie and James Fannin to observe the Mexican forces . While taking refuge at Mission Concepción on October 28 , they repelled an attack by 275 Mexicans under Domingo Ugartechea during the battle . Austin continued to send troops to Béxar . Bowie was ordered on November 26 to attack a Mexican supply train alleged to be carrying a payroll . The resulting skirmish became known as the Grass Fight , after it was discovered that the only cargo was grass to feed the horses . When Austin was selected to join Branch T. Archer and William H. Wharton on a diplomatic mission to seek international recognition and support , Edward Burleson was named as commander . On December 5 , James C. Neill began distracting Cos by firing artillery directly at the Alamo , while Benjamin Milam and Frank W. Johnson led several hundred volunteers in a surprise attack . The fighting at the Siege of Béxar continued until December 9 when Cos sent word he wanted to surrender . Cos and his army were sent back to Mexico , but would later unite with Santa Anna 's forces .
Approximately 300 of the Texian garrison at Béxar departed on December 30 to join Frank W. Johnson and James Grant on the Matamoros Expedition , in a planned attack to seize the port for its financial resources . Proponents of this campaign were hoping Mexican Federalists would oust Santa Anna and restore the 1824 constitution . When Sesma crossed the Rio Grande , residents of the Gulf Coast began fleeing the area in January 1836 . Santa Anna ordered General José de Urrea on February 16 to secure the Gulf Coast . About 160 miles ( 260 km ) north of Matamoros at San Patricio , Urrea 's troops ambushed Johnson and members of the expedition on February 27 at the Battle of San Patricio . Sixteen Texians were killed , six escaped , and 21 were taken prisoner . Urrea 's troops then turned southwest by some 26 miles ( 42 km ) to Agua Dulce Creek and on March 2 attacked a group
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252 @.@ 2 was disrupted abruptly when they reached the anti @-@ tank ditch at the base of the hill . A number of tanks crashed into the 15 @-@ foot deep ditch while others moved along the edge looking for a way to cross . Heavy fire was exchanged between the Soviet tanks and two companies of a panzergrenadier battalion on the opposite side of the ditch . Peiper 's surviving panzergrenadiers engaged the Soviet infantry and attacked the Soviet tanks with magnetic anti @-@ tank grenades . Twenty of his battalion 's half @-@ tracks were lost in the fighting , some destroyed in ramming the much heavier Soviet tanks in an effort to stop them . Eventually , due to heavy Soviet pressure and dangerously exposed flanks , Leibstandarte tactically withdrew from the October State Farm and established firmer defensive lines 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) to the south .
= = = Air combat = = =
The 2nd and 17th Air Armies flew 893 sorties compared to the VIII Fliegerkorps 's 654 sorties over the southern part of the salient . Of note , most of the Soviet sorties flown that day were flown against the XLVIII Panzer Corps to the west and the III Panzer Corps to the south . Low clouds in the morning and thunderstorms in the afternoon inhibited air operations in Prokhorovka for both sides . Over the Prokhorovka battlefield the Luftwaffe gained control of the air . Formations of Stukas , including a small number of G @-@ 2s experimentally equipped with 3 @.@ 7 @-@ centimetre ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) BK 37 cannon that were commanded by Staffelkapitän Hans @-@ Ulrich Rudel , attacked the Soviet formations , along with Fw 190 fighter @-@ bombers and Hs 129 ground @-@ attack aircraft equipped with 3 @-@ centimetre ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) anti @-@ tank cannon . The 31st Tank Brigade reported : " We suffered heavy losses in tanks through enemy artillery and aircraft . At 10 : 30 our tanks reached the Komsomolets State Farm , but due to continuous air attacks , they were unable to advance any further and shifted to the defence . " The tank brigade also reported : " our own air cover was fully absent until 13 : 00 . " The 5th Guards Tank Army reported : " the enemy 's aircraft literally hung above our combat formations throughout the entire battle , while our own aircraft , and particularly the fighter aviation , was totally insufficient . "
= = = Result of the engagement = = =
By the end of the day , Leibstandarte still held Hill 252 @.@ 2 , but had been exhausted by the effort of turning back five tank brigades . To its left , Totenkopf had succeeded in capturing Hill 226 @.@ 6 and had advanced along the northern bank of the Psel River to reach the Karteschevka – Prokhorovka road , 8 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) northwest of Prokhorovka . It was in position to outflank the Soviet forces at Prokhorovka , but was under pressure from Soviet attacks and its hold on the forward ground was tenuous . Das Reich had been unable to push forward at all . Forced onto the defensive by the attacks of the 2nd Guards and 2nd Tank Corps , Das Reich was unable to conduct its planned offensive maneuvers .
On the Soviet side , all the tank units under Rotmistrov 's 5th Guards Tank Army involved in the battle on 12 July suffered heavy losses . Rotmistrov later wrote that the 29th Tank Corps lost 60 percent of its armour and the 18th Tank Corps lost 30 percent on 12 July . A Soviet General Staff report recorded : " Thus on 12 July , the 5th Guards Tank Army failed to accomplish its assigned mission . As a result of the frontal attack , the army 's corps fought heavy battles against large enemy tank forces during which they were forced to assume defence . " Rotmistrov was forced to shift the 18th and 29th Tank Corps over to defence and reinforce them with infantry . They dug more trenches , dug in some of their tanks , laid new minefields , prepared anti @-@ tank strong points and massed artilleries . The 10th Guards Mechanized and 24th Guards Tank Brigades of the 5th Guards Mechanized Corps made preparations to push back Totenkopf the next morning . On the evening of 12 July , Stalin dispatched Zhukov to Vatutin 's headquarters as Stavka representative , in order to coordinate the Voronezh and Steppe Fronts ' operations .
= = Following the main engagement = =
On the night of 12 July , Vatutin ordered Soviet forces to prevent any further German advance on Prokhorovka , destroy German forces that had advanced along the northern bank of the Psel River , and stop the III Panzer Corps from making further progress . Orders issued by the Germans for 13 July instructed Totenkopf to consolidate its gains of the previous day and then attack into the flank and rear of the Soviet forces around Prokhorovka . Leibstandarte was to strengthen its front line and co @-@ ordinate its attack on Prokhorovka from the south with Totenkopf 's attack from the northwest . Das Reich was to consolidate and strengthen its front line and prepare for an offensive operation to link up with the III Panzer Corps .
= = = Further fighting around Prokhorovka = = =
On the morning of 13 July , the 10th Guards Mechanized and 24th Guards Tank Brigades , in cooperation with the 95th and 52nd Guards Rifle Corps , launched attacks against Totenkopf . These Soviet attacks preoccupied Totenkopf and prevented it from attacking south toward Prokhorovka . Around noon , Leibstandarte 's 1st SS @-@ Panzer Reconnaissance Battalion was ordered to attack northward toward the Psel River to consolidate its front line with Totenkopf , while the division 's panzer units were to attack toward Soviet positions northeast of the October State Farm toward Prokhorovka . The 1st SS @-@ Panzer Reconnaissance Battalion attacked the defensive positions held by the 42nd Guards Rifle Division and the remaining armour of the 18th Tank Corps , while the panzer units attacked the defences of 9th Guards Airborne Division and the 29th Tank Corps . These German attacks were repelled by massive anti @-@ tank artillery fire
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flat surface at the stern of the ship ) were all painted red , while the sculptures were decorated in bright colors , and the dazzling effect of these was in some places emphasized with gold leaf . Previously , it was believed that the background color had been blue and that all sculptures had been almost entirely gilded , and this is reflected in many paintings of Vasa from the 1970s to the early ' 90s , such as the lively and dramatic drawings of Björn Landström or the painting by Francis Smitheman . In the late 1990s , this view was revised and the colors are properly reflected in more recent reproductions of the ship 's decoration by maritime painter Tim Thompson and the 1 : 10 scale model in the museum . Vasa is an example not so much of the heavily gilded sculptures of early Baroque art but rather " the last gasps of the medieval sculpture tradition " with its fondness for gaudy colors , in a style that today would be considered extravagant or even vulgar .
The sculptures are carved out of oak , pine or linden , and many of the larger pieces , like the huge 3 @-@ meter ( 10 ft ) long figurehead lion , consist of several parts carved individually and fitted together with bolts . Close to 500 sculptures , most of which are concentrated on the high stern and its galleries and on the beakhead , are found on the ship . The figure of Hercules appears as a pair of pendants , one younger and one older , on each side of the lower stern galleries ; the pendants depict opposite aspects of the ancient hero , who was extremely popular during antiquity as well as in 17th @-@ century European art . On the transom are biblical and nationalistic symbols and images . A particularly popular motif is the lion , which can be found as the mascarons originally fitted on the insides of the gunport doors , grasping the royal coat of arms on either side , the figurehead , and even clinging to the top of the rudder . Each side of the beakhead originally had 20 figures ( though only 19 have actually been found ) that depicted Roman emperors from Tiberius to Septimius Severus . Overall , almost all heroic and positive imagery is directly or indirectly identified with the king and was originally intended to glorify him as a wise and powerful ruler . The only actual portrait of the king , however , is located at the very top of the transom in the stern . Here he is depicted as a young boy with long , flowing hair , being crowned by two griffins representing the king 's father , Charles IX .
A team of at least six expert sculptors worked for a minimum of two years on the sculptures , most likely with the assistance of an unknown number of apprentices and assistants . No direct credit for any of the sculptures has been provided , but the distinct style of one of the most senior artists , Mårten Redtmer , is clearly identifiable . Other accomplished artists , like Hans Clausink , Johan Didrichson Tijsen ( or Thessen in Swedish ) and possibly Marcus Ledens , are known to have been employed for extensive work at the naval yards at the time Vasa was built , but their respective styles are not distinct enough to associate them directly with any specific sculptures .
The artistic quality of the sculptures varies considerably , and about four distinct styles can be identified . The only artist who has been positively associated with various sculptures is Mårten Redtmer , whose style has been described as " powerful , lively and naturalistic " . He was responsible for a considerable number of the sculptures . These include some of the most important and prestigious pieces : the figurehead lion , the royal coat of arms , and the sculpture of the king at the top of the transom . Two of the other styles are described as " elegant ... a little stereotyped and manneristic " , and of a " heavy , leisurely but nevertheless rich and lively style " , respectively . The fourth and last style , deemed clearly inferior to the other three , is described as " stiff and ungainly " and was done by other carvers , perhaps even apprentices , of lesser skill .
= = Maiden voyage = =
On 10 August 1628 , Captain Söfring Hansson ordered Vasa to depart on her maiden voyage to the naval station at Älvsnabben . The day was calm , and the only wind was a light breeze from the southwest . The ship was warped along the eastern waterfront of the city to the southern side of the harbor , where four sails were set , and the ship made way to the east . The gun ports were open , and the guns were out to fire a salute as the ship left Stockholm .
As Vasa passed under the lee of the bluffs to the south ( what is now Södermalm ) , a gust of wind filled her sails , and she heeled suddenly to port . The sheets were cast off , and the ship slowly righted herself as the gust passed . At Tegelviken , where there is a gap in the bluffs , an even stronger gust again forced the ship onto its port side , this time pushing the open lower gunports under the surface , allowing water to rush in onto the lower gundeck . The water building up on the deck quickly exceeded the ship 's minimal ability to right itself , and water continued to pour in until it ran down into the hold ; the ship quickly sank to a depth of 32 m ( 105 ft ) only 120 m ( 390 ft ) from shore . Survivors clung to debris or the upper masts , which were still above the surface , to save themselves , and many nearby boats rushed to their aid , but despite these
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1997 ) the school took part in the Assisted Places Scheme . Girls were first admitted to the Sixth Form in 1981 , and the school has been fully co @-@ educational since 1993 . By 1992 there were around 610 pupils with an approximately 50 : 50 split between boarding and day pupils . From 1993 , as the result of a HMC initiative , Eastern European children were awarded scholarships to study at the school ; by 1995 , 8 per cent of the school 's intake came from overseas . Michael Featherstone , a former England hockey international , was appointed headmaster in 1997 , and the school enjoyed considerable academic success during his tenure .
= = School site = =
One of the North East 's most famous schools , Barnard Castle is set in its own 50 @-@ acre grounds on the edge of town . It is located in Teesdale , and is within the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . Giles Deacon has said of the location that " you could just walk out and you were in the middle of the Pennines " . The Bowes Museum is situated next to the school . The school caters for pupils aged 4 to 18 , with pupils younger than 11 being taught in a separate on @-@ site preparatory school ( Prep School ) . The original building is now used mainly for accommodation and administration and is described as " stately " by The Independent . The school spire is known colloquially as " The Pepperpot " . It also contains the dining hall and " Big School " , public school slang for the school hall . All teaching is undertaken in purpose @-@ built classrooms . The school site contains tennis / netball courts , squash courts , a large sports hall and an AstroTurf pitch . A total of £ 3 million has been invested in the school 's infrastructure since 2008 , including a £ 1 @.@ 5 million Physics and ICT block , a new hall for the Prep School and a new sports pavilion containing a gym and a dance studio . The school has been used as a filming location for the television sketch show The Fast Show .
= = = Chapel = = =
The school 's chapel was completed in 1911 . It was designed by W. D. Caroe , and Nikolaus Pevsner described it as " impressive " both internally and externally . Somewhat unusually , it is oriented in a North / South direction . A large proportion of the funding to build the chapel was provided by Lord Barnard , the local nobleman and a leading freemason ( with the remainder made up from public subscription ) , and accordingly the foundation ceremony was performed in full masonic regalia . The Grade II * listed building contains a painting by Ary Scheffer and a Father Willis organ . It has stained glass windows commemorating John Balliol and Benjamin Flounders , the two founders of the school . A roll of honour in the chapel commemorates the 141 former pupils and 4 Masters who died in the First World War , the 55 former pupils who died in the Second World War and one who died in the Falklands War . There is a roll of honour in the main school building for the former pupils who lost their lives in the Second Boer War .
= = = Barnard Castle Preparatory School = = =
The Prep School has access to all of the facilities of the senior school . It is situated in a separate area of the school grounds with its own organisation , staff and buildings . The school is sited around a main building called Westwick Lodge , " a sprawling Victorian villa with the modern dormitories and classroom block hidden at the rear . It [ has ] a long , sloping front lawn , thickly planted with shrubberies ... Round the back [ is ] a playground and a muddy hill with a few trees " . Members of the Prep School are referred to throughout the school as " Preppies " .
The school was founded in 1914 and was originally a girl 's school , and independent from the County School . In 1989 there were just 65 pupils , all of them boys . By 2009 there were over 200 pupils , equally split between girls and boys . School on Saturdays was abolished at the Prep School in 1999 .
= = School life = =
= = = Intake = = =
40 per cent of senior school intake comes from the state sector , and over 50 per cent come from the on site Prep School . 25 per cent of Sixth Form pupil intake is from state schools . Day pupils commute from a geographically large catchment area that is predominantly rural in nature . These settlements are as far afield as Hurworth and Stanhope as well as larger settlements such as Kirkby Stephen , Durham , Bishop Auckland , Richmond and Darlington . Pupils are from a wide range of professional , managerial and farming backgrounds . There are 200 boarding pupils , significant numbers of whom have parents who are members of HM Forces , and many families are linked to Catterick Garrison , Europe 's largest military base , which is situated nearby . 15 per cent of boarders have parents living overseas , particularly Hong Kong . An Open Day is held annually when the school welcomes prospective students and their families to tour the school . It is held on a Saturday morning in early October .
= = = Academic and routine = = =
Every weekday ( except for Wednesday ) begins with a chapel service . School is held on Saturday mornings , with many sporting fixtures taking place on Saturday afternoons . There is an exeat weekend every term when pupils get respite from Saturday school . The Sunday chapel service is compulsory for boarding pupils . Homework , which is always referred to as " prep " , ( short for preparatory work ) is set for every day with the exception of Sunday . During weekdays there is a mid @-@ morning coffee break for all pupils when refreshments are provided , a tradition from when many day pupils would arrive at that time from outlying settlements . The school uniform is traditional , including a black blazer and a tie . Merits are given as rewards for outstanding work . Punishments include weekday afternoon detention and Saturday afternoon detention . Corporal punishment had to be phased out by 1987 in line with state schools , as it received public funding . The headmaster is aided in his running of the school by the monitor ( prefect ) system . As well as the standard subjects , Latin , Classics , Ancient History , Greek , German and Spanish are taught . The school has a strong reputation for sciences . In 2011 the Independent Schools Inspectorate described the school 's ethos as " traditionally unpretentious " .
= = = Pastoral = = =
Pastoral care is provided through the house system . Each pupil is assigned to a house . Each house has its own accommodation in the school and its own set of tutors to look after members of the house . There are eight vertically integrated houses in total , each with its own colour and heraldic @-@ like shield : The two boys ' boarding houses
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. Schwartz reviewed the evidence and came to a different conclusion , instead favoring to return the members of Eulemur and Varecia to the genus Lemur . However , this view was not widely accepted and the genus Lemur remained monotypic , containing only the ring @-@ tailed lemur . Because the differences in molecular data are so minute between the ring @-@ tailed lemur and both genera of bamboo lemurs , it has been suggested that all three genera be merged .
Because of the difficulty in discerning the relationships within family Lemuridae , not all authorities agree on the taxonomy , although the majority of the primatological community favors the current classification .
In 1996 , researchers Steven Goodman and Olivier Langrand suggested that the ring @-@ tailed lemur may demonstrate regional variations , particularly a high mountain population at Andringitra Massif that has a thicker coat , lighter coloration , and variations in its tail rings . In 2001 , primatologist Colin Groves concluded that this does not represent a locally occurring subspecies . This decision was later supported by further fieldwork that showed that the differences fell within the normal range of variation for the species . The thicker coat was considered a local adaptation to extreme low temperatures in the region , and the fading of the fur was attributed to increased exposure to solar radiation . Additional genetic studies in 2000 further supported the conclusion that population did not vary significantly from the other ring @-@ tailed lemur populations on the island .
= = Anatomy and physiology = =
The ring @-@ tailed lemur is a relatively large lemur . Its average weight is 2 @.@ 2 kilograms ( 4 @.@ 9 lb ) . Its head – body length ranges between 39 and 46 cm ( 15 and 18 in ) , its tail length is 56 and 63 cm ( 22 and 25 in ) , and its total length is 95 and 110 cm ( 37 and 43 in ) . Other measurements include a hind foot length of 102 and 113 mm ( 4 @.@ 0 and 4 @.@ 4 in ) , ear length of 40 and 48 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 and 1 @.@ 9 in ) , and cranium length of 78 and 88 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 and 3 @.@ 5 in ) .
The species has a slender frame and narrow face , fox @-@ like muzzle . The ring @-@ tailed lemur 's trademark — a long , bushy tail — is ringed in alternating black and white transverse stripes , numbering 12 or 13 white rings and 13 or 14 black rings , and always ending in a black tip . The total number of rings nearly matches the approximate number of caudal vertebrae ( ~ 25 ) . Its tail is longer than its body and is not prehensile . Instead , it is only used for balance , communication , and group cohesion .
The pelage ( fur ) is so dense that it can clog electric clippers . The ventral ( chest ) coat and throat are white or cream . The dorsal ( back ) coat varies from gray to rosy @-@ brown , sometimes with a brown pygal patch around the tail region , where the fur grades to pale gray or grayish brown . The dorsal coloration is slightly darker around the neck and crown . The hair on the throat , cheeks , and ears is white or off @-@ white and also less dense , allowing the dark skin underneath to show through . The muzzle is dark grayish and the nose is black , and the eyes are encompassed by black triangular patches . Facial vibrissae ( whiskers ) are developed and found above the lips ( mystacal ) , on the cheeks ( genal ) , and on the eyebrow ( superciliary ) . Vibrissae are also found slightly above the wrist on the underside of the forearm . The ears are relatively large compared to other lemurs and are covered in hair , which has only small tufts if any . Although slight pattern variations in the facial region may be seen between individuals , there are no obvious differences between the sexes .
Unlike most diurnal primates , but like all strepsirhine primates , the ring @-@ tailed lemur has a tapetum lucidum , or reflective layer behind the retina of the eye , that enhances night vision . The tapetum is highly visible in this species because the pigmentation of the ocular fundus ( back surface of the eye ) , which is present in — but varies between — all lemurs , is very spotty . The ring @-@ tailed lemur also has a rudimentary foveal depression on the retina . Another shared characteristic with the other strepsirrhine primates is the rhinarium , a moist , naked , glandular nose supported by the upper jaw and protruding beyond the chin . The rhinarium continues down where it divides the upper lip . The upper lip is attached to the premaxilla , preventing the lip from protruding and thus requiring the lemur to lap water rather than using suction .
The skin of the ring @-@ tailed lemur is dark gray or black in color , even in places where the fur is white . It is exposed on the nose , palms , soles , eyelids , lips , and genitalia . The skin is smooth , but the leathery texture of the hands and feet facilitate terrestrial movement . The anus , located at the joint of the tail , is covered when the tail is lowered . The area around the anus ( circumanal area ) and the perineum are covered in fur . In males , the scrotum lacks fur , is covered in small , horny spines , and the two sacs of the scrotum are divided . The penis is nearly cylindrical in shape and is covered in small spines , as well as having two pairs of larger spines on both sides . Males have a relatively small baculum ( penis bone ) compared to their size . The scrotum , penis , and prepuce are usually coated with a foul @-@ smelling secretion . Females have a thick , elongated clitoris that protrudes from the labia of the vulva . The opening of the urethra is closer to the clitoris than the vagina , forming a " drip tip . "
Females have two pairs of mammary glands ( four nipples ) , but only one pair is functional . The anterior pair ( closest to the head ) are very close to the axillae ( armpit ) . Furless scent glands are present on both males and females . Both genders have small , dark antebrachial ( forearm ) glands measuring 1 cm long and located on the inner surface of the forearm nearly 25 cm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) above the wrist joint . ( This trait is shared between the Lemur and Hapalemur genera . ) The gland is soft and compressible , bears fine dermal
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, such as the ring @-@ tailed lemur , have evolved a social complexity similar to that of cercopithecine monkeys , but not the corresponding intelligence . After years of observations of wild ring @-@ tailed lemur populations at the Berenty Reserve in Madagascar and as well as baboons in Africa , she more recently concluded that this highly social lemur species does not demonstrate the equivalent social complexity of cercopithecine monkeys , despite general appearances .
Regardless , research has continued to illuminate the complexity of the lemur mind , with emphasis on the cognitive abilities of the ring @-@ tailed lemur . As early as the mid @-@ 1970s , studies had demonstrated that they could be trained through operant conditioning using standard schedules of reinforcement . The species has been shown to be capable of learning pattern , brightness and object discrimination , skills common among vertebrates . The ring @-@ tailed lemur has also been shown to learn a variety of complex tasks often equaling , if not exceeding , the performance of simians .
More recently , research at the Duke Lemur Center has shown that the ring @-@ tailed lemur can organize sequences in memory and retrieve ordered sequences without language . The experimental design demonstrated that the lemurs were using internal representation of the sequence to guide their responses and not simply following a trained sequence , where one item in the sequence cues the selection of the next . But this is not the limit of the ring @-@ tailed lemur 's reasoning skills . Another study , performed at the Myakka City Lemur Reserve , suggests that this species along with several other closely related lemur species understand simple arithmetic operations .
Since tool use is considered to be a key feature of primate intelligence , the apparent lack of this behavior in wild lemurs , as well as the lack of non @-@ food object play , has helped reinforce the perception that lemurs are less intelligent than their simian cousins . However , another study at the Myakka City Lemur Reserve examined the representation of tool functionality in both the ring @-@ tailed lemur and the common brown lemur and discovered that , like monkeys , they used tools with functional properties ( e.g. , tool orientation or ease of use ) instead of tools with nonfunctional features ( e.g. , color or texture ) . Although the ring @-@ tailed lemur may not use tools in the wild , it can not only be trained to use a tool , but will preferentially select tools based on their functional qualities . Therefore , the conceptual competence to use a tool may have been present in the common primate ancestor , even though the use of tools may not have appeared until much later .
= = Conservation status = =
In addition to being listed as endangered in 2014 by the IUCN , the ring @-@ tailed lemur has been listed since 1977 by CITES under Appendix I , which makes trade of wild @-@ caught specimens illegal . Although there are more endangered species of lemur , the ring @-@ tailed lemur is considered a flagship species due to its recognizability .
Three factors threaten ring @-@ tailed lemurs . First and foremost is habitat destruction . Starting nearly 2 @,@ 000 years ago with the introduction of humans to the island , forests have been cleared to produce pasture and agricultural land . Extraction of hardwoods for fuel and lumber , as well mining and overgrazing , have also taken their toll . Today , it is estimated that 90 % of Madagascar 's original forest cover has been lost . Rising populations have created even greater demand in the southwest portion of the island for fuel wood , charcoal , and lumber . Fires from the clearing of grasslands , as well as slash @-@ and @-@ burn agriculture destroy forests . Another threat to the species is harvesting either for food ( bush meat ) or pets . Finally , periodic drought common to southern Madagascar can impact populations already in decline . In 1991 and 1992 , for example , a severe drought caused an abnormally high mortality rate among infants and females at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve . Two years later , the population had declined by 31 % and took nearly four years to start to recover .
The ring @-@ tailed lemur resides in several protected areas within its range , each offering varying levels of protection . At the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve , a holistic approach to in @-@ situ conservation has been taken . Not only does field research and resource management involve international students and local people ( including school children ) , livestock management is used at the peripheral
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can then be fleshed out in sequels " but " the problem is that there isn 't enough here to warrant a return trip to this semi @-@ magical land . " Richard Corliss of TIME agreed with this sentiment , stating that " one might be enough — too much , for some tastes . "
= = = Cult status = = =
At the conclusion of 2013 , Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters made multiple annual movie lists dedicated to underappreciated or underrated films . Movies.com opined it " is , hands down , the most underappreciated film of the year … ' Proper ' filmmaking or not , if you 've got me cheering at the screening , grinning big and then walking out with a little extra adrenaline , you ’ ve done something right . " Ryan Doom from JoBlo.com wrote that " while usually that ’ s the thing I mock , [ Hansel & Gretel ] somehow ended up pretty damn enjoyable … Why not ? It never takes itself serious and it knows exactly what it is : a silly film that isn 't afraid to do what the hell it wants . " Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters has hence been labeled as a cult film by a number of horror @-@ fantasy film fans , as well as by some critics who initially saw no merit in movie . This significant financial and fan following have led some to question the initial perception of the film in relation to its debut in January , considered to be " a refuge for films that don 't have a shot of generating good word of mouth or having a leggy run . " While Renner 's box office draw and the film 's " well @-@ articulated premise " have been listed as major factors behind its theatrical success , its ability to maintain a lasting fan following has also been attributed to its original concept , excellent gore and action sequences , Renner 's and Arterton 's tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek performances , and the film 's ability to not take itself too seriously . The film was nominated for the 40th People 's Choice Awards in the category Favorite Horror Movie , but lost to Carrie .
= = Sequel = =
On March 19 , 2013 , Paramount announced that a sequel to the film is in the works due to overseas box office numbers . Hansel & Gretel producers Ferrell , McKay , Messick , and Flynn were reported to return . In June 2013 , McKay officially confirmed his involvement and said that " everyone feels like as good as the first one is , we can really jack it up a level with the second one . So , fingers crossed everyone will come back " ( including Renner and Arterton ) . McKay suggested that Paramount might insist harder to make the film rated PG @-@ 13 this time . Talking about Wirkola 's " pretty insane " ideas for the second film , McKay said this could be one of those instances where the sequel does go further than the first one . " Regarding the storyline , he offered one hint : " Think of different kinds of witchcraft . " It was revealed that the sequel will have a 2016 release date .
In September 2014 , Wirkola announced that he would not be returning to direct the sequel : “ I have been lately attached to a few more things , it ’ s just a matter of time and priorities . I did Dead Snow , then Hansel & Gretel , and then Dead Snow 2 . I want to do something a little bit different now and not just do sequels . I did write the script and I hope to be involved in it . But yeah , I won ’ t be directing it . ” He said " the first film was a learning curve for me working in the studio system and the script I wrote for the original was so different [ than the final movie ] . We ended up taking a lot out and altering stuff that first time . I tried taking what I learned and still delivered a sequel script that ’ s an R @-@ rated action film . " Cinema Blend reported Renner said that despite his busy schedule he agreed to reprise the role of Hansel because the first film " was a lot of fun doing the movie , " but without Wirkola directing again he might be less likely to return for the sequel .
On August 7 , 2015 , it was reported that Bruno Aveillan will make his feature film debut helming the sequel , with Wirkola as a writer .
= = Television adaptation = =
Deadline reports that Paramount is planning a Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters TV series . It is possible that this series may ultimately be produced in place of the proposed sequel .
= = Accolades = =
= Political integration of India =
At the time of Indian independence in 1947 , India was divided into two sets of territories , one under the control of the British Empire , and the other over which the Crown had suzerainty , but which were under the control of their hereditary rulers . In addition , there were several colonial enclaves controlled by France and Portugal . The political integration of these territories into India was a declared objective of the Indian National Congress , and the Government of India pursued this over the next decade . Through a combination of factors , Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and V. P. Menon convinced the rulers of the various princely states to accede to India . Having secured their accession , they then proceeded to , in a step @-@ by @-@ step process , secure and extend the central government 's authority over these states and transform their administrations until , by 1956 , there was little difference between the territories that had been part of British India and those that had been part of princely states . Simultaneously , the Government of India , through a combination of diplomatic and military means , acquired de facto and de jure control over the remaining colonial enclaves , which too were integrated into India .
Although this process successfully integrated the vast majority of princely states into India , it was not as successful for a few , notably the former princely states of Jammu and Kashmir , Tripura and Manipur , where active secessionist movements exist .
= = Princely states in India = =
The early history of British expansion in India was characterised by the co @-@ existence of two approaches towards the existing princely states . The first was a policy of annexation , where the British sought to forcibly absorb the Indian princely states into the provinces which constituted their Empire in India . The second was a policy of indirect rule , where the British assumed suzerainty and paramountcy over princely states , but conceded to them sovereignty and varying degrees of internal self @-@ government . During the early part of the 19th century , the policy of the British tended towards annexation , but the Indian Rebellion of 1857 forced a change in this approach , by demonstrating both the difficulty of absorbing and subduing annexed states , and the usefulness of princely states as a source of support . In 1858 , the policy of annexation was formally renounced , and British relations with the remaining princely states thereafter were based on subsidiary alliances , whereby the British exercised paramountcy over all princely states , with the British crown as ultimate suzerain , but at the same time respected and protected them as allies , taking control of their external relations . The exact relations between the British and each princely state were regulated by individual treaties and varied widely , with some states having complete internal self @-@ government , others being subject to significant control in their internal affairs , and some rulers being in effect little more than the owners of landed estates , with little autonomy .
During the 20th century , the British made several attempts to integrate the princely states more closely with British India , in 1921 creating the Chamber of Princes as a consultative and advisory body , and in 1936 transferring the responsibility for the supervision of smaller states from the provinces to the centre and
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1950 . He points out that the mergers and cession of powers to the Government of India between 1948 and 1950 contravened the terms of the Instruments of Accession , and were incompatible with the express assurances of internal autonomy and preservation of the princely states which Mountbatten had given the princes . Menon in his memoirs stated that the changes to the initial terms of accession were in every instance freely consented to by the princes with no element of coercion . Copland disagrees , on the basis that foreign diplomats at the time believed that the princes had been given no choice but to sign , and that a few princes expressed their unhappiness with the arrangements . He also criticises Mountbatten 's role , saying that while he stayed within the letter of the law , he was at least under a moral obligation to do something for the princes when it became apparent that the Government of India was going to alter the terms on which accession took place , and that he should never have lent his support to the bargain given that it could not be guaranteed after independence . Both Copland and Ramusack argue that , in the ultimate analysis , one of the reasons why the princes consented to the demise of their states was that they felt abandoned by the British , and saw themselves as having little other option . Older historians such as Lumby , in contrast , take the view that the princely states could not have survived as independent entities after the transfer of power , and that their demise was inevitable . They therefore view successful integration of all princely states into India as a triumph for the Government of India and Lord Mountbatten , and as a tribute to the sagacity of the majority of princes , who jointly achieved in a few months what the Empire had attempted , unsuccessfully , to do for over a century — unite all of India under one rule .
= John Brooke @-@ Little =
John Philip Brook Brooke @-@ Little , CVO KStJ FSA FHS ( 6 April 1927 – 13 February 2006 ) was an influential and popular English writer on heraldic subjects , and a long @-@ serving herald at the College of Arms in London . In 1947 , while still a student , Brooke @-@ Little founded the Society of Heraldic Antiquaries , now known as the Heraldry Society and recognised as one of the leading learned societies in its field . He served as the society 's chairman for 50 years and then as its President from 1997 until his death in 2006 . In addition to the foundation of this group , Brooke @-@ Little was involved in other heraldic groups and societies and worked for many years as an officer of arms ; beginning as Bluemantle Pursuivant , Brooke @-@ Little rose to the second highest heraldic office in England : Clarenceux King of Arms .
= = Early and private life = =
John Brooke @-@ Little was born in Blackheath , Kent . His mother , Constance Egan , was the author of many children 's stories including the Epaminondas books and the adventures of Jummy the Baby Elephant . In the 1920s , Egan was the editor of Home Chat . This helped to prepare her for future editorial duties with the Heraldry Society 's journal , the Coat of Arms in the 1950s . She was the second wife of Raymond Brooke @-@ Little , who worked as an electrical engineer . His paternal ancestors , the Littles , came from Wiltshire and may be traced in the parish registers of Biddestone back to the late seventeenth century . A pedigree of his family appears in the 1972 edition of Burke 's Landed Gentry under the heading " Brooke @-@ Little of Heyford House " . Brooke @-@ Little was educated at Clayesmore School , a progressive co @-@ educational public school in Dorset . The school remained an important part of Brooke @-@ Little 's life , and he later sent his own children there . He oversaw the process of granting arms to the school while serving as chairman of its board of governors from 1971 to 1983 .
As a boy , Brooke @-@ Little 's first contact with the College of Arms came when he went to see Sir Algar Howard , then Garter Principal King of Arms . Howard was the head of the corporation of heralds at the College of Arms , and encouraged Brooke @-@ Little 's budding interest in the subject of heraldry . While still a student , he founded a heraldry society with his friends . Brooke @-@ Little went to New College , Oxford in 1949 and read history . His college friends included Colin Cole , later Garter King of Arms , with whom he refounded the dormant Oxford University Heraldry Society . The two men refounded it a second time in 1958 . The Society was refounded in 2005 and currently holds one lecture per term .
Brooke @-@ Little married Mary Pierce , daughter of John Raymond Pierce , in 1960 . The couple had three sons , Philip , Leo , and Merlin , and one daughter , Clare . In 2004 , after having retired from the College of Arms , Brooke @-@ Little lived at his Heyford House in Oxfordshire with the families of both Leo and Merlin .
Brooke @-@ Little had a major stroke in 1994 . This incident left his mobility and speech partly impaired , though his mind was still quite sharp . He continued in his heraldic duties until his retirement three years later . He also continued to guide the Heraldry Society after this . He suffered a succession of minor strokes over his last years as a herald and during his retirement . He was still able to make appearances at functions of the Heraldry Society , though his role was severely limited by debilitating arthritis . It was a short series of several of these small strokes in quick succession which led to Brooke @-@ Little 's death on 13 February 2006 in Banbury , Oxfordshire , at the age of 78 . He was one of the last surviving officers of arms to serve at the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II . The funeral took place on 23 February 2006 , and the eulogy was delivered by Sir Henry Paston @-@ Bedingfeld , York Herald .
= = Heraldic career = =
In 1952 – 3 , Brooke @-@ Little served on the staff assembled by the Earl Marshal to plan the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II . He was appointed a Gold Staff Officer for the Coronation and held a key co @-@ ordination role during planning as well as on the day . It was his abiding interest in heraldry that led to this appointment , and this work with the Earl Marshal and the officers of arms led to his first heraldic appointment . He joined the College of Arms as Bluemantle Pursuivant in 1956 . The rank of pursuivant is the junior of the three levels an officer of arms can attain , and Brooke @-@ Little related the story of his appointment in an editorial . In 1956 , Sir George Bellew , the Garter King of Arms , had recommended Brooke @-@ Little and Colin Cole for the open position of Bluemantle . The two were asked to meet with the Earl Marshal in London . The Earl Marshal was not usually faced with two candidates for an opening ; he offered the position to Cole , who turned it down as his wife was expecting a child . Brooke @-@ Little was made Bluemantle . Several months later when Sir Gerald Wollaston died , in the ensuing shuffle Cole was finally given his appointment as Portcullis Pursuivant .
In 1967 , Brooke @-@ Little was advanced to the position of Richmond Herald . On 7 July 1980 , after almost thirty years of service to the Earl Marshal and the College of Arms , Brooke @-@ Little was appointed to replace Sir Walter Verco as Norroy and Ulster King of Arms , with heraldic authority in the part of England north of the Trent , as well as in Northern Ireland . While serving in that office , he enjoyed telling people that the commonly held view that the Order of Saint Patrick was extinct was quite false . Brooke @-@ Little believed that as the Ulster King of Arms – the capacity in which he handled Northern Irish heraldry – he remained ex officio an Officer of the Order . As the holder of that office , he and his successors would remain the Order 's King of Arms , Registrar and Knight Attendant , until such time as the Sovereign should choose formally to abolish the office of Ulster King of Arms or to declare that these positions are not vested in the office . The fact that the last knight had died in 1974 was of little consequence to such a staunch traditionalist .
Brooke @-@ Little maintained an interest
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these bursts , most of which posited nearby sources within the Milky Way Galaxy . Little progress was made until the 1991 launch of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and its Burst and Transient Source Explorer ( BATSE ) instrument , an extremely sensitive gamma @-@ ray detector . This instrument provided crucial data that showed the distribution of GRBs is isotropic — not biased towards any particular direction in space , such as toward the galactic plane or the galactic center . Because of the flattened shape of the Milky Way Galaxy , if the sources were from within our own galaxy they would be strongly concentrated in or near the galactic plane . The absence of any such pattern in the case of GRBs provided strong evidence that gamma @-@ ray bursts must come from beyond the Milky Way . However , some Milky Way models are still consistent with an isotropic distribution .
= = = Counterpart objects as candidate sources = = =
For decades after the discovery of GRBs , astronomers searched for a counterpart at other wavelengths : i.e. , any astronomical object in positional coincidence with a recently observed burst . Astronomers considered many distinct classes of objects , including white dwarfs , pulsars , supernovae , globular clusters , quasars , Seyfert galaxies , and BL Lac objects . All such searches were unsuccessful , and in a few cases particularly well @-@ localized bursts ( those whose positions were determined with what was then a high degree of accuracy ) could be clearly shown to have no bright objects of any nature consistent with the position derived from the detecting satellites . This suggested an origin of either very faint stars or extremely distant galaxies . Even the most accurate positions contained numerous faint stars and galaxies , and it was widely agreed that final resolution of the origins of cosmic gamma @-@ ray bursts would require both new satellites and faster communication .
= = = Afterglow = = =
Several models for the origin of gamma @-@ ray bursts postulated that the initial burst of gamma rays should be followed by slowly fading emission at longer wavelengths created by collisions between the burst ejecta and interstellar gas . This fading emission would be called the " afterglow . " Early searches for this afterglow were unsuccessful , largely due to the difficulties in observing a burst 's position at longer wavelengths immediately after the initial burst . The breakthrough came in February 1997 when the satellite BeppoSAX detected a gamma @-@ ray burst ( GRB 970228 ) and when the X @-@ ray camera was
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lower back problems that had caused him problems since the early stages of the previous season . After being forced to withdraw from the French Open in May , the injury flared up again during the US Open and later during the Davis Cup World Group Play @-@ offs , Murray made the decision that surgery was the best way to sort the problem out for the long @-@ term . Following the conclusion of the 2013 season , Murray was voted the 2013 BBC Sport Personality of the Year , after having been heavy favourite since the nominees were announced .
= = = 2014 : Recovery from surgery and 30th career title = = =
Murray started his season at the Qatar Open in Doha . In the first round , he defeated Mousa Shanan Zayed in straight sets in 37 minutes without dropping a single game , but was defeated in three sets by world No. 40 Florian Mayer in the second round , despite being a set and a break up three games into the second set . He then played a warm @-@ up match at the 2014 AAMI Classic in Kooyong against world No. 43 Lleyton Hewitt , losing in two close tiebreaks .
He next headed to Melbourne for the 2014 Australian Open , where he drew the world No. 112 , Go Soeda of Japan . Despite worries that he was not match @-@ fit , Murray got off to a strong start , dispatching the Japanese number 2 in under 90 minutes , losing just 5 games in the process . He next went on to defeat Vincent Millot and Feliciano López respectively in straight sets . In the fourth round , Murray dropped his first set of the tournament on his way to beating Stephane Robert in four sets to set up a meeting with long @-@ standing rival Roger Federer in the quarterfinals . Despite saving two match points to take the third set , he ultimately went out in four , ending his streak of four consecutive Australian Open semifinals . As a result of losing before the final , Murray fell to No. 6 in the world , falling out of the top 5 for the first time since 2008 .
He next headed to the United States to compete in the Davis Cup World Group first round with Great Britain , who went into the tie as outsiders . Murray won both of his ties against Donald Young and Sam Querrey respectively , helping Britain to their first Davis Cup quarterfinal since 1986 . Murray 's next tournament was the Rotterdam Open after receiving a late wild card , however he lost to Marin Čilić in straight sets in the quarterfinals . His following competition , the Mexican Open in Acapulco , ended in a semifinal defeat by Grigor Dimitrov in a thrilling three @-@ setter that required two tiebreakers to decide the final two sets .
At Indian Wells , Murray struggled in his first two matches against Lukáš Rosol and Jiří Veselý respectively , overcoming both in close three @-@ set encounters to set up a fourth round clash with Canadian Milos Raonic , which he lost in three sets . Murray offered to play with 2012 Wimbledon Doubles champion Jonathan Marray , because Marray was unable to convince anyone to join him on court . For Murray and Marray 's first competitive match together , they won a doubles clash against Gaël Monfils and Juan Mónaco only to lose in the second round to the No 2 seeds Alexander Peya and Bruno Soares .
In March , Murray split with coach Ivan Lendl , who had been widely praised for helping Murray achieve his goal of winning Grand Slam titles . At the 2014 Miami Masters , Murray defeated Matthew Ebden , Feliciano López and Jo Wilfried Tsonga but lost to Djokovic in the quarterfinals . In the Davis Cup quarterfinals against Italy , he beat Andreas Seppi in his first rubber , then teamed up with Colin Fleming to win the doubles rubber . Murray had only beaten one top ten player on clay , Nikolay Davidenko , back in 2009 , and so in his final singles match , was stunned by Fabio Fognini in straight sets , which took Great Britain to the deciding final rubber . However , in this match his compatriot , James Ward was defeated by Andreas Seppi , also in straight sets , knocking Murray and Great Britain out of the Davis Cup .
Murray next competed at the Madrid Open and following his opening win , over Nicolas Almagro , he dedicated the victory to former player Elena Baltacha . He then lost to qualifier Santiago Giraldo in the following round . Murray then reached the quarterfinals of the Rome Masters where he lost to world No. 1 Rafael Nadal in a tight match in which he had been up a break in the final set . At the French Open , Murray defeated Andrey Golubev and Marinko Matosevic before edging out 28th seed Philipp Kohlschreiber 12 – 10 in the final set . This was the first time Murray had ever gone beyond 7 – 5 in a deciding set . He followed this up with a straight sets win over Fernando Verdasco and then recorded a five set victory over Frenchman Gaël Monfils in the quarterfinal , which saw Murray rise to world No. 5 and equal his best ever French Open by reaching the semifinals . However , he subsequently lost to Nadal in straight sets , winning only 6 games in the match . After losing the 2014 French Open semifinals to Nadal , Murray appointed former women 's world No. 1 , and two @-@ times slam titlist , Amélie Mauresmo as his coach in a ' historic move ' which made Mauresmo the first woman to coach a top male tennis player .
After strong grass court seasons in 2012 and 2013 , Murray was seeded third for the 2014 Wimbledon Championship , behind Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal , who were seeded first and second respectively . He began his title defence with straight sets wins over David Goffin and Blaž Rola , defeating the latter for the loss of just two games . Murray continued his good form , defeating Roberto Bautista Agut and Kevin Anderson , the 27th and 20th seeds , again in straight sets to reach his seventh consecutive Wimbledon quarterfinal . Murray 's defence then came to a halt as Grigor Dimitrov ended his 17 match winning @-@ streak on the grass of Wimbledon ( this includes the 2012 Olympics ) with a straight sets win , meaning Murray failed to reach the semifinals for the first time since 2008 . After his defeat at the Championships , Murray dropped to 10th in the world , his lowest ranking since 2008 .
Prior to the North American hard court swing , Murray announced he was extending his partnership with Amélie Mauresmo until the end of the US Open , but was ideally looking for a long @-@ term deal . He also revealed he had only just returned to a full training schedule following his back surgery last September . Murray reached back @-@ to @-@ back quarterfinals at the Canadian Open and
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Cincinnati Masters , losing to eventual champions Jo Wilfried Tsonga , after being a break up in the decider , and Roger Federer , after being two breaks up in the second set , respectively . He made it to the quarterfinals of the 2014 US Open , losing to Novak Djokovic , after earning his first top ten win of the year in the previous round against Jo Wilfried Tsonga . This was the first season since 2009 where Murray failed to reach a grand slam final . As a consequence Murray fell outside of the top 10 ranking places for the first time since June 2008 .
Murray took a wildcard into the inaugural Shenzhen Open in China , entering as the number 2 seed . Victories over Somdev Devvarman , Lukáš Lacko and Juan Mónaco saw Murray reach his first final of the season , breaking a drought of 14 months following his title at Wimbledon . In the final he faced Tommy Robredo of Spain , the second final between the two . After saving five championship points in the second set tie break , Murray went on to win the title in three sets , Robredo 's drop in fitness ultimately proving decisive . He then took his good form into Beijing , where he reached the semifinals before losing to Djokovic in straight sets , however he lost in the third round at the Shanghai Masters to David Ferrer despite being a set up . Following his early exit in Shanghai , Murray took a wildcard into the Vienna Open in an attempt to claim a place at the ATP World Tour Finals . He reached the final , where he once again faced Ferrer , and triumphed in three sets for his second title of the season , and the 30th of his career . Murray defeated Ferrer again in the semifinals of the Valencia Open to move into his third final in five weeks , and further strengthen his bid for a place at the season finale in London . In a repeat of the Shenzhen Open final , Murray again saved five championship points as he overcame Tommy Robredo in three sets . Murray then went on to reach the quarterfinals of the Paris Masters , where he was eliminated by Djokovic in what was his 23rd match in the space of only 37 days . However , his win over Dimitrov in the third round had already guaranteed him a spot at the ATP World Tour Finals .
At the ATP World Tour Finals , Murray lost his opening round robin match to Kei Nishikori but won his second match against Milos Raonic . However , he lost his final group match against Federer in straight sets and only managed to win one game against him , marking his worst defeat since losing to Djokovic in the 2007 Miami Masters , eliminating him from the tournament . Despite the loss , his late @-@ season run had already propelled him back up the rankings to No. 6 in the world , his best ranking since June .
Following the conclusion of the season , Murray mutually agreed a split with long @-@ term backroom staff , training partner Dani Vallverdu and fitness coach Jez Green . They had been with him for five and seven years respectively but were both reported to have been unhappy at the lack of consultation they had been given about the appointment of Mauresmo . Murray also took part in the inaugural season of the International Premier Tennis League , representing the Manila Mavericks , who had drafted him as an icon player in February . Murray took part in the first three matches of the tournament which were all played in Manila .
= = = 2015 : Fourth Australian Open final , first clay titles and Davis Cup champion = = =
Murray began his year by winning an exhibition event in Abu Dhabi . He then played the Hopman Cup with Heather Watson and , despite winning all his singles matches in straight sets , they finished second in their group behind Poland . His first competitive tournament of the year was the Australian Open . He won his opening three matches in straight sets before defeating 11th seed Grigor Dimitrov to reach the quarterfinal . Wins over Nick Kyrgios and Tomáš Berdych followed as Murray reached his fourth final at the tournament ( three of which were against Djokovic ) and the eighth grand slam final of his career . He lost the final to Novak Djokovic in four sets , however his run to the final saw his return to the top four in the world rankings for the first time in 12 months .
Murray next participated in the Rotterdam Open as the top seed , but he lost in the quarterfinals to Gilles Simon who ended a 12 match losing streak against Murray . Murray then played in the Dubai Championships but suffered another quarterfinal defeat to 18 @-@ year @-@ old Borna Ćorić and as a result , Murray slipped to No. 5 in the world rankings behind Rafael Nadal and Kei Nishikori . Afterwards , Murray played the Davis Cup World Group in Glasgow against the United States . He won both his matches against Donald Young and John Isner , allowing Great Britain to progress to the quarterfinals for the second consecutive time with a 3 – 2 lead over the United States .
Murray then reached the semifinals of the 2015 Indian Wells , overtaking Tim Henman 's record of 496 career wins to have the most career wins for a British man in the Open Era . However , he suffered a 6th consecutive defeat to Djokovic in straight sets . Murray then reached the final of the 2015 Miami Open , recording his 500th career win along the way to become the first British player to have 500 or more wins in the Open Era . He went on to lose the final to Djokovic , this time in three sets . Murray added Jonas Björkman to his coaching staff in March initially on a five @-@ week trail to help out in periods when Mauresmo was unavailable as she only agreed to work with him for 25 weeks . However , at the end of the Australian Open , Mauresmo had informed Murray that she was pregnant and he announced at the end of April , that Björkman would be his main coach for all of the grass court season and all of the US hard court swing , while Mauresmo would only be with the team for Wimbledon .
Murray won his first ATP clay court title at the 2015 BMW Open . He defeated German Philipp Kohlschreiber in three close sets to become the first Briton since Buster Mottram in 1976 to win a tour level clay court event . The following week he reached his second final on clay , at the Madrid Open after recording only his second and third victories over top 10 opposition on clay , against Raonic and Nishikori . In the final , he defeated Rafael Nadal in straight sets for his first Madrid title on clay , and first ever clay court Masters 1000 title . The win was Murray 's first over Nadal , Federer or Djokovic since Wimbledon 2013 , and his first over Nadal on a clay court .
Murray continued his winning streak at the Italian Open , beating Jeremy Chardy in straight sets in his opening match , but then withdrew due to fatigue after having played nine matches in the space of 10 days . Murray then reached his third semifinal at the French Open , but lost to Djokovic in five sets after threatening a comeback from two sets to love down , ending his 15 match winning streak on clay . To start his grass court campaign , Murray went on to win a record tying fourth Queen 's Club title , defeating the big serving South African Kevin Anderson in straight sets in the final . At the third grand slam of the year , the 2015 Wimbledon Championships , Murray dropped only two sets on his way to setting up a semifinal clash with Roger Federer . Many people saw Murray as the favourite due to his recent form , however he lost to the Swiss veteran in straight sets , gaining only one break point in the entire match .
After Wimbledon , Murray returned to Queen 's Club , to play for Great Britain against France in their Davis Cup quarterfinal tie . Great Britain went 1 – 0 down when James Ward lost to Gilles Simon in straight sets , however Murray levelled the tie with a victory against Jo @-@ Wilfried Tsonga . Murray then teamed up with his brother Jamie to win the doubles rubber , coming back from a set down to defeat Tsonga and Nicolas Mahut in four sets , giving Britain a crucial 2 – 1 lead going into the final day . He then faced Simon in the fourth rubber and after initially being a set and a break down , he suddenly found his form again towards the end of the second set and eventually won in four sets , winning 12 of the last 15 games in the process ( with Simon struggling from an ankle injury ) . With a 3 – 1 lead over France , this resulted in Great Britain reaching their first Davis Cup semifinal since 1981 .
Murray next participated at the Citi Open ( for the first time since 2006 ) , as the top seed and favourite to win the tournament . However , he suffered a defeat in his first match , losing to world No. 53 Teymuraz Gabashvili in a final set tiebreak
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has met ; Sam was based on girls who confided in him , and Patrick was " all the kids I knew who were gay and finding their way to their own identity . "
= = Style and themes = =
The idea of anonymous letters came from a real experience ; during his senior year in high school , Chbosky wrote an anonymous letter to Stewart Stern about how Rebel Without a Cause had influenced him . A year and a half later , Stern found Chbosky and became his mentor . By using a series of letters from Charlie to an anonymous character , Chbosky found " the most intimate way " to talk directly to the reader . He thought the letters would help him keep the story cohesive , " to convey the highs and lows of being young — one day , you 're on top of the world and you ’ ve had the greatest of times " .
Critics have identified primary themes of teenage reality and ( for adults ) nostalgia . According to David Edelstein of the New York Magazine , Chbosky captures the " feeling [ that ] you belong when among friends , yet you 'd soon be alone " and notes that " the pain of loss ... [ is ] almost as intense as the bliss ... it 's nostalgia with an emphasis on nostos , pain [ sic ] . " Word Riot 's Marty Beckerman said that The Perks of Being a Wallflower connects with young people because its scenes are " so universal and happen to so many teenagers . " Chbosky wanted to convey respect for teenagers , to " validate and respect and celebrate what [ teenagers ] are going through every day " , and said that the novel is for " anyone who 's felt like an outcast . "
Although it is also read by adults , The Perks of Being a Wallflower is targeted at a teenaged audience . The book addresses a range of themes ( including sex and drugs ) dispassionately . Other themes include friendship , body image , first love , suicide , eating disorders and sexuality . Chbosky appreciates the importance of entertainment in adolescence : " Books , songs , and movies are more than entertainment when we 're young . They help all of us discover who we are , what we believe , and what we hope our life can be . " As such , there are several cultural references : musical ( The Smiths and Fleetwood Mac ) , literary ( This Side of Paradise , On the Road , To Kill a Mockingbird ) and theatrical ( The Rocky Horror Picture Show ) .
= = Publication and reception = =
The Perks of Being a Wallflower was first published on February 1 , 1999 by Pocket Books through its MTV Books imprint . It became the subsidiary 's best @-@ selling book with 100 @,@ 000 copies in print as of 2000 , and was included on school reading lists and gathered a cult following . In spite of it , The Perks of Being a Wallflower has appeared six times on the American Library Association 's list of 10 most @-@ frequently @-@ challenged books . Usually , there are request to remove it from high school public libraries because it deals with drugs use among teenagers , homosexuality , suicide , and has sexually explicit scenes and " offensive language . " Since Chbosky " didn 't write it to be a controversial book , " he was surprised by the bans .
Critical response was mixed ; Publishers Weekly called the novel " trite " , dealing with " standard teenage issues " in which " Chbosky infuses a droning insistence on Charlie 's supersensitive disposition . " Although Kirkus Review said it had " the right combination of realism and uplift " , the reviewer criticized Chbosky 's " rip @-@ off " of J. D. Salinger 's The Catcher in the Rye . Although other reviewers made similar comparisons , Chbosky said he " was not trying to mimic [ Salinger 's ] style as a writer " ; he saw " how readers could compare Charlie to Salinger 's Holden Caulfield " , but " they are very different people with unique problems and perspectives " .
Francisca Goldsmith of the School Library Journal said the novel " cleverly " makes the readers the recipients of Charlie 's letters , and it " will engage teen readers for years to come . " Common Sense Media 's Kate Pavao praised its relevant themes for teenagers : " Readers will find themselves quickly feeling sorry for the protagonist and worrying about him throughout his transformative journey . " In an Amazon.com review , Brangien Davies wrote : " What is most notable about this funny , touching , memorable first novel from Stephen Chbosky is the resounding accuracy with which the author captures the voice of a boy teetering on the brink of adulthood . " For The A.V. Club , Marah Eakin wrote that although for an adult " Perks suffers from an overabundance of pure , raw angst ... unlike some more arrested development @-@ friendly YA fare like Harry Potter , Perks speaks to a more specific age range and does it well . "
With the announcement of a film adaptation the novel received more attention ; it sales increased from 88 @,@ 847 copies in 2011 to 425 @,@
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, the fifth @-@ largest in Canada , had a population of 960 @,@ 015 in 2011 , an 11 @.@ 3 percent increase over its 2006 population of 862 @,@ 544 .
In 2006 , people of European ethnicities formed the largest cluster of ethnic groups in Edmonton . These included ethnicities mostly of English , Scottish , German , Irish , Ukrainian , Polish , and French origin . According to the 2006 census , the City of Edmonton was 71 @.@ 8 percent White and 5 @.@ 3 percent Aboriginal , while visible minorities accounted for 22 @.@ 9 percent of the population .
= = = Religion = = =
According to the 2001 census , 31 @.@ 2 percent of Edmonton residents are Protestant and 29 @.@ 4 percent are Catholic . 5 @.@ 5 percent belong to other Christian denominations , 2 @.@ 9 percent are Muslim , 0 @.@ 6 percent are Jewish , 5 @.@ 1 percent are adherents of other religions , and 24 @.@ 4 percent profess no religion . A Bahá 'í Centre is located in Edmonton . The first mosque established in Canada – the Al @-@ Rashid Mosque , founded by Abdullah Yusuf Ali – is situated in Edmonton . The Baitul Hadi Mosque is the only Ahmadiyya mosque in the city . Edmonton also hosts a Maronite Catholic church , on 76 Avenue / 98 Street , with services in English on Saturdays and Arabic on Sundays . The Lebanese community also has a Druze Community Centre on the north side of the city . The Edmonton Alberta Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints was dedicated on December 11 , 1999 . The Hindu Community in Edmonton is served by the Hindu Society of Alberta ( North Indian Temple ) and the Maha Ganapathy Society of Alberta ( South Indian Temple ) . The Sikh community in Edmonton is served by four gurdwaras . The Jewish Community in Edmonton is served by Jewish Federation of Edmonton . The region is served by five synagogues . Edmonton is also home to two of Alberta 's five Unitarian Universalist congregations – the Unitarian Church of Edmonton and the Westwood Unitarian Congregation ; the other three are located in Calgary , Lethbridge , and Red Deer .
= = Economy = =
Edmonton is the major economic centre for northern and central Alberta and a major centre for the oil and gas industry . As of 2014 , the estimated value of major projects within the Edmonton Capital Region was $ 57 @.@ 8 @-@ billion , of which $ 34 @.@ 4 @-@ billion are within the oil and gas , oil sands and pipeline sectors .
Edmonton traditionally has been a hub for Albertan petrochemical industries , earning it the nickname " Oil Capital of Canada " in the 1940s . Supply and service industries drive the energy extraction engine , while research develops new technologies and supports expanded value @-@ added processing of Alberta 's massive oil , gas , and oil sands reserves . These are reported to be the second @-@ largest in the world , after Saudi Arabia .
Much of the growth in technology sectors is due to Edmonton 's reputation as one of Canada ’ s premier research and education centres . Research initiatives are anchored by educational institutions such as the University of Alberta ( U of A ) as well as government initiatives underway at the Alberta Research Council and Edmonton Research Park . The U of A campus is home to the National Institute for Nanotechnology .
During the 1970s and 1980s , Edmonton became a major financial centre , with both regional offices of Canada 's major banks and locally based institutions opening . However , the turmoil of the late @-@ 1980s economy radically changed the situation . Locally based operations such as Principal Trust and Canadian Commercial Bank would fail , and some regional offices were moved to other cities . The 1990s saw a solidification of the economy , and Edmonton is now home to Canadian Western Bank , the only publicly traded Schedule I chartered bank headquarters west of Toronto . Other major financial centres include ATB Financial , Servus Credit Union ( formerly Capital City Savings ) , TD Canada Trust and Manulife Financial .
Edmonton has been the birthplace of
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unch ( Richard Belzer ) after his previous partner , Brian Cassidy ( Dean Winters ) , leaves the unit . The two occasionally clash personalities and have a sarcastic rapport with each other . While chasing a rape suspect during one case , Jeffries is nearly killed when the suspect gets into a car that explodes . She initially appears traumatized by the incident , but later feels exhilarated over having survived and starts behaving recklessly . She begins having several one @-@ night stands and takes greater and greater risks at work , becoming something of a loose cannon at the Special Victims Unit . One night at a bar , she meets a man who had been a suspect in a previous rape case and has sex with him . When she reveals the incident during a session with a police therapist , she is taken out of active duty per One Police Plaza and works a desk job . She objects to the transfer and threatens to sue the department . Instead , she is transferred to the Vice department , and her old job in the Special Victims Unit is taken by Fin Tutuola ( Ice @-@ T ) .
= = Development = =
Michelle Hurd had appeared on the television series Law & Order , making a guest appearance on the seventh season episode " Entrapment " in 1997 . Hurd also previously appeared in the television shows New York Undercover and Players , both of which were produced by Law & Order creator Dick Wolf . When Wolf approached Hurd to play the part of Monique Jeffries , he warned her that the part was small at first but had the potential to develop , telling her , " Think of her as a flower , she 'll bloom later , but for the pilot she 's just got a scene . " The character also had less screen @-@ time than others in the series , in part so that Hurd could accept theater roles . However , Hurd felt the Jeffries character never received the development promised , claiming she " just read instructions " while playing the part . While she liked being part of the cast , Hurd said she was frustrated with the lack of material for her character , particularly when guest stars had more developed roles than Jeffries herself .
When Dean Winters departed from the show and a permanent replacement for the Brian Cassidy character was needed , Hurd had trouble convincing network officials she was correct for the part . Ted Kotcheff , the show 's co @-@ executive producer , said it was too redundant to have two man @-@ woman sets of partners , with protagonists Elliot Stabler and Olivia Benson already partnered together . Kotcheff felt Munch and Jeffries pairing diluted the relationship of Stabler and Benson because it was a " mirror image " of their partnership . Although Hurd felt more female characters should be part of a sex crimes unit , she said , " I understand the industry , and what networks want , and they wanted someone to have an impact , a rating . " The producers had discussions about removing Jeffries from the show so that Benson would be the only woman in the squad room , but no decisions were ever made .
Hurd ultimately departed from the series during the second season to join the Showtime drama series Leap Years . After her departure from the show , Hurd said , " I think it 's just sad they didn 't have faith to stick around with me . " However , she said she bore no ill feelings about her time on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , but felt the casting on Leap Years was a " rare opportunity " . Roger Friedman , an entertainment journalist for Fox News , reported that Richard Belzer arranged for Hurd to be fired because her character was receiving too many story @-@ lines and distracting attention from him , but that report was never confirmed . Although Jeffries departed from the Special Victims Unit during the episode " Asunder " , her character was still present in the episode " Runaway " , which marked the character 's final appearance . " Runaway " was originally intended to air before " Asunder " but was broadcast out of order .
= = Reception = =
Gail Pennington of the St. Louis Post @-@ Dispatch said of the character , " her role was so marginal that her absence hardly registered " after she departed the series . Ken Parish Perkins of the Fort Worth Star @-@ Telegram called Michelle Hurd a strong member of a " solid cast " . The South Florida Sun @-@ Sentinel said the character had " untapped potential " that appeared ready to be tapped after Dean Winters left the show , and the paper expressed disappointment it was never achieved . In an interview with Orlando Sentinel about the series , New York Police Department Detective Ted Sica said Jeffries ' wardrobe was too revealing for a detective , and that the real @-@ life department would not allow her tank tops and tight vests : " We don 't tolerate that , especially in a sex crimes unit . We 're trying to be a little dignified . "
= Millennium Park =
Millennium Park is a public park located in the Loop community area of Chicago in Illinois , US , and originally intended to celebrate the second millennium . It is a prominent civic center near the city 's Lake Michigan shoreline that covers a 24 @.@ 5 @-@ acre ( 99 @,@ 000 m2 ) section of northwestern Grant Park . The area was previously occupied by parkland , Illinois Central rail yards , and parking lots . The park , which is bounded by Michigan Avenue , Randolph Street , Columbus Drive and East Monroe Drive , features a variety of public art . As of 2009 , Millennium Park trailed only Navy Pier as a Chicago tourist attraction . In 2015 , the park became the location of the city 's annual Christmas tree lighting .
Planning of the park began in October 1997 . Construction began in October 1998 , and Millennium Park was opened in a ceremony on July 16 , 2004 , four years behind schedule . The three @-@ day opening celebrations were attended by some 300 @,@ 000 people and included an inaugural concert by the Grant Park Orchestra and Chorus . The park has received awards for its accessibility and green design . Millennium Park has free admission , and features the Jay Pritzker Pavilion , Cloud Gate , the Crown Fountain , the Lurie Garden , and various other attractions . The park is connected by the BP Pedestrian Bridge and the Nichols Bridgeway to other parts of Grant Park . Because the park sits atop a
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was lowered to the stage with the song 's opening monologue in the background . The singer was decked in a gold crown with a black veil , a tight black shirt with a leopard @-@ printed bra peeking out from the top , leather arm bands and black skinny jeans and black high @-@ heel boots . Madonna pretended to smash and break through the glass window of the confessional with a large rifle and proceeded to perform the song accompanied by a troupe of shirtless dancers wearing high heels , doing a choreography similar to the song 's music video . The song was arranged to include musical elements of " Material Girl " ( 1985 ) and " Give It 2 Me " ( 2008 ) . Moving blocks and contortionist dancers dressed up as gargoyles were also present in the performance . " Girl Gone Wild " ended with Madonna grabbing another rifle and pretending to shoot at the crowd , giving way to the second performance of the show , " Revolver " . The performance of the song at the November 19 – 20 , 2012 shows in Miami , at the American Airlines Arena , were recorded and released in Madonna 's fourth live album , MDNA World Tour .
Shawn Kellner from the Chicago Music Magazine praised the costumes and the dancing , while Jodi Duckett from The Morning Call felt that the " characters that looked like Tibetan monks [ ... ] , the gonging of bells and Madonna arriving in a gilded cage " made the performance seem " very ' Da Vinci Code ' like " . Kitty Empire from The Guardian received the usage of guns negatively , saying that Madonna 's son Rocco would be " perfectly blasé about the prospect of the former Mrs. Ritchie shooting her way out of a confessional booth with a machine gun , as she does on the set opener " . Barry Walters from MuuMuse called the opening sequence as " manic " and called it a " power punch " sequence along with " Revolver " . Barbara Vandenburgh from The Arizona Republic called the performance as " raucous " . Shirley Halperin from The Hollywood Reporter was confused as how the religious iconography portrayed during the performance was tied to the song 's theme of a " girl gone wild " . San Jose Mercury News editor Jim Harrington called the selection of " Girl Gone Wild " as " commonplace " . Jim Farber from New York Daily News described the performance as transitioning from a girl gone wild to " girl gone bloodthirsty " with the subsequent violence depictions . Ben Crandell from Florida 's Sun @-@ Sentinel newspaper observed that Madonna turned around the " solemn " introduction to a dance number with " Girl Gone Wild " . According to her the performance portrayed Madonna as " fashionable , powerful , but vulnerable sex toy " , which became " an ongoing theme for the night " .
= = Track listing and formats = =
CD Single / 12 " Picture Disc
" Girl Gone Wild " ( Album Version ) – 3 : 43
" Girl Gone Wild " ( Justin Cognito Extended Remix ) – 4 : 48
CD Max
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the blow would strike at the dividing line between the French Ninth Army and the French Second Army . Guderian saw things differently , and pointed out that a thrust along the lines of Kleist 's plan would put the flank of the advance within range of the fortress artillery at Charleville @-@ Mézières , some 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) north west of Sedan . The shift of operations further north would also disperse concentration ( or Schwerpunkt ) and disrupt the intense planning of the German tactical units , who had been in training for the Sedan attack and an advance north @-@ west , for months . He also felt that a regrouping period in front of Sedan would delay the assault for 24 hours and allow the French to bring up reinforcements . Kleist agreed that such a delay was unacceptable , so he agreed to Guderian 's plan .
Nevertheless , while Kleist accepted the folly of the Flize detour , he insisted the offensive concentration point should be made west of the Ardennes Canal . Kleist reaffirmed this in a letter to Guderian on 18 April , but when operations began Guderian ignored this completely . Guderian had wanted a large , 20 @-@ kilometre ( 12 mi ) bridgehead at Sedan and the rapid occupation of Stonne and the high ground surrounding Sedan .
Guderian 's plan for 13 May was straightforward . The 2nd Panzer Division in the north was to form the right flank of the assaulting force when it reached the Meuse near Donchery . The 1st Panzer Division , reinforced by the Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland , a battalion of assault engineers , and divisional artillery of the 2nd and 10th Panzer Divisions , was to make the main attack by crossing the Meuse just north of Sedan and seizing the Heights of la Marfee overlooking the city . The 10th Panzer Division was to cross the Meuse south of Sedan and protect the southern flank of the corps . Throughout the day , large masses of troops and equipment assembled north of the Meuse in preparation for the river crossing .
= = Forces involved = =
= = = German forces = = =
The German forces consisted of the 1st , 2nd and 10th Panzer Divisions . The 1st Panzer Division under the command of General @-@ Major ( Major General ) Friedrich Kirchner , had on strength 52 Panzer IIs , 98 Panzer III , 58 Panzer IV , 40 Panzer 35 ( t ) and eight SdKfz 265 Panzerbefehlswagens . The 2nd Panzer Division , under the command of Generalleutnant ( Lieutenant General ) Rudolf Veiel , had to hand 45 Panzer I , 115 Panzer II , 59 Panzer III and 32 Panzer IVs . It also had 16 SdKfz 265 . The 10th Panzer Division , under the command of Generalleutnant Ferdinand Schaal , had 44 Panzer I , 113 Panzer II , 58 Panzer III , 32 Panzer IV and 18 SdKfz 265 . In total Guderian could muster 60 @,@ 000 men , 22 @,@ 000 vehicles , 771 tanks and 141 artillery pieces . He could also call upon 1 @,@ 470 aircraft .
Part of Guderian 's problem was the lack of mobile artillery . He had no intention of halting the breakout in order to wait for additional artillery units to be moved into place to assault Sedan . Instead , Guderian requested maximum support from the Luftwaffe . For the first few days the German air arm would be used mostly in support of Army Group B. Most of the air support over Sedan was to be provided by Luftflotte 3 ( Air Fleet 3 ) . Initially , only limited numbers of air units were to be used , but the Luftwaffe 's workload was greatly increased nearer the time of the battle . The Luftwaffe was to commit I. Fliegerkorps ( 1st Air Corps under Ulrich Grauert ) , II . Fliegerkorps ( under Bruno Loerzer ) , V. Fliegerkorps ( under Robert Ritter von Greim ) , and VIII . Fliegerkorps ( under Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen ) . These units came from Luftflotte 2 and Jagdfliegerführer 3 ( Fighter Leader 3 ) . The most significant unit was VIII . Fliegerkorps , nicknamed the Nahkampf @-@ Fliegerkorps ( Close Support Air Corps ) , which contained Sturzkampfgeschwader 77 ( Dive bomber Wing 77 ) , a powerful concentration of dive @-@ bomber units equipped with the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka precision ground attack aircraft . This powerful air concentration numbered some 1 @,@ 470 aircraft ; 600 Heinkel He 111 and Junkers Ju 88 medium bombers and Dornier Do 17 light bombers , 250 Ju 87s , 500 Messerschmitt Bf 109s and 120 Messerschmitt Bf 110s .
= = = French forces = = =
In the sector of Longwy , Sedan and Namur , where the Ardennes and the River Meuse meet , the French Ninth Army and French Second Army were made up chiefly of poor quality divisions . Reinforcements were minimal , and those units were equipped with obsolete weapons . The resources at the disposal of the two Series B divisions , the 55th and later 71s Infantry Divisions , who were to bear the brunt of the attack , were weak . They had almost no Regular officers and they had not been broken @-@ in to war conditions by being in contact with the enemy .
The 55th Infantry Division guarding Sedan had little time for combat training , as its time had been spent in construction work . The division consisted mainly of reservists , most of who were over the age of 30 . Little attempt was made to improve the poor combat quality of the division . One officer , First Lieutenant Delas of the 1st Battalion 147th Fortress Infantry Regiment was arrested and confined for 15 days for ordering firing practice with a 25mm anti @-@ tank gun in a nearby quarry . The division 's commanding officer , General Lafontaine , put more faith into fortifications than training , as he believed it would compensate for the weakness of the division . The men of the division lacked the confidence and will to fight when the battle took place .
The organisation of the French 55th Infantry Division was chaotic . Most units had been involved in construction work and were constantly moved to different tactical positions . Of the nine companies in position by 10 May , only a few had been holding their respective positions for even a few days and were not familiar with them . One of the premier infantry regiments , the 213th Infantry Regiment , was removed from the line altogether and was replaced with the 331st Regiment . In some cases , Infantry regiments were made up of several different companies from several different battalions from different regiments . For example , the 295th Infantry Regiment 's 6th Company , 2nd Battalion , was made up of four different companies which were drawn from three different battalions belonging to three different regiments .
Such actions damaged the cohesion of the units that were initially strong . The 147th Fortress Regiment was the backbone of the 55th Infantry Division and was to occupy the bunker positions on the Meuse . At the start of mobilisation , the unit had high morale and very good cohesion . Because of the constant changes in organisation , however , the unit 's battalions were " torn apart again and again " .
To relieve the 55th Infantry Division , the French 71st Infantry Division was ordered out of reserve and into the frontline . The presence of the 71st Infantry shortened the front from 20 to 14 kilometres ( 12 @.@ 4 to 8 @.@ 7 mi ) along the Meuse . This would increase the density of fighting strength in the immediate area , but such a move was only partially complete by 10 May , as it was scheduled to be completed on 13 – 14 May , three days after the German attack . Although the two divisions had 174 artillery pieces , more than the German forces opposing them , they had to share that force between them . Both divisions were short of anti @-@ tank and anti @-@ aircraft guns , a critical short @-@ coming .
= = Crossing the Me
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honor of Japan 's part in the 2013 Volleyball World Grand Champion Cup for men and women , both of which were held in Japan . Upon its release , it garnered positive reviews from music critics . Many critics commended the tracks composition and labelled it an anthem for the games . Despite out selling both " Koishikute " and Summer Trip with over 26 @,@ 000 units sold , it charted lower on the Japanese Oricon Singles Chart at number nine . It charted at number 33 on Japan 's Hot 100 chart . An accompanying music video for " Dreaming Now ! " was shot in Tokyo .
= = = Concert tour and other releases = = =
To promote Bon Voyage , Koda went on her 2014 Bon Voyage concert tour . The concert tour went throughout Japan , and carried on the cruise theme from the album . All of the album tracks , apart from " On Your Side " and " Introduction : Bon Voyage " , were included on the set list for the tour ; " Is This Trap ? " from Summer Trip also appeared on the set list . The concert tour was released in two formats ; a double @-@ DVD bundle , and a Blu @-@ ray release . The bonus disc on the DVD bundle featured a new track " Money in my Bag " from Walk of My Life , alongside the backdrop visual of " Crank tha Bass " and the documentary of the tour . This material was included on the one disc for Blu @-@ ray . Despite the release , it did not chart on the Oricon DVD and Blu @-@ ray charts . To promote the material from Bon Voyage , remixes of " Crank tha Bass " , " Loaded " , " Is This Trap ? " , " Dreaming Now ! " , " Touch Down " , " Winner Girls " , and " Lalalalala " were later featured on Koda ’ s eight remix album Koda Kumi Driving Hit 's 6 ( 2014 ) .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Bon Voyage .
= = Charts and sales = =
= = Alternate Versions = =
Crank Tha Bass feat . OVDS
Crank Tha Bass feat . OVDS : Found on the album ( 2014 )
Crank Tha Bass feat . OVDS [ sumijun vs M.A.D Remix ] : Found on Koda Kumi Driving Hit 's 6 ( 2014 )
Crank Tha Bass feat . OVDS [ OVDS Remix ] : Found on Koda Kumi Driving Hit 's 6 ( 2014 )
LOADED feat . Sean Paul
LOADED feat . Sean Paul : Found on the album ( 2014 )
LOADED feat . Sean Paul [ ELMER VoVo Remix ] : Found on Koda Kumi Driving Hit 's 6 ( 2014 )
Winner Girls
Winner Girls : Found on the album ( 2014 )
Winner Girls [ Dank @-@ One Glitch @-@ Hop Remix ] : Found on Koda Kumi Driving Hit 's 6 ( 2014 )
= New York State Route 18F =
New York State Route 18F ( NY 18F ) is a 9 @.@ 80 @-@ mile ( 15 @.@ 77 km ) long state highway in northwestern Niagara County , New York , in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at an interchange with NY 104 and the Niagara Scenic State Parkway just east of the village of Lewiston . The northern terminus is at an intersection with NY 18 near Four Mile Creek State Park in Porter . NY 18F parallels NY 18 for most of its alignment , taking a more westerly course than its parent . NY 18F is the only remaining suffixed route of NY 18 .
The portion of modern NY 18F south of Youngstown was originally designated as part of NY 34 in 1924 ; however , NY 34 was absorbed into NY 18 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . The change was part of a larger extension of NY 18 east to Rochester . NY 18 was realigned in 1949 to follow its modern alignment between Lewiston and Lake Ontario , at which time its former routing alongside the Niagara River became NY 18F .
= = Route description = =
Officially , NY 18F begins at the eastern edge of the village of Lewiston at an interchange between NY 104 and the Niagara Scenic Parkway . Signage for NY 18F , however , exists as far south as the interchange between NY 104 and NY 18 south of the village . According to signage , NY 18F is concurrent to NY 104 from NY 18 north to the interchange between NY 104 and the Moses Parkway , where NY 18F and NY 104 split at the western extent of the interchange . The Seaway Trail , routed along NY 104 from Niagara Falls north to Lewiston , follows NY 18F west into Lewiston along the path of Ridge Road , here named Center Street . At 4th Street , NY 18F turns northward , following 4th Street for four blocks to Oneida Street . NY 18F cuts west on Oneida for two blocks before continuing northward out of the village on 2nd Street .
North of the Lewiston village limits , NY 18F is the closest roadway to the Niagara River , a trait reflected in its name of Lower River Road . As it progresses northward along the eastern bank of the river , NY 18F parallels both the Niagara Scenic State Parkway and NY 18 . At Stella Niagara , NY 18F meets Pletcher Road , the first road north of Lewiston that provides a connection to all three roadways . NY 18F continues on , passing through the western extent of Joseph Davis State Park south of the village of Youngstown in the town of Lewiston . In Youngstown , NY 18F becomes Main Street and intersects the western terminus of NY 93 in the village center . At the northern fringe of the community , NY 18F intersects the southern entrance to the Fort Niagara State Park . NY 18F bypasses the park , turning east onto Jackson Street , then north onto Lake Road as it follows the perimeter of the park .
Near the Lake Ontario shoreline , NY 18F connects to the Fort Niagara spur of the Niagara Scenic State Parkway via a partial diamond interchange . Only westbound access is permitted at the location ; access to the eastbound spur , and thus the parkway mainline , is provided via NY 93 in Youngstown or by NY 18 farther east . Past the exit , NY 18F turns east and begins to parallel the lakeshore . The route also parallels the mainline Moses Parkway for a short distance before curving south to cross over the parkway and terminate at NY 18 in the vicinity of Four Mile Creek State Park in Porter .
Ownership and maintenance of NY 18F is split between three different entities . The section of NY 18F from Center Street in Lewiston to the northern village line of Youngstown is maintained by Niagara County . From Main Street in Youngstown to the northern village line , NY 18F is concurrent to the unsigned County Route 138 ( CR 138 ) ; the remainder of the county @-@ maintained segment is co @-@ designated as CR 907 . All of NY 18F north of Youngstown is maintained by the town of Porter while the rest — Center Street between NY 104 and 4th Street — is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation .
= = History = =
All of what is now NY 18F south of Youngstown was originally designated as part of NY 34 in 1924 . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , NY 34 became part of NY 18 , which was extended north to Youngstown and east to Rochester as part of the renumbering . NY 18 was originally state @-@ maintained from the village of Lewiston to Youngstown ; however , the state of New York relinquished ownership and maintenance of NY 18 between Center Street in Lewiston and the village of Youngstown on July 24 , 1947 . The section within the village of Lewiston was transferred to village control , while the remainder of the route was given to Niagara County . In December 1947 , Lewiston petitioned the county to
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@-@ leaf . She wore a wreath made from gold oak leaves , and her clothing had been sewn with gold @-@ leaf ovals decorated with female faces . Several glass vessels were arranged at her feet , and her discoverers interpreted the bronze coin close to her head as an example of Charon ’ s obol .
Textual evidence also exists for covering portions of the deceased ’ s body with gold foil . One of the accusations of heresy against the Phrygian Christian movement known as the Montanists was that they sealed the mouths of their dead with plates of gold like initiates into the mysteries ; factual or not , the charge indicates an anxiety that Christian practice be distinguished from that of other religions , and again suggests that Charon ’ s obol and the " Orphic " gold tablets could fulfill a similar purpose . The early Christian poet Prudentius seems to be referring either to these inscribed gold @-@ leaf tablets or to the larger gold @-@ foil coverings in one of his condemnations of the mystery religions . Prudentius says that auri lammina ( " sheets of gold " ) were placed on the bodies of initiates as part of funeral rites . This practice may or may not be distinct from the funerary use of gold leaf inscribed with figures and placed on the eyes , mouths , and chests of warriors in Macedonian burials during the late Archaic period ( 580 – 460 BC ) ; in September 2008 , archaeologists working near Pella in northern Greece publicized the discovery of twenty warrior graves in which the deceased wore bronze helmets and were supplied with iron swords and knives along with these gold @-@ leaf coverings .
= = = = Goldblattkreuze = = = =
In Gaul and in Alemannic territory , Christian graves of the Merovingian period reveal an analogous Christianized practice in the form of gold or gold @-@ alloy leaf shaped like a cross , imprinted with designs , and deposited possibly as votives or amulets for the deceased . These paper @-@ thin , fragile gold crosses are sometimes referred to by scholars with the German term Goldblattkreuze . They appear to have been sown onto the deceased ’ s garment just before burial , not worn during life , and in this practice are comparable to the pierced Roman coins found in Anglo @-@ Saxon graves that were attached to clothing instead of or in addition to being threaded onto a necklace .
The crosses are characteristic of Lombardic Italy ( Cisalpine Gaul of the Roman imperial era ) , where they were fastened to veils and placed over the deceased 's mouth in a continuation of Byzantine practice . Throughout the Lombardic realm and north into Germanic territory , the crosses gradually replaced bracteates during the 7th century . The transition is signalled by Scandinavian bracteates found in Kent that are stamped with cross motifs resembling the Lombardic crosses . Two plain gold @-@ foil crosses of Latin form , found in the burial of a 7th @-@ century East Saxon king , are the first known examples from England , announced in 2004 . The king ’ s other grave goods included glass vessels made in England and two different Merovingian gold coins , each of which had a cross on the reverse . Coins of the period were adapted with Christian iconography in part to facilitate their use as an alternative to amulets of traditional religions .
= = = = Scandinavian gullgubber = = = =
Scandinavia also produced small and fragile gold @-@ foil pieces , called gullgubber , that were worked in repoussé with human figures . These begin to appear in the late Iron Age and continue into the Viking Age . In form they resemble the gold @-@ foil pieces such as those found at Douris , but the gullgubber were not fashioned with a fastening element and are not associated with burials . They occur in the archaeological record sometimes singly , but most often in large numbers . Some scholars have speculated that they are a form of " temple money " or votive offering , but Sharon Ratke has suggested that they might represent good wishes for travelers , perhaps as a metaphor for the dead on their journey to the otherworld , especially those depicting " wraiths . "
= = Religious significance = =
Ships often appear in Greek and Roman funerary art representing a voyage to the Isles of the Blessed , and a 2nd @-@ century sarcophagus found in Velletri , near Rome , included Charon ’ s boat among its subject matter . In modern @-@ era Greek folkloric survivals of Charon ( as Charos the death demon ) , sea voyage and river crossing are conflated , and in one later tale , the soul is held hostage by pirates , perhaps representing the oarsmen , who require a ransom for release . The mytheme of the passage to the afterlife as a voyage or crossing is not unique to Greco @-@ Roman belief nor to Indo @-@ European culture as a whole , as it occurs also in ancient Egyptian religion and other belief systems that are culturally unrelated . The boatman of the dead himself appears in diverse cultures with no special relation to Greece or to each other . A Sumerian model for Charon has been proposed , and the figure has possible antecedents among the Egyptians ; scholars are divided as to whether these influenced the tradition of Charon , but the 1st @-@ century BC historian Diodorus Siculus thought so and mentions the fee . It might go without saying that only when coinage comes into common use is the idea of payment introduced , but coins were placed in graves before the appearance of the Charon myth in literature .
Because of the diversity of religious beliefs in the Greco @-@ Roman world , and because the mystery religions that were most concerned with the afterlife and soteriology placed a high value on secrecy and arcane knowledge , no single theology has been reconstructed that would account for Charon ’ s obol . Franz Cumont regarded the numerous examples found in Roman tombs as " evidence of no more than a traditional rite which men performed without attaching a definite meaning to it . " The use of a coin for the rite seems to depend not just on the myth of Charon , but also on other religious and mythic traditions associating wealth and the underworld .
= = = Death and Wealth = = =
In cultures that practiced the rite of Charon ’ s obol , the infernal ferryman who requires payment is one of a number of underworld deities associated with wealth . For the Greeks , Pluto ( Ploutōn , Πλούτων ) , the ruler of the dead and the consort of Persephone , became conflated with Plutus ( Ploutos , Πλοῦτος ) , wealth personified ; Plato points out the meaningful ambiguity of this etymological play in his dialogue Cratylus . Hermes is a god of boundaries , travel , and liminality , and thus conveys souls across the border that separates the living from the dead , acting as a psychopomp , but he was also a god of exchange , commerce , and profit . The name of his Roman counterpart Mercury was thought in antiquity to share its derivation with the Latin word merces , " goods , merchandise . "
The numerous chthonic deities among the Romans were also frequently associated with wealth . In his treatise On the Nature of the Gods , Cicero identifies the Roman god Dis Pater with the Greek Pluton , explaining that riches are hidden in and arise from the earth . Dis Pater is sometimes regarded as a chthonic Saturn , ruler of the Golden Age , whose consort Ops was a goddess of abundance . The obscure goddess Angerona , whose iconography depicted silence and secrecy , and whose festival followed that of Ops , seems to have regulated communications between the realm of the living and the underworld ; she may have been a guardian of both arcane knowledge and stored , secret wealth . When a Roman died , the treasury at the Temple of Venus in the sacred grove of the funeral goddess Libitina collected a coin as a " death tax " .
The Republican poet Ennius locates the " treasuries of Death " across the Acheron . Romans threw an annual offering of coins into the Lacus Curtius , a pit or chasm in the middle of the Roman forum that was regarded as a mundus or " port of communication " with the underworld .
Chthonic wealth is sometimes attributed to the Celtic horned god of the Cernunnos type , one of the deities proposed as the divine progenitor of the Gauls that Julius Caesar identified with Dis Pater . On a relief from the Gallic civitas of the Remi , the god holds in his lap a sack or purse , the contents of which — identified by scholars variably as coins or food ( grain , small fruits , or nuts ) — may be intentionally ambiguous in expressing desired abundance . The antler @-@ horned god appears on coins from Gaul and Britain , in explicit association with wealth . In his best @-@ known representation , on the problematic Gundestr
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the fight , and had taken significant losses . The situation appeared so desperate that the Cumberland Hussars , the only Hanoverian cavalry regiment present , fled the field spreading alarm all the way to Brussels .
= = = French capture of La Haye Sainte = = =
At approximately the same time as Ney 's combined @-@ arms assault on the centre @-@ right of Wellington 's line , rallied elements of D 'Erlon 's I Corps , spearheaded by the 13th Légère , renewed the attack on La Haye Sainte and this time were successful , partly because the King 's German Legion 's ammunition ran out . However , the Germans had held the centre of the battlefield for almost the entire day , and this had stalled the French advance . Ney then moved horse artillery up towards Wellington 's centre and began to pulverise the infantry squares at short range with canister . The 30th and 73rd Regiments suffered such heavy losses that they had to combine to form a viable square .
The possession of La Haye Sainte by the French was a very dangerous incident . It uncovered the very centre of the Anglo @-@ Allied army , and established the enemy within 60 yards of that centre . The French lost no time in taking advantage of this , by pushing forward infantry supported by guns , which enabled them to maintain a most destructive fire upon Alten 's left and Kempt 's right ...
The success Napoleon needed to continue his offensive had occurred . Ney was on the verge of breaking the Allied centre .
Along with this artillery fire a multitude of French tirailleurs occupied the dominant positions behind La Haye Sainte and poured an effective fire into the squares . The situation was now so dire that the 33rd Regiment 's colours and all of Halkett 's brigade 's colours were sent to the rear for safety , described by historian Alessandro Barbero as , " ... a measure that was without precedent " . Wellington , noticing the slackening of fire from La Haye Sainte , with his staff rode closer to it . French skirmishers appeared around the building and fired on the British command as it struggled to get away through the hedgerow along the road . Alten ordered a single battalion , the Fifth KGL to recapture the farm . Their Colonel Ompteda obeyed and chased off some French skirmishers until French cuirassiers fell on his open flank , killed him , destroyed his battalion and took its colour . A Dutch – Belgian cavalry regiment ordered to charge , retreated from the field instead , fired on by their own infantry . Merlen 's Light Cavalry Brigade charged the French artillery taking position near La Haye Sainte but were shot to pieces and the brigade fell apart . The Netherlands Cavalry Division , Wellington 's last cavalry reserve behind the centre having lost half their strength was now useless and the French cavalry , despite its losses , were masters of the field compelling the allied infantry to remain in square . More and more French artillery was brought forward .
A French battery advanced to within 300 yards of the 1 / 1st Nassau square causing heavy casualties . When the Nassauers attempted to attack the battery they were ridden down by a squadron of cuirassiers . Yet another battery deployed on the flank of Mercer 's battery and shot up its horses and limbers and pushed Mercer back . Mercer later recalled , " The rapidity and precision of this fire was quite appaling . Every shot almost took effect , and I certainly expected we should all be annihilated . ... The saddle @-@ bags , in many instances were torn from horses ' backs ... One shell I saw explode under the two finest wheel @-@ horses in the troop down they dropped " .
French tirailleurs occupied the dominant positions , especially one on a knoll overlooking the square of the 27th . Unable to break square to drive off the French infantry because of the presence of French cavalry and artillery , they had to remain in that formation and endure the fire of the tirailleurs . That fire nearly annihilated the 27th Foot , the Inniskillings , who lost two @-@ thirds of their strength within that three or four hours .
The banks on the road side , the garden wall , the knoll and sandpit swarmed with skirmishers , who seemed determined to keep down our fire in front ; those behind the artificial bank seemed more intent upon destroying the 27th , who at this time , it may literally be said , were lying dead in square ; their loss after La Haye Sainte had fallen was awful , without the satisfaction of having scarcely fired a shot , and many of our troops in rear of the ridge were similarly situated .
During this time many of Wellington 's generals and aides were killed or wounded including Somerset , Canning , de Lancey , Alten and Cooke . The situation was now critical and Wellington , trapped in an infantry square and ignorant of events beyond it , was desperate for the arrival of help from the Prussians . He later wrote ,
The time they occupied in approaching seemed interminable . Both they and my watch seemed to have stuck fast .
= = = Arrival of the Prussian IV Corps : Plancenoit = = =
Night or the Prussians must come .
The first Prussian corps to arrive in strength was Bülow 's IV Corps . Bülow 's objective was Plancenoit , which the Prussians intended to use as a springboard into the rear of the French positions . Blücher intended to secure his right upon Frichermont using the Bois de Paris road . Blücher and Wellington had been exchanging communications since 10 : 00 and had agreed to this advance on Frichermont if Wellington 's centre was under
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85 .
= = = Home media = = =
Dallas Buyers Club was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on February 4 , 2014 . In the United States , the film has grossed $ 4 @,@ 532 @,@ 240 from DVD sales and $ 3 @,@ 097 @,@ 179 from Blu @-@ ray sales , making a total of $ 7 @,@ 629 @,@ 419 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Upon its premiere at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival , Dallas Buyers Club received universal acclaim by critics and audiences , who greatly praised the film for its acting ( particularly for McConaughey and Leto ) , screenplay and direction . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 94 % , based on 233 reviews , with an average score of 7 @.@ 8 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , " Dallas Buyers Club rests squarely on Matthew McConaughey 's scrawny shoulders , and he carries the burden gracefully with what might be a career @-@ best performance . " Metacritic gives the film a score of 84 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating " universal acclaim " .
Richard Corliss of Time magazine considered McConaughey 's portrayal to be a " bold , drastic and utterly persuasive inhabiting of a doomed fighter " , remarking that " if the camera occasionally suffers a fashionable case of the jitters , the movie transcends its agitated verismo to impart dramatic and behavioral truth " . Chris Bumbray reviewed the film for JoBlo.com and gave it 9 out of 10 , and said , " Like Woodroof , the film never wants your pity , and while tears will no doubt be shed while watching it , they 're well @-@ earned . " The Philadelphia Inquirer 's Steven Rea talked about McConaughey 's role , " Just about everything is right with Dallas Buyers Club , beginning with Matthew McConaughey 's literally transformative portrayal . McConaughey 's performance isn 't just about the weight loss . It 's about gaining compassion , even wisdom , and it 's awesome . " Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said , " Dallas Buyers Club " takes audiences back to the worst of the AIDS crisis , where the disease was a death sentence , and the public 's terror and hostility were at its height . " Film critic Richard Roeper reviewed the film for his own website , and talked about McConaughey : " Once we get past McConaughey 's stunning transformation , we 're transfixed by a performance that reminds us of why this guy became a movie star in the first place . " Ann Hornaday gave the film 4 out of 4 ratings , and then gave her remarks on McConaughey 's remarkable performance for The Washington Post , " McConaughey delivers the performance of his career , characterized not just by an astonishing physical transformation but by a wellspring of deep compassion and fearlessness . "
The Orange County Register 's film critic Michael Sragow gave the film grade " A " and commented on three lead characters , " A trio of terrific performers imbues a riveting AIDS drama with heart and mind as well as pertinence . " Film critic Ty Burr reviewed the film for The Boston Globe and criticized , " The movie 's often touching and very watchable , but what gets you past the script 's sincere calculation is the growing sense of rage toward a medical @-@ industrial complex that saw AIDS sufferers as guinea pigs and sources of profit . " The Chicago Tribune 's film critic Michael Phillips talked about " How Woodroof became his own brand of AIDS activist is the stuff of Dallas Buyers Club , which does a few things wrong but a lot right , starting right at the top with McConaughey . " Bob Mondello criticized the film 's character for the NPR in these words : " Dallas Buyers Club is just about a selfish boor who arguably gets a pass in terms of posterity , because while looking out for No. 1 , he paved the way for change for everyone else . " Dana Stevens of Slate magazinepraised McConaughey 's performance , highlighting that the movie " traffics in deep hindbrain emotions : fear and rage and lust and , above all , the pure animal drive to go on living . "
Lou Lumenick of the New York Post expressed his compliments about the film 's crew , " It 's a remarkable story , vividly and urgently told by French @-@ Canadian director Vallée from a pointed , schmaltz @-@ free script by Craig Borten and Melissa Wallack . " A. O. Scott reviewed the film for The New York Times and said , " Matthew McConaughey brings a jolt of unpredictable energy to Dallas Buyers Club , an affecting if conventional real @-@ life story of medical activism . " The Wall Street Journal 's film critic thinks " Matthew McConaughey continues to amaze . " David Denby of The New Yorker talked about McConaughey 's physical transformation in his words , " It 's McConaughey 's spiritual transformation that is most remarkable . His gaze is at once desperate and challenging . " Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers said , " [ Matthew McConaughey 's ] explosive , unerring portrayal defines what makes an actor great , blazing commitment to a character and the range to make every nuance felt . " Film critic Rex Reed reviewed the film for The New York Observer and said , " Dallas Buyers Club represents the best of what independent film on a limited budget can achieve @-@ powerful , enlightening and not to be missed . " The Wrap 's Alonso Duralde said why he watched the film , " McConaughey is the only reason to see Dallas Buyers Club , but he 's enough of a reason to see Dallas Buyers Club . "
Film critic Betsy Sharkey reviewed for the Los Angeles Times , " [ McConaughey and Leto ] elevate the movie beyond ordinary biography or overplayed tragedy , and give Oscar @-@ worthy performances in the process . " Sharkey expressed her compliments about Leto 's performance , " Leto 's performance , though , is the revelation . ... It 's a hauntingly authentic performance ; the tailored suit he puts on to meet with his disapproving father is one of the film 's most moving scenes . " Peter Debruge of Variety said , " Matthew McConaughey and Jared Leto give terrific performances in this riveting and surprisingly relatable true story . "
Leto 's portrayal of Rayon , a drug @-@ addicted trans woman with AIDS who befriends McConaughey 's character Ron Woodroof , received critical acclaim . The writers created Rayon , to show " Woodroof 's gradual acceptance of a subculture he had dismissed . " Time 's Richard Corliss noted , " Leto captures the sweet intensity and almost saintly good humor of a glamorous , poignant and downright divoon creature — a blithe Camille who may surrender her health but never her panache . " Leto was awarded an Academy Award , Golden Globe , a Screen Actors Guild Award and a variety of film critics ' circle awards . After the 86th Academy Awards ceremony , the casting of a non @-@ transgender actor was critiqued as a missed opportunity , with some LGBT activists criticizing the choice as misogynistic . A guest blogger published on the L.A. Times website compared the issue to white actors appropriating , and exploiting , the roles of East Asians and Africans in the past ; and guest contributors noted in The Guardian and The Independent that transgender actors are often relegated to roles such as prostitutes , corpses and " freaks . "
= = = Accolades = = =
Dallas Buyers Club received six nominations at the 86th Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Actor for McConaughey , Best Supporting Actor for Leto , Best Original Screenplay , Best Film Editing for Martin Pensa and Vallée ( Vallée being credited under the pseudonym " John Mac McMurphy " ) , and Best Makeup and Hairstyling for Adruitha Lee and Robin Mathews . McConaughey and Leto won Academy Awards for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor , respectively – the first film since Mystic River 10 years earlier to receive both awards and only the fifth overall to do so . Lee and Mathews won the Academy Award for Best Makeup , although Mathews had a budget of only $ 250 .
The film received two Screen Actors Guild Awards , for Best Actor ( McConaughey ) and Best Supporting Actor ( Leto ) ; it was also nominated for Best Cast . At the 71st Golden Globe Awards McConaughey and Leto again won Best Actor – Motion Picture – Drama and Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture respectively . The film was also nominated for Best Original
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a 1911 American silent short sports film produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film stars William Garwood and is the debut of Marguerite Snow . The film focuses on a female seminary which organizes a baseball club and challenges another school to a game . The boys accept to the game with amusement and find that the women are not good at baseball . Two Harvard University baseball stars join the ranks of the girls in disguise and defeat the boys team . The script may have been written by Lloyd Lonergan and the film may have been directed by Barry O 'Neil or Lucius J. Henderson . The film was released on January 6 , 1911 and it received positive reviews . The film is presumed lost .
= = Plot = =
Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from January 7 , 1911 . It states , " Miss Street 's Seminary for Girls has a very ambitious class of pupils . The young athletes , not content with basketball and tennis , aspire to shine in the great American game , and organize a baseball club . They are so satisfied with themselves that they finally send a challenge to Adair College , which has a crowd of husky young athletes in a club that thinks it amounts to something . When the challenge is received , the boys are first angry , then amused . They decide to accept it , to have fun with the girls . The young women , after some practice , realize that their team , while it may be pretty to look at , is of little real use on the diamond . And the prospect makes them weep . Fortunately for the girls , Jack , the brother of the president , arrives from Harvard . His chum , Jim , is with him . These two young men are baseball stars themselves , and when they are told of the predicament of the girls , they goodnaturedly offer to help them out . The university men disguise themselves as girls , act as battery for the young women , and the college boys , who had looked for a laughable victory , are mowed down , inning after inning , because of the work of pitcher Jack and catcher Jim . The other members of the ' girl ' team have nothing to do except look pretty . When the boy athletes have retired from the field vanquished , the girls reward their battery with one kiss - only one - from each of the other seven players . "
= = Cast = =
William Garwood
Marguerite Snow
= = Production = =
The writer of the scenario was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film director may have been Barry O 'Neil or Lucius J. Henderson . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions though cameramen employed by the company during this era included Blair Smith , Alfred H. Moses , Jr. and Carl Louis Gregory . The other cast credits are unknown , but many Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list includes G.W. Abbe , Justus D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie Eline , Violet Heming , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna Rosemond , and Mrs. George Walters .
This film is important for being the debut of Marguerite Snow , who would become one of the most important actresses for the company . In an interview by Johnson Briscoe , Snow said that her career as an actress was an accidental one . A girl friend of hers suggested she come to the studio to see how motion pictures are made . There at the studio , Edwin Thanhouser asked her if she wanted to be in the film . Snow accepted and she took part in the production until the director asked them to go outside to shoot another scene . Snow then protested about going outside in such a costume and in winter and proceeded home . A week later she received a phone call and ended up working for six more months before temporarily returning to the stage . Another baseball related film would be released later that year by the Thanhouser Company , The Baseball Bug .
= = Release and reception = =
The single reel comedy , approximately 1 @,@ 000 feet long , was released on January 6 , 1911 . The film had a wide national release ; advertising theaters are known in Indiana , North Carolina , South Dakota , Iowa , Pennsylvania , and Texas . In Arizona , the film would be advertised by one theatre as Baseball Bloomers and it appears to also have been the case in another Kansas theater . The film would also be shown in Hawaii in August 1912 .
The New York Dramatic Mirror gave a brief summary and review of the film and gave minor praise for the production . The reviewer wrote , " The details of this comedy are well worked out , and it is good for a portion of genuine laughs . The girls of Miss Street 's Seminary become so elated over their success in the gymnasium that they feel impelled to branch out , and accordingly they challenge the boys of Adair College to a game of ball . At the last moment the girls feel like backing out , when two of Cornell 's star baseball players arrive in town . They agree to pitch and catch for the girls , who give them bloomers and rats from their hair for disguise . At the eighth inning the score was 0 to 0 . By the ninth it was 0 to 2 , in favor of Miss Street 's Seminary for Girls . The nine girls then showed their gratitude by giving the pitcher and catcher a round of kisses , while the Adair College boys stood off at a respectful distance . The actors were equal to the occasion . " The Billboard affirmed by stating , " Thanhouser producers have again placed a picture of originality on the market in Baseball and Bloomers . It is a farce pure and simple , but it offers many laughable situations . The acting is generally good , but in a few instances scenes were overacted . "
= Drexel 4257 =
Drexel 4257 , also known by an inscription on its first page , " John Gamble , his booke , amen 1659 " is a music manuscript commonplace book . It is the largest collection of English songs from the first half to the middle of the 17th century , and is an important source for studying vocal music in its transition from Renaissance music to Baroque music in England . Many songs also provide commentary on contemporary political events leading up to the Restoration .
Belonging to the New York Public Library , it forms part of the Music Division 's Drexel Collection , located at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts . Following traditional library practice , its name is derived from its call number .
= = Historical context = =
Before researchers took active interest in it , the field of 1
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7th @-@ century British song had not been investigated . Music historian Charles Burney had a negative opinion towards British vocal music in this period . That attitude was carried through the beginning of the 20th century , where in the first edition of the Oxford History of Music , Hubert Parry stated that English composers ' sense of musical line was deficient .
Vincent Duckles thought one reason for the negative attitude might have been the lack of published sources : Between 1627 ( the publication date of John Hilton 's Ayres or Fa @-@ las ) and 1651 ( John Playford 's Musical Banquet ) , there appeared only a single publication of British vocal music : Walter Porter 's Madrigales and Ayres of 1632 .
Scholarly work on Drexel 4257 was one of the major reasons for a change in attitude . With over 320 songs , 250 of which contain music , it is " the largest single body of early 17th @-@ century English songs that we know . " " The composers ... all belonged to the small world of court musicians that suffered disruption during the English Civil War and the Commonwealth of England . Some began their careers late in the reign of James I , most saw service in court of Charles I , and a few survived to return to their posts at the invitation of Charles II . " For the most part , their active careers were over by 1660 or shortly thereafter .
The compiler ( or compilers ) was not an antiquarian : this collection of songs was intended for practical use , and represents the generation of English composers active between 1630 and1660 . As such , Drexel 4257 " stands as the record of English musical and literary taste as it developed over a period of some thirty years , " moving from the late Jacobean era to Restoration periods . Though its musical contents may sometimes be variable , its main interest is that , as a document of its time , it reflects contemporary taste , offering comments on contemporary events and references to the past .
By virtue of its repertoire and of the period covered , Drexel 4257 is closely related to other 17th @-@ century English music manuscripts : 2240 ( British Library Deposit ) , Drexel 4041 ( New York Public Library ) , Don.c.57 ( Bodleian Library ) , Add . 29 @,@ 396 ( British Library ) , Add . 11 @,@ 608 ( British Library ) , MS B.1 ( Bodleian Library ) , Add . 31432 ( British Library ) , Add . 10337 ( British Library ) , F.5.13 ( Trinity College , Dublin ) , Egerton 2013 ( British Library ) , Drexel 4175 ( New York Public Library ) , Add 29381 ( British Library ) , MS 1041 ( Lambeth Palace Library ) , and MS 87 ( Christ Church Library ) .
= = General and physical description = =
The binding of Drexel 4257 measures 30 @.@ 3 × 20 × 4 @.@ 7 centimetres ( 11 @.@ 9 × 7 @.@ 9 × 1 @.@ 9 in ) . It contains 227 leaves which measure 29 @.@ 5 × 19 centimetres ( 11 @.@ 6 × 7 @.@ 5 in ) ( the leaves ' varying length can add or subtract several millimeters to their respective measurement ) . As the image at left indicates , the volume was rebound on December 6 , 1944 by Neumann Leathers of Hoboken , New Jersey . The folios are not numbered , but each song is numbered . Using different methods of enumeration , scholars have disagreed on how many songs are contained in the manuscript . Hughes wrote that the collection contained 246 songs , 146 of which are by unidentified composers , but he was only counting songs with " a musical setting sufficiently complete to make identification possible . " Duckles claimed there were 325 different songs numbered 1 through 329 : two songs occur twice ( " Keepe on yor vayle and hide yor Eye " nos . 134
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and 237 , and " If thou wilt loue me I 'le loue thee " nos . 174 and 215 ) . Additionally , nos . 275 ( " Stay , stay , prate noe more " ) and 324 ( " I haue reason to Fly thee " ) are satirical replies to anti @-@ Royalist lyrics not included in the manuscript . No. 206 is blank and not identified in the index , and the song " Why sligh 'stt thou her whome I aproue " is both nos . 222 and 223 . There are also two songs listed in the index for which no space was allotted . For Duckles , eighty @-@ five of the 325 songs are lacking music and have either just titles , or titles and lyrics only . Elise Bickford Jorgens counted 327 songs , including songs listed in at least one of the two tables of contents but for which there is no music . ( This article and the table below uses Jorgens ' enumeration . )
The breakdown of the 97 songs by known composers is as follows : John Gamble ( 28 ) , Henry Lawes ( 28 ) , William Lawes ( 10 ) , John Wilson ( 11 ) , William Webb ( 8 ) , Thomas Brewer ( 3 ) , Robert Smith ( 2 ) , Nicholas Lanier ( 2 ) , Walter Youckney ( 2 ) , Robert Johnson ( 1 ) , John Withy ( 1 ) , and Charles Coleman ( 1 ) .
Folio 1 verso contains a bawdy lyric followed by the inscription written twice , " John Gamble his booke amen 1 @-@ 6 @-@ 5 @-@ 9 an [ n ] o Domini . " The material on Folio 2 recto is from a later date . The upper half of the page contains an engraved portrait of Gamble , printed by W. Richardson in 1795 , pasted in . The lower portion contains a brief biographical inscription concerning Gamble in the hand of the former owner , Edward F. Rimbault . A note giving a brief description of the contents has been tipped in near the center of the binding .
There are two tables of contents . The first , with the heading " The Cattalogue " on folios 3r @-@ 5r , is a numbered list of songs from 1 through 266 . Starting with song no . 201 , the style
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season Formby appeared in his first pantomime , Babes in the Wood , in Bolton , after which he toured with the George Formby Road Show around the north of England , with Beryl acting as the commère ; the show also toured in 1934 .
= = = Burgeoning film career : 1934 – 40 = = =
With Formby 's growing success on stage , Beryl decided it was time for him to move into films . In 1934 she approached the producer Basil Dean , the head of Associated Talking Pictures ( ATP ) . Although he expressed an interest in Formby , he did not like the associated demands from Beryl . She also met the representative of Warner Bros. in the UK , Irving Asher , who was dismissive , saying that Formby was " too stupid to play the bad guy and too ugly to play the hero " . Three weeks later Formby was approached by John E. Blakeley of Blakeley 's Productions , who offered him a one @-@ film deal .
The film , Boots ! Boots ! , was shot on a budget of £ 3 @,@ 000 in a one @-@ room studio in Albany Street , London . Formby played the John Willie character , while Beryl also appeared , and the couple were paid £ 100 for the two weeks ' work , plus 10 per cent of the profits . The film followed a revue format , and Jo Botting , writing for the British Film Institute , describes it as having a " wafer @-@ thin plot " that is " almost incidental " . Botting also considers the film has " poor sound quality , static scene set @-@ ups and [ a ] lack of sets " , and while it did not impress the critics , audience figures were high . Formby followed this up with Off the Dole in 1935 , again for Blakeley , who had re @-@ named his company Mancunian Films . The film cost £ 3 @,@ 000 to make , and earned £ 80 @,@ 000 at the box office . As with Boots ! Boots ! , the film was in a revue format , and Formby again played John Willie , with Beryl as his co @-@ star . According to Formby 's biographer , Jeffrey Richards , the two films for Blakeley " are an invaluable record of the pre @-@ cinematic Formby at work " .
The success of the pictures led Dean to offer Formby a seven @-@ year contract with ATP , which resulted in the production of 11 films , although Dean 's fellow producer , Michael Balcon , considered Formby to be " an odd and not particularly loveable character " . The first film from the deal was released in 1935 . No Limit features Formby as an entrant in the Isle of Man annual Tourist Trophy ( TT ) motorcycle race . Monty Banks directed , and Florence Desmond took the female lead . According to Richards , Dean did not try " to play down Formby 's Lancashire character " for
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the film , and employed Walter Greenwood , the Salford @-@ born author of the 1933 novel Love on the Dole , as the scriptwriter . Filming was troubled , with Beryl being difficult to everyone present . The writer Matthew Sweet describes the set as " a battleground " because of her actions , and Banks unsuccessfully requested that Dean bar Beryl from the studio . The Observer thought that parts of No Limit were " pretty dull stuff " , but the race footage was " shot and cut to a maximum of excitement " . Regarding the star of the film , the reviewer thought that " our Lancashire George is a grand lad ; he can gag and clown , play the banjo and sing with authority ... Still and all , he doesn 't do too bad . " The film was so popular it was reissued in 1938 , 1946 and 1957 .
The formula used for No Limit was repeated in his following works : Formby played " the urban ' little man ' defeated — but refusing to admit it " . He portrayed a good @-@ natured , but accident @-@ prone and incompetent Lancastrian , who was often in a skilled trade , or the services . The plots were geared to Formby trying to achieve success in a field unfamiliar to him ( in horse racing , the TT Races , as a spy or a policeman ) , and by winning the affections of a middle @-@ class girl in the process . Interspersed throughout each film is a series of songs by Formby , in which he plays the banjo , banjolele or ukulele . The songs are , in the words of the academic Brian McFarlane , " unpretentiously skilful in their balance between broad comedy and action , laced with ... [ Formby 's ] shy ordinariness " .
No Limit was followed by Keep Your Seats , Please in 1936 , which was again directed by Banks with Desmond returning as the co @-@ star . Tensions arose in pre @-@ production with Banks and some of the cast requesting to Dean that Beryl be banned from the set . Tempers had also become strained between Formby and Desmond , who were not on speaking terms except to film scenes . The situation became so bad that Dean avoided visiting his studios for the month of filming . The film contained the song " The Window Cleaner " ( popularly known as " When I 'm Cleaning Windows " ) , which was soon banned by the BBC . The corporation 's director John Reith stated that " if the public wants to listen to Formby singing his disgusting little ditty , they 'll have to be content to hear it in the cinemas , not over the nation 's airwaves " ; Formby and Beryl were furious with the block on the song . In May 1941 Beryl informed the BBC that the song was a favourite of the royal family , particularly Queen Mary , while a statement by Formby pointed out that " I sang it before the King and Queen at the Royal Variety Performance " . The BBC relented and started to broadcast the song .
When production finished on Keep Your Seats , Please , Beryl insisted that for the next film there should be " no Eye @-@ Ties [ sic ] and stuck @-@ up little trollops involved " , referring to Banks and Desmond , respectively . Dean had tired of the on @-@ set squabbles , and for the third ATP film , Feather Your Nest , he appointed William Beaudine as the director , and Polly Ward , the niece of the music hall star Marie Lloyd , as the female lead . Bret describes the songs in the film as " comparatively bland " , but " with the exception of the one which would become immortal " : " Leaning on a Lamp @-@ post " .
By the time of the next production , Keep Fit in 1937 , Dean had begun to assemble a special team at Ealing Studios to help develop and produce the Formby films ; key among the members were the director Anthony Kimmins , who went on to direct five of Formby 's films . Kay Walsh was cast as the leading lady and , in the absences of Beryl from the set , Formby and Walsh had an affair , after she fell for his " flirtatious behaviour off @-@ camera " . Although Beryl was furious with Walsh , and tried to have her removed from the film , a showdown with Dean proved fruitless . Dean informed her that Walsh was to remain the lead in both Keep Fit , and in Formby 's next film ( I See Ice , 1938 ) ; to mollify her Dean raised Formby 's fee for the latter film to £ 25 @,@ 000 .
When filming concluded on I See Ice , Formby spent the 1937 summer season performing in the revue King Cheer at the Opera House Theatre , Blackpool , before appearing in a 12 @-@ minute slot in the Royal Variety Performance at the London Palladium that November . The popularity of his performances meant that in 1937 he was the top British male star in box office takings , a position he held every subsequent year until 1943 . Additionally , between 1938 and 1942 he was also the highest @-@ paid entertainer in Britain , and by the end of the 1930s was earning £ 100 @,@ 000 a year . In early 1938 Dean informed the Formbys that in the next film , It 's in the Air , Banks would return to direct and Walsh would again be the leading lady . Beryl objected strongly , and Kimmins continued his directorial duties , while Ward was brought in for the female lead . Beryl , as she did with all Formby 's female co @-@ stars , " read the ' keep @-@ your @-@ hands @-@ off @-@ my @-@ husband ' riot act " to the actress . In May , while filming It 's in the Air , Formby purchased a Rolls @-@ Royce , with the personalised number plate GF 1 . Every year afterwards he would purchase either a new Rolls Royce or Bentley , buying 26 over the course of his life .
In the autumn of 1938 Formby began work on Trouble Brewing , released the following year with 19 @-@ year @-@ old Googie Withers as the female lead ; Kimmins again directed . Withers later recounted that Formby did not speak to her until , during a break in filming when Beryl was not present , he whispered out of the corner of his mouth " I 'm sorry , love , but you know , I 'm not allowed to speak to you " , something she thought was " very sweet " . His second release of 1939 — shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War — was Come On George ! , which cast Pat Kirkwood in the female lead ; the pair disliked each other intensely , and neither of the Formbys liked several of the other senior cast members . Come On George ! was screened for troops serving in France before being released in Britain .
= = = Second World War : service with ENSA = = =
At the outbreak of the Second World War Dean left ATP and became the head of the Entertainments National Service Association ( ENSA ) , the organisation that provided entertainment to the British Armed Forces . Over the course of five months Formby requested to sign up for ENSA , but was denied
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; Dean relented in February 1940 , and Formby was signed on a fixed salary of £ 10 per week , although he still remained under contact to ATP . He undertook his first tour in France in March , where he performed for members of the British Expeditionary Force .
The social research organisation Mass @-@ Observation recorded that Formby 's first film of 1940 , Let George Do It ! , gave a particularly strong boost to early @-@ war British civilian morale . In a dream sequence after being drugged , Formby 's character parachutes into a Nuremberg Rally and punches Hitler . According to Richards , the scene provided " the visual encapsulation of the people 's war with the English Everyman flooring the Nazi Superman " . The scene was so striking that the film became Formby 's first international release , in the US , under the title To Hell With Hitler , and in Moscow — where it was released in 1943 under the title Dinky Doo — it was shown to packed houses and received record box @-@ office takings for over ten months . The critics also praised the film , and the Kinematograph Weekly called it Formby 's " best performance to date " , and the film , " a box office certainty " .
Formby 's ENSA commitments were heavy , touring factories , theatres and concert halls around Britain . He also gave free concerts for charities and worthy causes , and raised £ 10 @,@ 000 for the Fleetwood Fund on behalf of the families of missing trawlermen . He and Beryl also set up their own charities , such as the OK Club for Kids , whose aim was to provide cigarettes for Yorkshire soldiers , and the Jump Fund , to provide home @-@ knitted balaclavas , scarves and socks to servicemen . Formby also joined the Home Guard as a dispatch rider , where he took his duties seriously , and fitted them around his other work whenever he could .
Formby continued filming with ATP , and his second film of 1940 , Spare a Copper , was again focused on an aspect of the war , this time combating fifth columnists and saboteurs in a Merseyside dockyard . Cinema @-@ goers had begun to tire of war films , and his next venture , Turned Out Nice Again returned to less contentious issues , with Formby 's character caught in a domestic battle between his new wife and mother . Early in the filming schedule , he took time to perform in an ENSA show that was
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Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup ( 1968 and 1971 ) , FA Cup ( 1972 ) , League Cup ( 1968 ) , and Charity Shield ( 1969 ) . The club also finished second in numerous competitions , doing so in the league five times and ending as runners @-@ up in seven cup finals , including the 1975 European Cup . He was also named as the FWA Footballer of the Year in 1970 and was listed on the PFA Team of the Year in 1973 – 74 . He has since been voted Leeds United 's greatest player of all time and has a statue outside the South East corner of Elland Road . He has also been included in the Football League 100 Legends and is a member of both the English Football Hall of Fame and Scottish Football Hall of Fame .
He spent 1976 to 1978 at Hull City , before being appointed player @-@ manager at Doncaster Rovers in November 1978 . He spent seven years at the helm , guiding the club to promotion out of the Fourth Division in 1980 – 81 and 1983 – 84 , before he took on the managers job at Leeds United in October 1985 . He could not get the club promoted back into the top @-@ flight and left the club in September 1988 . He returned to Doncaster in July 1989 , ending his second spell in charge in November 1991 .
He is on the Scotland national football team roll of honour due to having won more than 50 caps for Scotland . He captained his country at the 1974 FIFA World Cup , where Scotland left at the Group Stages despite going unbeaten in the competition .
= = Club career = =
= = = Leeds United = = =
Born in Stirling , Stirlingshire , Scotland , to James and Bridget Bremner , he attended St Modan 's High School and represented Scotland Schoolboys . His father forbade him from joining Celtic as he did not want him involved in the religion @-@ based rivalry with Rangers , and Bremner rejected both Arsenal and Chelsea as he did not enjoy his stay in London during trial spells with the two clubs , and was instead convinced to join Bill Lambton 's Leeds United in 1959 . He joined along with his friend Tommy Henderson , who would return to Scotland due to homesickness without making a first team debut . Manager Jack Taylor gave him his debut at outside @-@ right in a 3 – 1 win against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge , at the age of 17 years and 47 days ; Yorkshire Evening Post reporter Phil Brown noted that Bremner showed " enthusiasm , guts , intelligence , most accurate use of the ball and unselfishness " despite poor weather conditions . A Sunday Times headline later dubbed him as " 10st of barbed wire " due to his tenacity and tough tackling . Regular outside @-@ right Chris Crowe was sold to Blackburn Rovers in March 1960 , allowing Bremner to take his place on a permanent basis . However , Leeds went on to be relegated from the First Division at the end of the 1959 – 60 season .
Dropped following an opening day defeat to Liverpool at Anfield , Bremner had to win back his first team place later in the 1960 – 61 season after meeting with Jack Taylor to explain his frustration at being left out of the team . Taylor resigned in March 1961 , and player Don Revie was promoted to manager . Revie rejected an approach of £ 25 @,@ 000 from Hibernian for Bremner , despite the player wanting to return to Scotland to be with his fiancée . Leeds struggled in the 1961 – 62 campaign , finishing just three points above the Second Division relegation zone , despite 12 goals in 45 appearances from Bremner , who finished as the club 's joint top @-@ scorer alongside centre @-@ half Jack Charlton . One bright spot was the signing of Bobby Collins in March , who helped form the " win @-@ at @-@ all @-@ costs " attitude that defined Leeds and Bremner throughout the rest of Revie 's 13 years as manager .
United had a more promising 1962 – 63 campaign , finishing four points shy of promotion , though Bremner was limited to 24 appearances . He was out of form and dropped from the first team during the end of season run @-@ in , which contained a disproportionately large number of games due to the high level of postponements that occurred during the harsh winter . Revie moved Bremner to central midfield , and bought Manchester United 's Johnny Giles to create what would prove to be one of the most highly effective central midfield partnerships of the next 12 years . With Bremner , Collins and Giles in midfield , Leeds went on to win promotion as champions in the 1963 – 64 season . The club won no friends in doing so however , and the following summer were labelled by the Football Association 's own FA News as " the dirtiest [ team ] in the Football League . In November of the 1964 – 65 season Bremner featured heavily in a win at Everton that was marred by violent clashes on the pitch , the game was stopped for a short spell ten minutes before half @-@ time as the referee felt that a spell of cooling down was needed to prevent further violence ; despite the referee only giving 12 Leeds fouls to Everton 's 19 the match helped to cement United 's reputation as a dirty and overly physical team . A run of victories put the club top by the new year , however they lost the title on goal average to Manchester United after drawing the last game of the season with already @-@ relegated Birmingham City . The Manchester club would become a keen rival , one which intensified after Leeds knocked them out of the FA Cup at the semi @-@ finals after two physical encounters . Leeds faced Liverpool in the final at Wembley , and the game went to extra @-@ time after a 0 – 0 draw ; Bremner scored a half @-@ volley in the 100th minute to cancel out Roger Hunt 's opener , but Ian St John won the game for Liverpool in the 113th minute .
In October 1965 , Leeds skipper Collins was injured in an Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup game against Torino and Revie gave the captaincy to Bremner after initially handing the armband to Charlton for the remainder of the season ; Charlton was keen to give up the captaincy as it prevented his superstitious ritual of coming out of the tunnel last on match days . Revie and Bremner had a strong bond of trust , which was why the manager gave him the captaincy at such a young age . Leeds finished second in the league in the 1965 – 66 campaign to Liverpool , who had finished six points clear at the top .
A poor start to the 1966 – 67 season prevented another push for the title , and Leeds eventually finished in fourth place . They made it to the FA Cup semi @-@ finals , before Chelsea knocked them out with a 1 – 0 win . In Europe they beat DWS ( Netherlands ) , Valencia ( Spain ) , Bologna ( Italy ) and Kilmarnock ( Scotland ) to reach the Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup final against Din
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discourse for pathologising the female .
This gender discrepancy is often distorted in specific populations where rates of self @-@ harm are inordinately high , which may have implications on the significance and interpretation of psychosocial factors other than gender . A study in 2003 found an extremely high prevalence of self @-@ harm among 428 homeless and runaway youths ( aged 16 – 19 ) with 72 % of males and 66 % of females reporting a history of self @-@ harm . However , in 2008 , a study of young people and self @-@ harm saw the gender gap close , with 32 % of young females , and 22 % of young males admitting to self @-@ harm . Studies also indicate that males who self @-@ harm may also be at a greater risk of completing suicide .
There does not appear to be a difference in motivation for self @-@ harm in adolescent males and females . For example , for both genders there is an incremental increase in deliberate self @-@ harm associated with an increase in consumption of cigarettes , drugs and alcohol . Triggering factors such as low self @-@ esteem and having friends and family members who self @-@ harm are also common between both males and females . One limited study found that , among those young individuals who do self @-@ harm , both genders are just as equally likely to use the method of skin @-@ cutting . However , females who self @-@ cut are more likely than males to explain their self @-@ harm episode by saying that they had wanted to punish themselves . In New Zealand , more females are hospitalised for intentional self @-@ harm than males . Females more commonly choose methods such as self @-@ poisoning that generally are not fatal , but still serious enough to require hospitalisation .
= = = Elderly = = =
In a study of a district general hospital in the UK , 5 @.@ 4 % of all the hospital 's self @-@ harm cases were aged over 65 . The male to female ratio was 2 : 3 although the self @-@ harm rates for males and females over 65 in the local population were identical . Over 90 % had depressive conditions , and 63 % had significant physical illness . Under 10 % of the patients gave a history of earlier self @-@ harm , while both the repetition and suicide rates were very low , which could be explained by the absence of factors known to be associated with repetition , such as personality disorder and alcohol abuse . However , NICE Guidance on Self @-@ harm in the UK suggests that older people who self @-@ harm are at a greater risk of completing suicide , with 1 in 5 older people who self @-@ harm going on to end their life . A study completed in Ireland showed that older Irish adults have high rates of deliberate self @-@ harm , but comparatively low rates of suicide .
= = = Developing world = = =
Only recently have attempts to improve health in the developing world concentrated on not only physical illness but also mental health . Deliberate self @-@ harm is common in the developing world . Research into self @-@ harm in the developing world is however still very limited although an important case study is that of Sri Lanka , which is a country exhibiting a high incidence of suicide and self @-@ poisoning with agricultural pesticides or natural poisons . Many people admitted for deliberate self @-@ poisoning during a study by Eddleston et al. were young and few expressed a desire to die , but death was relatively common in the young in these cases . The improvement of medical management of acute poisoning in the developing world is poor and improvements are required in order to reduce mortality .
Some of the causes of deliberate self @-@ poisoning in Sri Lankan adolescents included bereavement and harsh discipline by parents . The coping mechanisms are being spread in local communities as people are surrounded by others who have previously deliberately harmed themselves or attempted suicide . One way of reducing self @-@ harm would be to limit access to poisons ; however many cases involve pesticides or yellow oleander seeds , and the reduction of access to these agents would be difficult . Great potential for the reduction of self @-@ harm lies in education and prevention , but limited resources in the developing world make these methods challenging .
= = = Prison inmates = = =
Deliberate self @-@ harm is especially prevalent in prison populations . A proposed explanation for this is that prisons are often violent places , and prisoners who wish to avoid physical confrontations may resort to self @-@ harm as a ruse , either to convince other prisoners that they are dangerously insane and resilient to pain or to obtain protection from the prison authorities .
= = History = =
Self @-@ harm is known to have been a regular ritual practice by cultures such as the ancient Maya civilization , in which the Maya priesthood performed auto @-@ sacrifice by cutting and piercing their bodies in order to draw blood . A reference to the priests of Baal " cutting themselves with blades until blood flowed " can be found in the Hebrew Bible . However , in Judaism , such self @-@ harm is forbidden under Mosaic law .
Self @-@ harm is also practised by the sadhu or Hindu ascetic , in Catholic mortification of the flesh , in ancient Canaanite mourning rituals as described in the Ras Shamra tablets and in the Shi 'ite annual ritual of self @-@ flagellation , using chains and swords , that takes place during Ashura where the Shi 'ite sect mourn the martyrdom of Imam Hussein .
The term " self @-@ mutilation " occurred in a study by L. E. Emerson in 1913 where he considered self @-@ cutting a symbolic substitution for masturbation . The term reappeared in an article in 1935 and a book in 1938 when Karl Menninger refined his conceptual definitions of self @-@ mutilation . His study on self @-@ destructiveness differentiated between suicidal behaviours and self @-@ mutilation . For Menninger , self @-@ mutilation was a non @-@ fatal expression of an attenuated death wish and thus coined the term partial suicide . He began a classification system of six types :
neurotic – nail @-@ biters , pickers , extreme hair removal and unnecessary cosmetic surgery .
religious – self @-@ flagellants and others .
puberty rites – hymen removal , circumcision or clitoral alteration .
psychotic – eye or ear removal , genital self @-@ mutilation and extreme amputation
organic brain diseases – which allow repetitive head @-@ banging , hand @-@ biting , finger @-@ fracturing or eye removal .
conventional – nail @-@ clipping , trimming of hair and shaving beards .
Pao ( 1969 ) differentiated between delicate ( low lethality ) and coarse ( high lethality ) self @-@ mutilators who cut . The " delicate " cutters were young , multiple episodic of superficial cuts and generally had borderline personality disorder diagnosis . The " coarse " cutters were older and generally psychotic . Ross and McKay ( 1979 ) categorized self @-@ mutilators into 9 groups : cutting , biting , abrading , severing , inserting , burning , ingesting or inhaling and hitting and constricting .
After the 1970s the focus of self @-@ harm shifted from Freudian psycho @-@ sexual drives of the patients .
Walsh and Rosen ( 1988 ) created four categories numbered by Roman numerals I – IV , defining Self @-@ mutilation as rows II , III and IV .
Favazza and Rosenthal ( 1993 ) reviewed hundreds of studies and divided self @-@ mutilation into two categories : culturally sanctioned self @-@ mutilation and deviant self @-@ mutilation . Favazza also created two sub
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RAF subsequently designated two more Rhodesian squadrons , namely No. 266 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron ( in 1940 ) and No. 44 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron ( 1941 ) , in a manner similar to the Article XV squadrons from Australia , Canada and New Zealand .
= = Africa and the Mediterranean = =
= = = Early deployments = = =
No. 237 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron , based in Kenya since before the start of the war , had expanded to 28 officers and 209 other ranks by March 1940 . By mid @-@ 1940 , most of the officers and men Southern Rhodesia had sent overseas were in Kenya , attached to various East African formations , the King 's African Rifles ( KAR ) , the RWAFF , or to the colony 's own Medical Corps or Survey Unit . The Southern Rhodesian surveyors charted the previously unmapped area bordering Abyssinia and Italian Somaliland between March and June 1940 , and the Medical Corps operated No. 2 General Hospital in Nairobi from July . A company of coloured and Indian @-@ descended Rhodesian transport drivers was also in the country , having arrived in January .
The first Southern Rhodesian contingent despatched to North Africa and the Middle East was a draft of 700 from the Rhodesia Regiment who left in April 1940 . No white Rhodesian force of this size had ever left the territory before . They were posted to a variety of British units across Egypt and Palestine . The largest concentration of Rhodesian soldiers in North Africa belonged to the King 's Royal Rifle Corps ( KRRC ) , whose connections with the colony dated back to World War I. Several Rhodesian platoons were formed in the KRRC 's 1st Battalion in the Western Desert . A company of men from the Southern Rhodesian Signal Corps was also present , operating in tandem with the British Royal Corps of Signals .
= = = East Africa = = =
Italy joined the war on Germany 's side on 10 June 1940 , opening the East African Campaign and the Desert War in North Africa . A Rhodesian @-@ led force of irregulars from the Somaliland Camel Corps — based in British Somaliland , on the Horn of Africa 's north coast — took part in one of the first clashes between British and Italian forces when it exchanged fire with an Italian banda ( irregular company ) around dawn on 11 June . Two days later three Caproni bombers of the
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western series Sugarfoot , and the part of Major Wilson was played by the South African actor Brian O 'Shaughnessy .
In late 1958 , Ernest Hemingway acquired the rights to produce a film version of Burnham 's memoirs , Scouting on Two Continents . CBS immediately contracted Hemingway to produce the film for television , with Gary Cooper expressing considerable interest in playing the part of Burnham . Hemingway was already behind schedule with other commitments , however , and no work had been done on the movie when he committed suicide in July 1961 .
Another epic film , On My Honor , was conceived and begun by Cecil B. DeMille . It was to document the founding of the Scouting movement but was left unfinished after DeMille died in January 1959 . The screenplay , by Jesse Lasky , Jr . , focused on Baden @-@ Powell , Burnham and other pioneers who were to have a major influence on Scouting . After DeMille 's death , associate producer Henry Wilcoxon continued to work on the film until 1962 , hiring Sydney Box to assist with the script . Starting in 2001 , producers Jerry Molen and Robert Starling began work to finish DeMille 's project , using an updated screenplay by Starling based on the earlier work of Lasky and Box .
In June 2014 , RatPac Entertainment and Class 5 Films acquired the non @-@ fiction article American Hippopotamus , by Jon Mooallem , about the meat shortage in the U.S. in 1910 and the attempts made by Burnham , Duquesne and Congressman Robert Broussard to import hippopotamuses into the Louisiana bayous and to convince Americans to eat them . The movie will highlight the Burnham - Duquesne rivalry . Edward Norton , William Migliore and Brett Ratner will produce this feature film .
= = Tributes = =
Sir H. Rider Haggard , inventor of the lost world literary genre , was heavily influenced by the larger than life adventures of his friend Burnham as he penned his fictional hero Allan Quatermain . There are many similarities between these two African explorers : both sought and discovered ancient treasures and civilizations , both battled large wild animals and native peoples , both were renowned for their ability to track , even at night , and both had similar nicknames : Quatermain was dubbed " Watcher @-@ by @-@ Night " , while Burnham was called " He @-@ who @-@ sees @-@ in @-@ the @-@ dark " .
To commemorate 100 years of Scouting , the BSA issued 100 bronze coins in 2007 featuring Burnham and Baden @-@ Powell . One side shows the bust of Burnham and is inscribed : " Major Frederick Russell Burnham " , " Father of Scouting " . Other side shows the bust of Baden @-@ Powell and is inscribed : " Col. Robert Baden @-@ Powell " , " Founder of Scouting " . The coins were distributed by the White Eagle District . Years earlier , the BSA helped create the Major Burnham Bowling Trophy , an annual bowling event sponsored by Union Oil and held in California . Serbelodon burnhami , an extinct gomphothere ( Shovel @-@ Tusker elephant ) from California , was named after Burnham . It was discovered by John C. Blick , the brother of Burnham 's first wife .
= Rock martin =
The rock martin ( Ptyonoprogne fuligula ) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family that is resident in central and southern Africa . It breeds mainly in the mountains , but also at lower altitudes , especially in rocky areas and around towns , and , unlike most swallows , it is often found far from water . It is 12 – 15 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 – 5 @.@ 9 in ) long , with mainly brown plumage , paler @-@ toned on the upper breast and underwing coverts , and with white " windows " on the spread tail in flight . The sexes are similar in appearance , but juveniles have pale fringes to the upperparts and flight feathers . The former northern subspecies are smaller , paler , and whiter @-@ throated than southern African forms , and are now usually split as a separate species , the pale crag martin . The rock martin hunts along cliff faces for flying insects using a slow flight with much gliding . Its call is a soft twitter .
This martin builds a deep bowl nest on a sheltered horizontal surface , or a neat quarter @-@ sphere against a vertical rock face or wall . The nest is constructed with mud pellets and lined with grass or feathers , and may be built on natural sites under cliff overhangs or on man @-@ made structures such as buildings , dam walls , culverts and bridges . It is often reused for subsequent broods or in later years . This species is a solitary breeder , and is not gregarious , but small groups may breed close together in suitable locations . The two or three eggs of a typical clutch are white with brown and grey blotches , and are incubated by both adults for 16 – 19 days prior to hatching . Both parents then feed the chicks . Fledging takes another 22 – 24 days , but the young birds will return to the nest to roost for a few days after the first flight .
This small martin is caught in flight by several fast , agile falcon species , such as hobbies , and it sometimes carries parasites , but it faces no major threats . Because of its range of nearly 10 million km2 ( 4 million sq mi ) and large , apparently stable , population , it is not seen as vulnerable and is assessed as least concern on the IUCN Red List .
= = Taxonomy = =
The rock martin was formally described in 1842 as Hirundo fuligula by German physician , explorer and zoologist Martin Lichtenstein and was moved to the new genus Ptyonoprogne by German ornithologist Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach in 1850 . Its nearest relatives are the three other members of the genus , the pale crag martin , P. obsoleta of
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running for a second term . The Grant and Wilson ticket was successful , and Wilson served as Vice President from March 4 , 1873 until his death on November 22 , 1875 . Wilson 's effectiveness as Vice President was limited after he suffered a debilitating stroke in May 1873 , and his health continued to decline until he was the victim of a fatal stroke while working in the United States Capitol in late 1875 .
Throughout his career , Wilson was known for championing causes that were at times unpopular , including the abolition of slavery and workers ' rights for both blacks and whites . Massachusetts politician George F. Hoar , who served in the United States House of Representatives while Wilson was a Senator , and later served in the Senate himself , believed Wilson to be the most skilled political organizer in the country . However , Wilson 's reputation for personal integrity and principled politics was somewhat damaged late in his Senate career by his involvement in the Crédit Mobilier scandal .
= = Early life and education = =
Henry Wilson was born in Farmington , New Hampshire on February 16 , 1812 , one of several children born to Winthrop and Abigail ( Witham ) Colbath . His father named him Jeremiah Jones Colbath after a wealthy neighbor who was a childless bachelor , vainly hoping that this gesture might result in an inheritance . Winthrop Colbath was a militia veteran of the War of 1812 who worked as a day laborer and hired himself out to local farms and businesses , in addition to occasionally running a sawmill .
The Colbath family was impoverished and , after a brief elementary education , at the age of 10 Wilson was indentured to a neighboring farmer , where he worked as a laborer for the next 10 years . During this time two neighbors gave him books and Wilson enhanced his meager education by reading extensively on English and American history and biography . At the end of his service he was given " six sheep and a yoke [ two ] of oxen . " Wilson immediately sold his animals for $ 85 , which was the first money he had earned during his indenture .
Wilson apparently did not like his birth name , though the reasons given vary . Some sources indicate that he was not close to his family , or disliked his name because of his father 's supposed intemperance and modest financial circumstances . Others indicate that he was called " Jed " and " Jerry " , and disliked the nicknames so much that he resolved to change his name . Whatever the reason , when he turned 21 he successfully petitioned the New Hampshire General Court to legally change it . He chose the name Henry Wilson , inspired either by a biography of a Philadelphia teacher or a portrait from a book on English clergymen .
( The ideas that his name change resulted from disrespect of his father or lack of closeness with his family seem to be belied by the fact that some of his relatives followed him after he relocated to Natick , Massachusetts , including brother George A. Colbath . In addition , Winthrop and Abigail Colbath moved to Natick in 1848 . Winthrop died in Natick in 1860 , and Abigail died there in 1866 . )
= = Career = =
After trying and failing to find work in New Hampshire , in 1833 Wilson walked more than one hundred miles to Natick , Massachusetts seeking employment or a trade . Having met William P. Legro , a shoemaker who was willing to train him , Wilson hired himself out for five months to learn to make leather shoes called brogans . Wilson learned the trade in a few weeks , bought out his employment contract for $ 15 , and opened his own shop , intending to save enough money to study law . Wilson had success as a shoemaker , and was able to save several hundred dollars in a relatively short time . This success gave rise to legends about Wilson 's skill ; according to one story that grew with retelling , he once attempted to make one hundred pairs of shoes without sleeping , and fell asleep with the one hundredth pair in his hand . Wilson 's shoe making experience led to the creation of the political nicknames his supporters later used to highlight his working class roots — the " Natick Cobbler " and the " Natick Shoemaker " .
During this time Wilson read extensively and joined the Natick Debating Society , where he developed into an accomplished speaker . Wilson 's health suffered as the result of the long hours he worked making shoes , and he traveled to Virginia to recuperate . During a stop in Washington , D.C. he heard Congressional debates on slavery and abolitionism , and observed African American families being separated as they were bought and sold in the Washington slave trade . Wilson resolved to dedicate himself " to the cause of emancipation in America " , and after regaining his health returned to New England , where he furthered his education by attending several New Hampshire academies including schools in Strafford , Wolfeboro , and Concord .
Having spent part of his savings on his traveling and schooling , and having lost some as the result of a loan that was not repaid , Wilson worked as a schoolteacher to get out of debt and begin saving money again , intending to start a business of his own . Beginning with an investment of only twelve dollars , Wilson started a shoe manufacturing company . This venture proved successful , and Wilson eventually employed over 100 workers .
= = Political career = =
Wilson became active politically as a Whig , and campaigned for William Henry Harrison in 1840 . He had joined the Whigs out of disappointment with the fiscal policies of Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren , and like most Whigs blamed Democrats Jackson and Van Buren for the Panic of 1837 . In 1840 he was also elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives , and served from 1841 to 1842 .
Wilson was a member of the Massachusetts State Senate from 1844 to 1846 and 1850 to 1852 . From 1851 to 1852 he was the Senate 's President .
As early as 1845 , Wilson had started to become disenchanted with the Whigs as the party attempted to compromise on the slavery issue , and as a Conscience Whig he took steps including the organization of a convention in Concord opposed to the annexation of Texas because it would expand slavery . As a result of this effort , in late 1845 Wilson and abolitionist John Greenleaf Whittier were chosen to submit in person a petition to Congress containing the signatures of 65 @,@ 000 Massachusetts residents opposed to Texas annexation .
Wilson was a delegate to the 1848 Whig National Convention , but left the party after it nominated slave owner Zachary Taylor for president and took no position on the Wilmot Proviso , which would have prohibited slavery in territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican @-@ American War . Wilson and Charles Allen , another Massachusetts delegate , withdrew from the convention , and called for a new meeting of anti @-@ slavery advocates in Buffalo , which launched the Free Soil Party .
Having left the Whig Party , Wilson worked to build coalitions with others opposed to slavery , including Free Soilers , anti @-@ slavery Democrats , Barnburners from New York 's Democratic Party , the Liberty Party , the anti @-@ slavery elements of the Whig Party , and anti @-@ slavery members of the Know Nothing or Native American Party . Although Wilson 's new political coalition was castigated by " straight party " adherents of the mainstream Democratic and Whig parties , in April 1851 it elected Free Soil candidate Charles Sumner to the U.S. Senate .
From 1848 to 1851 Wilson was the owner and editor of the Boston Republican , which from 1841 to 1848 was a Whig outlet , and from 1848 to 1851 was the main Free Soil Party newspaper .
During his service in the Massachusetts legislature , Wilson took note that participation in the state militia had declined , and that it was not in a state of readiness . In addition to undertaking legislative efforts to provide uniforms and other equipment , in 1843 Wilson joined the militia himself , becoming a Major in the 1st Artillery Regiment , which he later commanded with the rank of colonel . In 1846 Wilson was promoted to brigadier general as commander of the Massachusetts Militia 's 3rd Brigade , a position he held until 1852 .
= = = Offices = = =
In 1852 , Wilson was chairman of the Free Soil Party 's national convention in Pittsburgh , which nominated John P
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. Hale for president and George Washington Julian for vice president . Later that year he was a Free Soil candidate for U.S. Representative , and lost to Whig Tappan Wentworth . He was a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1853 , which proposed a series of political and governmental reforms that were defeated by voters in a post @-@ convention popular referendum . He ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Massachusetts as a Free Soil candidate in 1853 and 1854 , but declined to be a candidate again in 1855 because he had his sights set on the U.S. Senate .
= = = U.S. Senator ( 1855 – 1873 ) = = =
In 1855 Wilson was elected to the United States Senate by a coalition of Free @-@ Soilers , Know Nothings , and anti @-@ slavery Democrats , filling the vacancy caused by the resignation of Edward Everett . He had briefly joined the Know @-@ Nothings in an attempt to strengthen their anti @-@ slavery efforts , but aligned himself with the Republican Party at its creation , formed largely along the lines of the anti @-@ slavery coalition Wilson had helped develop and nurture . Wilson was reelected as a Republican in 1859 , 1865 and 1871 , and served from January 31 , 1855 to March 3 , 1873 , when he resigned in order to begin his vice presidential term on March 4 .
In his first Senate speech in 1855 , Wilson continued to align himself with the abolitionists , who wanted to immediately end slavery in the United States and its territories . In his speech , Wilson said he wanted to abolish slavery " wherever we are morally and legally responsible for its existence " including Washington D.C. Wilson also demanded repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 , believing the federal government should have no responsibility for enforcing slavery , and that once the act was repealed tensions between slavery proponents and opponents would abate , enabling those Southerners who opposed slavery to help end it in their own time .
On May 22 , 1856 Preston Brooks brutally assaulted Senator Charles Sumner on the Senate floor , leaving Sumner bloody and unconscious . Brooks had been upset over Sumner 's Crimes Against Kansas speech that denounced the Kansas @-@ Nebraska Act . After the beating , Sumner received medical treatment at the Capitol , following which Wilson and Nathaniel P. Banks , the Speaker of the House , aided Sumner to travel by carriage to his lodgings , where he received further medical attention . Wilson called the beating by Brooks " brutal , murderous , and cowardly " . Brooks immediately challenged Wilson to a duel . Wilson declined , saying that he could not legally or by personal conviction participate . In reference to a rumor that Brooks might attack Wilson in the Senate as he had attacked Sumner , Wilson told the press " I have sought no controversy , and I seek none , but I shall go where duty requires , uninfluenced by threats of any kind . " The rumors proved unfounded , and Wilson continued his Senate duties without incident .
The attack on Sumner took place just one day after pro @-@ slavery Missourians killed one person in the burning and sacking of Lawrence , Kansas . The attack on Sumner and the sacking of Lawrence were later viewed as two of the incidents which symbolized the " breakdown of reasoned discourse . " This phrase came to describe the period when activists and politicians moved past the debate of anti @-@ slavery and pro @-@ slavery speeches and non @-@ violent actions , and into the realm of physical violence , which in part hastened the onset of the American Civil War .
In June 1858 Wilson made a Senate speech in which he suggested corruption in the government of California and inferred complicity on the part of Senator William M. Gwin , a pro @-@ slavery Democrat who had served as a member of Congress from Mississippi before moving to California . Gwin accused Wilson of demagoguery , and Wilson responded by saying he 'd rather be thought a demagogue than a thief . Gwin then challenged Wilson to a duel , but in fact neither Gwin nor Wilson wanted to follow through . After several attempts to find a face @-@ saving compromise , Gwin and Wilson agreed to refer their dispute to three senators who would serve as mediators . William H. Seward , John J. Crittenden and Jefferson Davis were chosen , and produced an acceptable solution . At their instigation , Wilson stated to the Senate that he had not meant to impugn Gwin 's honor , and Gwin replied by saying that he had not meant to question Wilson 's motives . In addition , the mediators caused to be removed from the Senate record both Gwin 's remarks about demagoguery and Wilson 's suggestion that Gwin was a thief .
= = Civil War = =
During the American Civil War , Wilson was Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs and the Militia , and later the Committee on Military Affairs . In that capacity , he oversaw action on over 15 @,@ 000 War and Navy Department nominations that Abraham Lincoln submitted during the course of the war , and worked closely with him on legislation affecting the Army and Navy .
In the summer of 1861 , after the congressional session ended , Wilson returned to Massachusetts and recruited and equipped nearly 2 @,@ 300 men in forty days . They were mustered in as the 22nd Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry , which he commanded from September 27 to October 29 , an honor sometimes accorded to the individual responsible for raising and equipping a regiment . After the war he became an early member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States .
Wilson 's experience in the militia , service with the 22nd Massachusetts , and chairmanship of the Military Affairs Committee provided him with more practical military knowledge and training than any other Senator . He made use of this experience throughout the war to frame , explain , defend and advocate for legislation on military matters , including enlistment of soldiers and sailors , and organizing and supplying the rapidly expanding Union Army and Union Navy .
Winfield Scott , the Commanding General of the United States Army since 1841 , said that during the session of Congress that ended in the Spring of 1861 Wilson had done more work " then all the chairmen of the military committees had done for the last 20 years . " On January 27 , 1862 Simon Cameron , the recently resigned Secretary of War echoed Scott 's sentiments when he said that " no man , in my opinion , in the whole country , has done more to aid the war department in preparing the mighty [ Union ] army now under arms than yourself [ Wilson ] . "
= = = Greenhow controversy = = =
In July 1861 Wilson was present for the Civil War 's first major battle at Bull Run Creek in Manassas , Virginia , an event which many senators , representatives , newspaper reporters , and Washington society elite traveled from the city to observe in anticipation of a quick Union victory . Riding out in a carriage in the early morning , Wilson brought a picnic hamper of sandwiches to feed Union troops . However , the battle turned into a Confederate rout , forcing Union troops to make a panicky retreat . Caught up in the chaos , Wilson was almost captured by the Confederates , while his carriage was crushed , and he had to make an embarrassing return to Washington on foot . The result of this battle had a sobering effect on many in the North , causing widespread realization that Union victory would not be won without a prolonged struggle .
In seeking to place blame for the Union defeat , some in Washington spread rumors that Wilson had revealed plans for the Union invasion of Virginia to Washington society figure and southern spy Rose O 'Neal Greenhow . According to the story , although he was married , Wilson had seen a great deal of Mrs. Greenhow , and may have told her about the plans of Major General Irvin McDowell , which Mrs. Greenhow then conveyed to Confederate forces under Major General Pierre Beauregard . One Wilson biography suggests someone else — Wilson 's Senate clerk Horace White — was also friendly with Mrs. Greenhow and could have leaked the invasion plan , although it is also possible that neither Wilson nor White did so .
= = = Equal rights activism = = =
On December 16 , 1861 Wilson introduced a bill to abolish slavery in Washington D.C. something he had desired to do since his visit to the nation 's capital 25 years earlier . At this time fugitive slaves from the war were being held in prisons of Washington D.C. and faced the possibility of return to their owners . Wilson said of his bill that it would " blot out slavery forever from the nation 's capital " . The measure met bitter opposition from the Democrats who remained in the Senate after those from the southern states vacated their seats to join the Confederacy , but it passed . After passage in the House , President Lincoln signed Wilson 's bill into law on April 16 , 1862 .
On July 8 , 1862 Wilson drafted a measure that authorized the President to enlist African Americans who had been held in slavery and were deemed competent for military service , and employ them to construct fortifications and carry out other military @-@ related manual labor
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laughingly dismissed as too small . He then worked for the Logansport Journal , and taught himself shorthand reporting , becoming in 1883 official court reporter for the Cass County Circuit Court . Landis later wrote , " I may not have been much of a judge , nor baseball official , but I do pride myself on having been a real shorthand reporter . " He served in that capacity until 1886 . In his spare time , he became a prize @-@ winning bicycle racer and played on and managed a baseball team . Offered a professional contract as a ballplayer , he turned it down , stating that he preferred to play for the love of the game .
In 1886 , Landis first ventured into Republican Party politics , supporting a friend , Charles F. Griffin , for Indiana Secretary of State . Griffin won , and Landis was rewarded with a civil service job in the Indiana Department of State . While employed there , he applied to be an attorney . At that time , in Indiana , an applicant needed only to prove that he was 21 and of good moral character , and Landis was admitted . Landis opened a practice in Marion , Indiana but attracted few clients in his year of work there . Realizing that an uneducated lawyer was unlikely to build a lucrative practice , Landis enrolled at Cincinnati 's YMCA Law School ( now part of the University of Cincinnati ) in 1889 . Landis transferred to Union Law School ( now part of Northwestern University ) the following year , and in 1891 , he took his law degree from Union and was admitted to the Illinois Bar . He began a practice in Chicago , served as an assistant instructor at Union and with fellow attorney Clarence Darrow helped found the nonpartisan Chicago Civic Centre Club , devoted to municipal reform . Landis practiced with college friend Frank O. Lowden ; the future commissioner and his law partner went into debt to impress potential clients , buying a law library secondhand .
= = = Washington years and aftermath ( 1893 – 1905 ) = = =
In March 1893 , President Grover Cleveland appointed federal judge Walter Q. Gresham as his Secretary of State , and Gresham hired Landis as his personal secretary . Gresham had a long career as a political appointee in the latter part of the 19th century ; though he lost his only two bids for elective office , he served in three Cabinet positions and was twice a dark horse candidate for the Republican presidential nomination . Although Gresham was a Republican , he had supported Cleveland ( a Democrat ) in the 1892 election because of his intense dislike for the Republican nominee , President Benjamin Harrison . Kenesaw Landis had appeared before Judge Gresham in court . According to Landis biographer J.G. Taylor Spink , Gresham thought Landis " had something on the ball " and believed that Landis 's shorthand skills would be of use .
In Washington , Landis worked hard to protect Gresham 's interests in the State Department , making friends with many members of the press . He was less popular among many of the Department 's senior career officials , who saw him as brash . When word leaked concerning President Cleveland 's Hawaiian policy , the President was convinced Landis was the source of the information and demanded his dismissal . Gresham defended Landis , stating that Cleveland would have to fire both of them , and the President relented , later finding out that he was mistaken in accusing Landis . President Cleveland grew to like Landis , and when Gresham died in 1895 , offered Landis the post of United States Ambassador to Venezuela . Landis declined the diplomatic post , preferring to return to Chicago to begin a law practice and to marry Winifred Reed , daughter of the Ottawa , Illinois postmaster . The two married July 25 , 1895 ; they had two surviving children , a boy , Reed , and a girl , Susanne — a third child , Winifred , died almost immediately after being born .
Landis built a corporate law practice in Chicago ; with the practice doing well , he deeply involved himself in Republican Party politics . He built a close association with his friend Lowden and served as his campaign manager for governor of Illinois in 1904 . Lowden was defeated , but would later serve two terms in the office and be a major contender for the 1920 Republican presidential nomination . A seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois was vacant ; President Theodore Roosevelt offered it to Lowden , who declined it and recommended Landis . Other recommendations from Illinois politicians followed , and Roosevelt nominated Landis for the seat . According to Spink , President Roosevelt wanted " a tough judge and a man sympathetic with his viewpoint in that important court " ; Lowden and Landis were , like Roosevelt , on the progressive left of the Republican Party . On March 18 , 1905 , Roosevelt transmitted the nomination to the Senate , which confirmed Landis the same afternoon , without any committee hearing .
= = Judge ( 1905 – 1922 ) = =
Landis 's courtroom , room 627 in the Chicago Federal Building , was ornate and featured two murals ; one of King John conceding Magna Carta , the other of Moses about to smash the tablets of the Ten Commandments . The mahogany and marble chamber was , according to Landis biographer David Pietrusza , " just the spot for Landis 's sense of the theatrical . In it he would hold court for nearly the next decade and a half . " According to Spink , " It wasn 't long before Chicago writers discovered they had a ' character ' on the bench . " A. L. Sloan of the Chicago Herald @-@ American , a friend of Landis , recalled :
The Judge was always headline news . He was a great showman , theatrical in appearance , with his sharp jaw and shock of white hair , and people always crowded into his courtroom , knowing there would be something going on . There were few dull moments .
If Judge Landis was suspicious of an attorney 's line of questioning , he would begin to wrinkle his nose , and once told a witness , " Now let 's stop fooling around and tell exactly what did happen , without reciting your life 's history . " When an elderly defendant told him that he would not be able to live to complete a five @-@ year sentence , Landis scowled at him and asked , " Well , you can try , can 't you ? " When a young man stood before him for sentencing after admitting to stealing jewels from a parcel , the defendant 's wife stood near him , infant daughter in her arms , and Landis mused what to do about the situation . After a dramatic pause , Landis ordered the young man to take his wife and daughter and go home with them , expressing his unwillingness to have the girl be the daughter of a convict . According to sportswriter Ed Fitzgerald in SPORT magazine , " [ w ] omen wept unashamed and the entire courtroom burst into spontaneous , prolonged applause . "
Landis had been a lawyer with a corporate practice ; upon his elevation to the bench , corporate litigants expected him to favor them . According to a 1907 magazine article about Landis , " Corporations smiled pleasantly at the thought of a corporation lawyer being on the bench . They smile no more . " In an early case , Landis fined the Allis @-@ Chalmers Manufacturing Company the maximum $ 4 @,@ 000 for illegally importing workers , even though Winifred Land
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in response to Shōnagon 's popular Pillow Book . Murasaki contrasted herself to Shōnagon in a variety of ways . She denigrated the pillow book genre and , unlike Shōnagon who flaunted her knowledge of Chinese , Murasaki pretended to not know the language .
= = = " Our Lady of the Chronicles " = = =
Although the popularity of the Chinese language diminished in the late Heian era , Chinese ballads continued to be popular , including those written by Bai Juyi . Murasaki taught Chinese to Shōshi who was interested in Chinese art and Juyi 's ballads . Upon becoming Empress , Shōshi installed screens decorated with Chinese script , causing outrage because written Chinese was considered the language of men , far removed from the women 's quarters . The study of Chinese was thought to be unladylike and went against the notion that only men should have access to the literature . Women were supposed to read and write only in Japanese , which separated them through language from government and the power structure . Murasaki , with her unconventional classical Chinese education , was one of the few women available to teach Shōshi classical Chinese . Bowring writes it was " almost subversive " that Murasaki knew Chinese and taught the language to Shōshi . Murasaki , who was reticent about her Chinese education , held the lessons between the two women in secret , writing in her diary , " Since last summer ... very secretly , in odd moments when there happened to be no one about , I have been reading with Her Majesty ... There has of course been no question of formal lessons ... I have thought it best to say nothing about the matter to anybody . "
Murasaki most likely earned her second nickname , " Our Lady of the Chronicles " ( Nihongi no tsubone ) , for teaching Shōshi Chinese literature . A lady @-@ in @-@ waiting who disliked Murasaki accused her of flaunting her knowledge of Chinese and began calling her " Our Lady of the Chronicles " — an allusion to the Chronicles of Japan — after an incident in which chapters from Genji were read aloud to the Emperor and his courtiers , one of whom remarked that the author showed a high level of education . Murasaki wrote in her diary , " How utterly ridiculous ! Would I , who hesitate to reveal my learning to my women at home , ever think of doing so at court ? " Although meant to be insulting , Mulhern believes Murasaki was probably flattered by the nickname .
The attitude toward the Chinese language was contradictory . In Teishi 's court , Chinese had been flaunted and considered a symbol of imperial rule and superiority . Yet , in Shōshi 's salon there was a great deal of hostility towards the language — perhaps owing to political expedience during a period when Chinese began to be rejected
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Merit in 1934 and a First Class Certificate in 1938 . The relationship between light duration and intensity , temperature , vegetative growth and flower production is poorly known . Yellow forms in cultivation were originally propagated from a plant found on Mount Wellington .
= = = Cultivars = = =
Telopea ' Champagne ' is a cultivar registered under plant breeders ' rights ( PBR ) in 2006 . Its creamy @-@ yellow flowerheads appear from October to December . It is a three @-@ way hybrid between T. speciosissima , T. oreades and the yellow @-@ flowered form of T. truncata .
Telopea ' Golden Globe ' is a cultivar registered under PBR in 2006 . Larger than ' Champagne ' , it is also a three @-@ way hybrid between T. speciosissima , T. oreades and the yellow @-@ flowered form of T. truncata . It has been propagated and sold as ' Shady Lady Yellow ' . It was originally bred in the Dandenongs east of Melbourne .
= = Uses = =
The flowers of T. truncata were once used extensively for decoration . Geoffrey Smith observed in 1909 that the collection of the flowers for this purpose had caused the decline of some populations on Mount Wellington . The timber of larger specimens has been used for inlays ; it has an attractive grain and a pale red color .
= John Harrison Clark =
John Harrison Clark or Changa @-@ Changa ( c . 1860 – 1927 ) effectively ruled much of what is today southern Zambia from the early 1890s to 1902 . Alone and unassisted , he arrived from South Africa in about 1887 , reputedly as an outlaw , and assembled and trained a private army of Senga natives , which he used to drive off various bands of slave @-@ raiders . He took control of a swathe of territory on the north bank of the Zambezi river called Mashukulumbwe , became known as Chief " Changa @-@ Changa " and , through a series of treaties with local chiefs , gained mineral and labour concessions covering much of the region .
Starting in 1897 , Clark attempted to secure protection for his holdings from the British South Africa Company . The Company took little notice of him . When a local chief , Chintanda , complained to the Company in 1899 that Clark had secured his concessions while passing himself off as a Company official and had been collecting hut tax for at least two years under this pretence , the Company resolved to remove him from power , and did so in 1902 . Clark then farmed for about two decades , with some success , and moved in the late 1910s to Broken Hill , where he became a prominent local figure , and a partner in the first licensed brewery in Northern Rhodesia . Remaining in Broken Hill for the rest of his life , he died there in 1927 .
= = Early life = =
Not much is known about John Harrison Clark 's early life . The son of a man " in the hardware business " ( according to a military officer who knew him , Major G R Deare ) , he was born in Port Elizabeth , Cape Colony around 1860 , and engaged for a time in the Cape Mounted Riflemen during the 1880s . A tall , physically strong man , he wore a large black moustache and was regarded as a fine shot and a capable hunter .
Harrison Clark left South Africa in 1887 , but it is unclear why ; according to a story that may be apocryphal , he fled the country as an outlaw soon after his revolver fired — by accident , so the story goes — and killed a man . Whatever the truth , he travelled to Mozambique , then a Portuguese territory , where he made his way upriver along the Zambezi until he reached Feira , a long @-@ abandoned Portuguese settlement at the confluence of the Zambezi and Luangwa Rivers , in what is today southern Zambia . Feira was founded by missionaries from Portugal in about 1720 , but by 1887 it was a ghost town . Its last inhabitants had fled amid a native rising about half a century before , and since then it had been deserted .
David Livingstone , who visited Feira in 1856 , described it as utterly ruined at that time , but still conspicuous by the ramshackle monastery buildings on the site . When Clark arrived about three decades later , the Portuguese still maintained a boma ( fort ) called Zumbo on the opposite bank of the Luangwa , but the surrounding country , then called Mashukulumbwe , was largely wild , and out of the control of any government . Harrison Clark settled at Feira , initially alone . According to a letter he wrote in 1897 , he flew the British Merchant Navy 's Red Ensign flag over his house .
= = Rise to power = =
Slave @-@ raiding was rife in Mashukulumbwe , with gangs of Arab , Portuguese and mixed Chikunda @-@ Portuguese ethnicity competing for the capture of local Baila and Batonga people for use as slaves . Clark , who became known to the locals as " Changa @-@ Changa " , raised and trained an " army " from among the Senga people , and issued these men a vague uniform . How he became a chief is equivocal — Deare asserted that Clark arrived in Mashukulumbwe " on the very day the chief died ... [ and ] was finally made chief of the tribe " . According to a story told by an acquaintance , Harry Rangeley , and partly corroborated by Alexander Scott in the Central African Post in 1949 , he became chief by virtue of winning a battle . Rangeley 's version has him defeating a rival chief ; Scott has Clark coming to the rescue of a Baila village under attack by Portuguese slavers , " liberat [ ing ] the slaves " and thereupon being proclaimed chief by the grateful villagers .
As chief , Clark secured his authority with his army of Senga warriors , defined and collected " taxes " and oversaw the activities of foreign traders in the area . Locals paid tribute in the form of cattle , and overseas merchants had to obtain a " trading licence " from Harrison Clark before they could operate in his territory . Where a trader was harvesting ivory to sell overseas , Clark levied every other tusk as an " export tax " . As well as regulating local trade , Clark encouraged the people to make paths between their villages , and repeatedly defended them against the various slave @-@ raiding gangs . As his Senga troops expanded , he conferred various grandiose titles on himself , including " King of the Senga " and " Chief of the Mashukulumbwe " .
All of this caused considerable annoyance to the Portuguese at Zumbo , though the boma coexisted with Clark 's settlement for the most part . The most prominent trans @-@ river clash came when Clark demonstrated the strength of his army by overpowering the fort 's garrison , pulling down the Portuguese flag and running up the Union Jack in its place . He then returned to Feira , leaving the British flag flying over Zumbo . His point made , he made no attempt to stop the Portuguese garrison from returning . The Portuguese arrested Clark at one point , according to one story , but released him after the native troopers refused to guard him , saying he was " too great a man to be arrested " . A similar tale has Harrison Clark being captured in Mozambique and deported to Feira under guard by two Portuguese soldiers ; these men found the journey so harrowing that Clark ended up escorting them back . According to one of Clark 's indigenous followers , he once put an intruding Chikunda force to flight simply by bellowing at the enemy leader to " voetsek you bloody nigger " .
Clark consolidated his chieftainship by marrying a daughter of Mpuka , the chief of the Chikunda people ; according to Deare this was just one of " the usual assortment of wives " . In 1895 he relocated north to the confluence of the Lukasashi and Lunsemfwa Rivers , where he established his own village . He named the settlement " Algoa " after the Portuguese name for Port Elizabeth , and lived in a small stone fort he built . Writing in 1954 , the historian W V Brelsford described Clark 's sphere of influence from Algoa as " the Luano Valley and the uplands as far westwards as the Kafue and southwards to Feira " .
= = Contact with the British South Africa Company = =
The British South Africa Company ( BSAC ) , established by Cecil Rhodes in 1889 , was designed to occupy and develop the area immediately north of the Transvaal , with the ultimate goal of aiding Rhodes 's dream of a Cape to Cairo railway through British territory . Having a firm hold over Matabeleland , Mashonaland and Barotseland by 1894 , the Company began officially calling its domain " Rhodesia " in 1895 . The BSAC sought to further expand its influence north of the Zambezi , and to that end regularly sent expeditions into what was dubbed North @-@ Eastern Rhodesia to negotiate concessions with local
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= = = First appearance = = =
The symbolic form and identity of Ganesha , in his classic form , is generally accepted to have occurred between the 4th- to 5th @-@ century CE . Shanti Lal Nagar says that the earliest known iconic image of Ganesha is in the niche of the Shiva temple at Bhumra , which has been dated to the Gupta period . His independent cult was well established by about the 10th century . Narain summarizes the lack of evidence about Ganesha 's history before the 5th @-@ century as follows :
What is inscrutable is the somewhat dramatic appearance of Gaņeśa on the historical scene . His antecedents are not clear . His wide acceptance and popularity , which transcend sectarian and territorial limits , are indeed amazing . On the one hand there is the pious belief of the orthodox devotees in Gaņeśa 's Vedic origins and in the Purāṇic explanations contained in the confusing , but nonetheless interesting , mythology . On the other hand there are doubts about the existence of the idea and the icon of this deity " before the fourth to fifth century A.D. ... [ I ] n my opinion , indeed there is no convincing evidence [ in ancient Brahmanic literature ] of the existence of this divinity prior to the fifth century .
The evidence for more ancient Ganesha , suggests Narain , may reside outside Brahmanic or Sanskritic traditions , or outside geocultural boundaries of India . Ganesha appears in China by the 6th @-@ century , states Brown , and his artistic images in temple setting as " remover of obstacles " in South Asia appear by about 400 CE . He is , states Bailey , recognized as goddess Parvati 's son and integrated into Shaivism theology by early centuries of the common era .
= = = Possible influences = = =
Courtright reviews various speculative theories about the early history of Ganesha , including supposed tribal traditions and animal cults , and dismisses all of them in this way :
In this search for a historical origin for Gaņeśa , some have suggested precise locations outside the Brāhmaṇic tradition .... These historical locations are intriguing to be sure , but the fact remains that they are all speculations , variations on the Dravidian hypothesis , which argues that anything not attested to in the Vedic and Indo @-@ European sources must have come into Brāhmaṇic religion from the Dravidian or aboriginal populations of India as part of the process that produced Hinduism out of the interactions of the Aryan and non @-@ Aryan populations . There is no independent evidence for an elephant cult or a totem ; nor is there any archaeological data pointing to a tradition prior to what we can already see in place in the Purāṇic literature and the iconography of Gaņeśa .
Thapan 's book on the development of Ganesha devotes a chapter to speculations about the role elephants had in early India but concludes that , "
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served as the covering force for several bombardment missions of the Bosphorus between 18 March and 9 May 1915 . While the two earlier bombardments were uneventful , the 9 May bombardment provoked a reaction as Goeben intercepted the Russian battleships after they had been spotted by the Ottoman destroyer Numune @-@ i Hamiyet . Both forces turned on parallel courses and opened fire at the range of 17 @,@ 400 yards ( 15 @,@ 900 m ) , and although neither side scored a hit , Goeben had multiple near @-@ misses on Evstafi . Admiral Eberhardt then ordered his ships to make only 5 knots ( 9 @.@ 3 km / h ; 5 @.@ 8 mph ) , while Goeben was making 25 knots ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) . Goeben was unable to cross the T of the Russian ships , despite its superior speed , as they were continually turning . This maneuver bought enough time that Tri Sviatitelia and Pantelimon were able to rejoin the other two ships before they could start shelling the Ottoman forts . Pantelimon then hit Goeben twice before the German ship broke contact after 22 minutes of firing . With the fleet assembled Admiral Eberhardt attempted to pursue the German battlecruiser , but was unsuccessful .
Both ships were subsequently fitted with anti @-@ aircraft guns on top of each of their turrets during 1915 , and screens were added on top of their funnels to keep out light bombs . Ioann Zlatoust initially received four 75 @-@ millimetre guns , but this was later altered to a pair of 75 mm guns and another pair of 63 @.@ 5 @-@ millimetre ( 2 @.@ 5 in ) guns . Evstafi first received three 75 mm guns , but these were later replaced by two 63 @.@ 5 mm guns and a pair of 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) guns . On 1 August 1915 she , and all the other pre @-@ dreadnoughts , were transferred to the 2nd Battleship Brigade , after the dreadnought Imperatritsa Mariya had entered service . On 1 October the new dreadnought provided cover while Ioann Zlatoust and Pantelimon bombarded Zonguldak and Evstafi shelled the nearby town of Kozlu . Later , both Evstafi @-@ class ships participated in the second bombardment of Varna in May 1916 .
Evstafi and Ioann Zlatoust were reduced to reserve in March 1918 in Sevastopol . Immobile , they were captured by the Germans there in May and handed over to the Allies the following December . The British wrecked their engines between 22 – 24 April 1919 when they left the Crimea in order to prevent the advancing Bolsheviks from using them against the White Russians . Later , they were captured by both sides during the Russian Civil War , but were abandoned by the White Russians when they evacuated the Crimea in November 1920 . The ships were then scrapped in 1922 – 23 , although they were not stricken from the Navy List until 21 November 1925 .
= Hasekura Tsunenaga =
Hasekura Rokuemon Tsunenaga ( or " Philip Francis Faxicura " , baptized as " Francisco Felipe Faxicura " , in Spain ) ( 1571 – 1622 ) ( Japanese : 支倉六右衛門常長 , also spelled Faxecura Rocuyemon in period European sources , reflecting the contemporary pronunciation of Japanese ) was a Roman noble of Japanese imperial descent with ancestral ties to Emperor Kanmu and a Japanese samurai and retainer of Date Masamune , the daimyo of Sendai .
In the years 1613 through 1620 , Hasekura headed a diplomatic mission to the Vatican in Rome , traveling through New Spain ( arriving in Acapulco and departing from Veracruz ) and visiting various ports @-@ of @-@ call in Europe . This historic mission is called the Keichō Embassy ( 慶長使節 ) , and follows the Tenshō embassy ( 天正使節 ) of 1582 . On the return trip , Hasekura and his companions re @-@ traced their route across Mexico in 1619 , sailing from Acapulco for Manila , and then sailing north to Japan in 1620 . He is conventionally considered the first Japanese ambassador in the Americas and in Europe .
Although Hasekura 's embassy was cordially received in Europe , it happened at a time when Japan was moving toward the suppression of Christianity . European monarchs such as the King of Spain thus refused the trade agreements Hasekura had been seeking . Hasekura returned to Japan in 1620 and died of illness a year later , his embassy seemingly ending with few results in an increasingly isolationist Japan .
Japan 's next embassy to Europe would only occur more than 200 years later , following two centuries of isolation , with the " First Japanese Embassy to Europe " in 1862 .
= = Early life = =
Little is known of the early life of Hasekura Tsunenaga . According to " Date Sejin Kafu ( 伊達世臣家譜 ) " , he was of Japanese imperial descent and had ancestral ties with Emperor Kanmu . He was a mid @-@ level noble samurai in the Sendai Domain in northern Japan , who had the opportunity to directly serve the daimyo Date Masamune . He spent his young adulthood at the scenic Kamitate Castle ( 上楯城 ) that was constructed in Hasekura @-@ ward , Kawasaki @-@ city ( ex @-@ Hasekura village ) , Miyagi prefecture by his grand father Tsunemasa ( 常正 ) Hasekura . The place of origin of the family name " Hasekura " is the present Hasekura @-@ ward ( 支倉 ) , Kawasaki @-@ city that had once been Hasekura village ( 支倉村 ) . Hasekura and Date Masamune were of roughly the same age , and it is recorded that several important missions were given to Tsunenaga as his representative .
It is also recorded that Hasekura served as a samurai during the Japanese invasion of Korea under the Taiko Toyotomi Hideyoshi , for six months in 1597 .
In 1612 , Hasekura 's father , Hasekura Tsunenari ( 支倉 常成 ) , was indicted for corruption , and he was put to death in 1613 . His fief was confiscated , and his son should normally have been executed as well . Date , however , gave him the opportunity to redeem his honour by placing him in charge of the Embassy to Europe , and soon gave him back his territories as well .
= = Background : early contacts between Japan and Spain = =
The Spanish started trans @-@ Pacific voyages between New Spain ( Mexico and present U.S. California ) and the Philippines in 1565 . The famous Manila galleons carried silver from Mexican mines westward to the entrepôt of Manila in the Spanish possession of the Philippines . There , the silver was used to purchase spices and trade goods gathered
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The title remained inactive until 1993 .
= = = Independent circuit = = =
Unlike some former WWF wrestlers , Smith was able to continue using her ring name after leaving the company because she owned the rights to it . In 1990 , wrestler Hiro Matsuda , who had feuded with her father in the 1960s , picked Smith to tour for All Japan Women 's Pro Wrestling . In Japan , Smith teamed with Luna Vachon . The Japanese bookers gave the girls a positive review for their work with the company .
In the United States , Smith defeated Peggy Lee Leather for the Ladies Major League Wrestling 's International Championship . She still occasionally defended the WWF Women 's Championship , even though the title was officially declared vacant by the World Wrestling Federation . In May 1991 she defended the WWF Women 's Championship against " Japanese Women 's Champion " Madusa Miceli on a Great Lakes Wrestling Association event . On June 9 , 1991 , she defeated Candi Devine in Herb Abrams 's Universal Wrestling Federation to become the first UWF Women 's Champion at UWF Beach Brawl . She also competed in the Ladies Professional Wrestling Association ( LPWA ) , forming a tag team with Wendi Richter . She competed at LPWA 's only pay @-@ per @-@ view , LPWA Super Ladies Showdown .
= = Personal life = =
Smith and her brother Sam Houston are the children of Aurelian " Grizzly " Smith and were born after his first marriage dissolved . Her half @-@ brother is Jake " The Snake " Roberts , who was born during their father 's first marriage . Robin and her brothers all wrestled in the WWF at the same time in the 1980s , but their relationship was never mentioned on @-@ screen at the request of Robin . Author and former National Wrestling Alliance president Howard Brody alleges in his book Swimming with Piranhas that Robin was a victim of sexual abuse at the hands of her father . According to Brody , Robin was removed from her father 's care when her mother discovered what had been happening .
After leaving the WWF in 1990 , Smith was married to a man named Harvey Zitron . Zitron was sentenced to 81 months in federal prison for 10 counts of filing false tax returns , identity theft and access device fraud . After divorcing , she moved to Louisiana and opened a telemarketing company that sold industrial chemicals and precious metals . Later , she opened a real estate appraisal business . During this time , Smith had a drinking problem but eventually was able to quit altogether .
In 2005 , Smith 's home and all of her belongings were destroyed by Hurricane Katrina . During the aftermath of the hurricane , she stayed with family in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . She now runs a real estate appraisal business in Hammond , Louisiana .
= = In wrestling = =
Finishing moves
Bulldog
Signature moves
Crossbody , sometimes
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Dún Laoghaire harbour . ( The Downey 's strike started in March 1939 and lasted 14 years . )
= = Convoys = =
The Irish and British authorities co @-@ operated in the chartering of ships . They made combined purchases of wheat , maize , sugar , animal feeds and petrol . At the start of the war , Irish ships joined convoys protected by the Royal Navy . The advantages were protection and cheaper insurance . These advantages were not borne out by experience . So they chose to sail alone .
The ability to insure ships , cargo , and crew has a significant impact on the profitability of shipping . Insurance of Irish ships in the ' Long Watch ' was problematic . One important aspect of this was that Irish ships usually didn 't travel in convoy and insurers such as Lloyd 's of London charged a higher premium to insure ships not in convoy . An example of the insurance problems faced , concerns the crew of City of Waterford . When this ship joined Convoy OG 74 , the lives of the crew were insured . The ship suffered a collision with the Dutch tugboat Thames , and sank . Waterford 's crew was rescued by HMS Deptford and then transferred to the rescue ship Walmer Castle . Walmer Castle was bombed two days later and five of City of Waterford 's survivors died . When their families made life insurance claims , they were refused , because at their time of death they were not crew of City of Waterford , but passengers of Walmer Castle . Later the Irish government introduced a compensation scheme for seamen lost or injured on Irish ships and Irish Shipping opened its own marine insurance subsidiary , which made a handsome profit .
Two Limerick Steamship Company ships , Lanahrone and Clonlara were part of the " nightmare convoy " OG 71 , which left Liverpool on 13 August 1941 . As merchant ships of a neutral country the Limerick ships had no blackout facilities , and the Master of the British Convoy Commodore 's ship , the liner Aguila , objected that this would make the convoy visible to the enemy at night . In an apparently vain attempt to make them less visible , the Vice Admiral who was Convoy Commodore positioned the two Irish ships in the centre of the convoy . On 19 August in separate attacks the Norwegian destroyer HNoMS Bath was drawn away from the convoy and sunk by U @-@ 204 , and three minutes later U @-@ 559 sank the British merchant ship Alva . Clonlara rescued 13 survivors from Alva . Two hours later U @-@ 201 sank the Commodore ship Aguila and the British cargo ship Ciscar . Two days later U @-@ 564 sank Clonlara . The Flower @-@ class corvette HMS Campion
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the atoll reached 457 mm ( 18 @.@ 0 in ) . High winds , surf , and rain also affected Sapwuafik . Rough seas killed a person on Pohnpei . Crop damage in the country totaled $ 3 million , and overall property damage was estimated at $ 100 million , mostly on Chuuk .
= = = Guam = = =
Before Chataan affected Guam , officials canceled U.S. Independence Day festivities , and residents purchased storm supplies . Although the center of the eye did not strike Guam , the eyewall affected the entire island with strong winds and heavy rainfall . The highest sustained winds were estimated at 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) , with gusts to 167 km / h ( 104 mph ) at Andersen Air Force Base . Gusts were slightly higher at Apra Harbor , peaking at 170 km / h ( 106 mph ) , and gusts may have reached as high as 200 km / h ( 125 mph ) . Similar to its effects on Chuuk , Chataan dropped heavy rainfall on Guam , peaking at 536 mm ( 21 @.@ 1 in ) on Mount Almagosa ; the same station reported 311 mm ( 12 @.@ 2 in ) in about three hours . The Weather Forecast Office on the island reported 265 mm ( 10 @.@ 4 in ) in a 24 hour period . The rains were less than 250 mm ( 10 in ) in northern Guam , and were highest in the mountainous southern region where the eye crossed . While moving across the island , Chataan produced a significant storm surge that peaked at about 3 @.@ 6 m ( 12 ft ) in Umatac .
High winds caused damage across Guam , mostly to roofs and to poorly built or wooden structures . A total of 1 @,@ 996 houses were severely damaged or destroyed . Better constructed homes fared well during the storm , and there was little window damage . The winds also downed power lines , leaving an island @-@ wide power outage . John F. Kennedy High School sustained damage to its football field and library . The most significant effects were from the heavy rainfall , resulting in landslides in some areas and causing rivers to flow at above @-@ normal rates ; 14 stations reported either record flow rates or peak crests , including an island @-@ wide peak crest of 8 @.@ 55 m ( 28 @.@ 06 ft ) at the mouth of the Tolaeyuus River . Two water gauges were destroyed during the storm . Swollen rivers damaged roads , washed away trees , and caused erosion . The storm flooding contaminated Fena Lake , which provides water to the military base , for a few days . In addition , 34 of the island 's 110 water wells failed due to the storm . Flooding also destroyed a building and damaged the runway at Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport , and damaged a bridge near Inarajan . A few palm trees fell due to the soil being loosened , either from heavy rains or high waves . Some of the downed trees struck cars , but the winds were not strong enough to overturn any vehicles . In the higher elevations of Guam , some areas experienced heavy crop damage due to strong winds ; however , crop damage in general was less than expected , estimated at around $ 500 @,@ 000 . In Apra Harbor , high seas washed ashore or sank five boats , and a Navy barge spilled 397 @,@ 000 litres ( 105 @,@ 000 gallons ) of oil . Overall , Chataan caused about $ 60 million in property damage on Guam , and there were 23 injuries , none of them serious .
= = = Elsewhere = = =
North of Guam , Chataan affected Rota with 74 km / h ( 46 mph ) sustained winds and gusts to 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) at the island 's airport . Rainfall was much less than elsewhere in the typhoon 's path , and a 24 hour total of 38 @.@ 6 mm ( 1 @.@ 52 in ) was reported at Rota 's airport . The storm inflicted heavy damage to crops and fisheries , and 60 % of farmers reported a total loss . Chataan also damaged roads on the island , many due to fallen trees . Nine huts were destroyed , and damage was estimated at $ 2 @.@ 7 million .
Energy from the typhoon enhanced monsoonal moisture over the Philippines , in conjunction with Tropical Storm Nakri . The two storms contributed to heavy rainfall that triggered floods and landslides , which closed roads and highways . High waves killed three people after a boat overturned . The storm destroyed 566 houses and damaged another 2 @,@ 363 . A total of 31 @,@ 813 people evacuated to 184 government @-@ opened shelters . Officials canceled classes during the system ; several schools were used as temporary shelters . Damage totaled over $ 1 @.@ 5 million ( ₱ 64 million pesos ) , and the floods killed 58 people .
The last location Chataan affected was Japan . The typhoon forced the cancellation of 316 flights and 150 train trips . The expressway between Shizuoka and Tokyo was closed . At least 396 schools were closed in the country , and a baseball game between the Yokohama DeNA BayStars and the Yakult Swallows was canceled due to the inclement weather . Toyota temporarily closed most of its factories in the country . Heavy rainfall , peaking at 509 mm (
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20 @.@ 0 in ) in Gifu Prefecture , fell across Japan . The rains flooded 10 @,@ 270 houses in the country , resulting in evacuation orders for about 145 @,@ 000 people . The floods damaged roads in 338 locations , and at least 10 bridges were destroyed . About 15 @,@ 000 evacuees were in Ogaki after a river exceeded its banks . High rainfall caused hundreds of landslides , two of which resulted in a death . Floods killed at least three people . Winds from the typhoon peaked at 97 km / h ( 60 mph ) at Hachijō @-@ jima . High winds in Sakai , Osaka damaged 20 houses . In Tokyo , the storm produced light winds and rains , despite passing within 102 km ( 63 mi ) . Chataan destroyed 21 homes and damaged 239 others to some degree . During its passage , the typhoon destroyed 258 @.@ 6 km2 ( 99 @.@ 8 sq mi ) of crops . The typhoon killed six people , left one person missing , and injured 30 others . Overall damage in Japan totaled about $ 500 million ( ¥ 59 billion 2002 JPY ) . During the storm , Yahoo ! Japan received a record 359 million views , mostly due to people checking the website 's weather section .
= = Aftermath = =
After Chataan affected Chuuk state , the island 's residents were in need of food , clothes and medicine . Only a few crops were not destroyed by the storm ; much of the breadfruit was stripped from the trees , and fruit not destroyed by the storm were damaged by parasites . In the days after the storm , the local Red Cross deployed about 100 volunteers to search for victims buried by landslides . However , rescue operations were hampered by persistent flooding after the storm . Initially the death toll was unknown , and it was feared that hundreds of people had been killed . Six people who were seriously injured on Chuuk were flown to The Queen 's Medical Center in Hawaii for treatment ; they were initially scheduled to fly to Guam Memorial Hospital , but the facility was full . About 2 @,@ 000 residents affected by the storm evacuated to government @-@ run shelters . The Red Cross shipped various relief supplies , including raincoats and water , to the affected areas . By July 4 , power systems were restored and the airport reopened . Although there was enough food in the immediate aftermath , the destruction of crops and cattle posed a long @-@ term food shortage .
On July 3 while Chataan was passing the region , the governor of Chuuk declared a state of emergency , requesting international assistance . On July 9 , the government of Japan sent $ 87 @,@ 000 ( ¥ 10 million ) worth of supplies to Micronesia , including 1 @,@ 000 blankets and 10 electric generators . Two days later , United States President George W. Bush declared the island as a disaster area . This was six days after FSM President Leo Falcam sent the disaster declaration to the US president , although Falcam had improperly filed the paperwork . Because the FSM is in a Compact of Free Association and not a U.S. state , the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) could not provide immediate assistance . During the delay , a group of doctors from Guam flew to Chuuk to provide medical assistance . On July 11 , the government of Israel sent $ 5 @,@ 000 worth of medicine to the FSM . The next day , the Caritas charity in Australia sent $ 20 @,@ 000 worth of water and food . Residents from elsewhere in the FSM sent clothes and food . The Australian government sent $ 10 @,@ 000 to replenish emergency supplies , and the International Red Cross released about $ 20 @,@ 000 for immediate relief . The government of China sent $ 30 @,@ 000 worth of aid . On July 30 , FEMA announced that residents and business owners in Chuuk could apply for individual assistance , including money for housing , repairing damage , and low @-@ interest loans . The declaration would not apply to outer islands in Chuuk , which did not sustain significant damage ; this is because FEMA only had funds to restore areas to how they were before the storm . Ultimately , FEMA provided 93 @,@ 000 l ( 25 @,@
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Cromer 's decline in popularity as a holiday destination after World War II , and the closure of many Norfolk railway lines in the 1950s , a decision was made to concentrate all passenger traffic into a single station . Although Cromer High had far better facilities , it was inconveniently situated on the edge of the town . Therefore , all passenger services were diverted into Cromer Beach ( renamed Cromer ) and the other stations closed . Following growth of the town as a commuter town to Norwich , a new station called Roughton Road opened in 1985 , near the site of the former Cromer High .
= = Cromer railway station = =
Because the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway ( M & GNJR ) line approached Cromer from the west , following the coastal clifftops , it avoided the steep escarpment which had prevented the earlier line from Norwich running all the way into the town . Consequently , it became possible to build a far more conveniently located station , near to the town centre and the beach . The station opened as Cromer Beach on 16 June 1887 and was renamed Cromer on 20 October 1969 , following the closure of Cromer High station in 1954 .
= = = Buildings = = =
To cater to the heavy leisure traffic at the end of the 19th century , Cromer Beach had a large station building in a half @-@ timbered style , and a large goods yard . The station originally included a bar , which was closed in 1966 . Following the introduction of conductor @-@ guard working , the ticket facilities were no longer needed and the building fell into disuse ; it was renovated and reopened as a public house in 1998 . A large supermarket was built on the site of the goods yards in 1991 .
Cromer is one of only two former M & GNJR stations to remain operational on Network Rail , the other being the neighbouring West Runton .
= = = Services = = =
The station is currently served only by local services operated by ' Abellio Greater Anglia ' on the Bittern Line from Norwich to Sheringham .
There is generally an hourly service to Sheringham ( 8 minutes ) and to Norwich ( 55 minutes ) , with more frequent services during the morning and evening peak travel times . On Sundays , trains run every two hours to Sheringham and Norwich . In 1997 a single daily through train to and from London Liverpool Street to Sheringham via Cromer was introduced ; it was not heavily used and the service was consequently discontinued . All of these services are run by diesel multiple units Class 153 , 156 or occasionally 170 .
Because of its historical position as the terminus of the line from Melton Constable and Sheringham to the west , trains running via Cromer reverse direction on leaving the station .
The following services currently call at Cromer :
= = Former stations = =
= = = Cromer High railway station = = =
Cromer High railway station was the first station opened in Cromer , situated to the south on the outskirts of the town on a steep escarpment . Built initially by the short @-@ lived East Norfolk Railway , the station ( along with the line ) was incorporated into the Great Eastern Railway , who had operated the services from the beginning . It served as the terminus of Great Eastern Railway services from London and Norwich . Initially named Cromer on opening , it was renamed Cromer High on 27 September 1948 .
The station opened on 26 March 1877 . Because of steep gradients near the town , the station was built in open fields some distance from the town itself . The station resembled in design Chingford railway station , opened in 1878 , another GER branch line terminus .
= = = = Closure = = = =
On 23 July 1906 a connection was opened between the line to Cromer High and the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway line between Melton Constable and Cromer Beach stations , allowing through trains from Norwich to run to Cromer Beach . As Cromer Beach was far more conveniently sited in the centre of the town , passenger numbers using Cromer High dropped substantially , although it remained in heavy usage as a freight depot . On 20 September 1954 passenger services ceased at Cromer High , with all traffic diverted to Cromer Beach ( renamed " Cromer " in 1969 ) . The station remained open as a freight terminus until 7 March 1960 , but was then closed completely and the station demolished . Despite the loss of passenger revenue , the bar attached to the station did not close until 1957 . Part of the station site has been redeveloped for housing , but much remains undeveloped ; although derelict and overgrown , the former station approach road is also still present . North Norfolk Council is considering converting the station into a site for the use of Travellers .
Cromer High station was situated a short distance away from the Cromer Tunnel , Norfolk 's only standard gauge railway tunnel , connecting the Sheringham and Mundesley lines . Although disused since services ceased in 1953 , the tunnel remains intact .
= = = Cromer Links Halt railway station = = =
Cromer Links Halt ( located at TG232409 ) was a railway station on the outskirts of Cromer . It was on the now disused Norfolk and Suffolk Joint Railway line between Roughton Road Junction and Overstrand station . It opened on 9 July 1923 , only to close thirty years later on 7 April 1953 .
= = = = History = = = =
Opened as part of an attempt to encourage holiday traffic on the line , the halt primarily served golfers at the nearby Royal Cromer Golf Club . The station facilities were very basic , consisting of no more than a single wooden platform , which cost £ 170 to build , two wooden benches and running in board together with the obligatory oil lamps . No shelter was provided for passengers and the platform was constructed of sleepers and supported by wooden trestles .
The halt was approached from the road by a path leading up the embankment on which the railway ran . To the west , a bridge carried the line over Northrepps Road from where it proceeded on another embankment before reaching Cromer Tunnel which was built by the Norfolk and Suffolk Joint Railway to take the line under the Great Eastern 's Cromer High to Norwich route . Although only 61 yards long , the tunnel is notable as
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241 .
In 2011 , the Joint Working Party of international scientific bodies International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) and International Union of Pure and Applied Physics ( IUPAP ) evaluated the 2004 and 2007 Dubna experiments , and concluded that they did not meet the criteria for discovery . Another evaluation of more recent experiments took place within the next few years , and a claim to the discovery of ununpentium was again put forward by Dubna . In August 2013 , a team of researchers at Lund University and at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung ( GSI ) in Darmstadt , Germany announced they had repeated the 2004 experiment , confirming Dubna 's findings . Further confirmation was published by the team at Berkeley in 2015 .
In December 2015 , the IUPAC / IUPAP Joint Working Party recognized the element 's discovery and assigned the priority to the Dubna @-@ Berkeley collaboration , giving them the right to suggest a permanent name for it .
= = = Naming = = =
Using Mendeleev 's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements , ununpentium is sometimes known as eka @-@ bismuth . In 1979 IUPAC recommended that the placeholder systematic element name ununpentium ( with the corresponding symbol of Uup ) be used until the discovery of the element is confirmed and a name is decided on . Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels , from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks , the recommendations are mostly ignored among scientists in the field , who call it " element 115 " , with the symbol of ( 115 ) or even simply 115 .
On 30 December 2015 , discovery of the element was recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) . According to IUPAC recommendations , the discoverer ( s ) of a new element has the right to suggest a name . A suggested name was langevinium , after Paul Langevin . Later , the Dubna team mentioned the name moscovium several times as one among many possibilities , referring to the Moscow Oblast where Dubna is located .
In June 2016 , IUPAC endorsed the latter proposal to be formally accepted by the end of the year .
= = Predicted properties = =
= = = Nuclear stability and isotopes = = =
Ununpentium is expected to be in the middle of an island of stability centered on copernicium ( element 112 ) and flerovium ( element 114 ) : the reasons for the presence of this island , however , are still not well understood . Due to the expected high fission barriers , any nucleus within this island of stability exclusively decays by alpha decay and perhaps some electron capture and beta decay . Although the known isotopes of ununpentium do not actually have enough neutrons to be on the island of stability , they can be seen to approach the island as in general , the heavier isotopes are the longer @-@ lived ones .
The isotope 291Uup is especially interesting as it has only one neutron more than the heaviest known ununpentium isotope , 290Uup . It could plausibly be synthesized as the daughter of ununseptium @-@ 295 , which in turn could be made from the reaction 249Bk ( 48Ca , 2n ) 295Uus . Calculations show that it may have a significant electron capture or positron emission decay mode in addition to alpha decaying and also have a relatively long half @-@ life of several seconds . This would produce 291Fl , 291
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Uut , and finally 291Cn which is expected to be in the middle of the island of stability and have a half @-@ life of about 1200 years , affording the most likely hope of reaching the middle of the island using current technology . Possible drawbacks are that the cross section of the production reaction of 295Uus is expected to be low and the decay properties of superheavy nuclei this close to the line of beta stability are largely unexplored .
Other possibilities to synthesize nuclei on the island of stability include quasifission ( partial fusion followed by fission ) of a massive nucleus . Such nuclei tend to fission , expelling doubly magic or nearly doubly magic fragments such as calcium @-@ 40 , tin @-@ 132 , lead @-@ 208 , or bismuth @-@ 209 . Recently it has been shown that the multi @-@ nucleon transfer reactions in collisions of actinide nuclei ( such as uranium and curium ) might be used to synthesize the neutron @-@ rich superheavy nuclei located at the island of stability , although formation of the lighter elements nobelium or seaborgium is more favored . One last possibility to synthesize isotopes near the island is to use controlled nuclear explosions to create a neutron flux high enough to bypass the gaps of instability at 258 – 260Fm and at mass number 275 ( atomic numbers 104 to 108 ) , mimicking the r @-@ process in which the actinides were first produced in nature and the gap of instability around radon bypassed . Some such isotopes ( especially 291Cn and 293Cn ) may even have been synthesized in nature , but would have decayed away far too quickly ( with half @-@ lives of only thousands of years ) and be produced in far too small quantities ( about 10 − 12 the abundance of lead ) to be detectable as primordial nuclides today outside cosmic rays .
= = = Physical and atomic = = =
In the periodic table , ununpentium is a member of group 15 , the pnictogens , below nitrogen , phosphorus , arsenic , antimony , and bismuth . Every previous pnictogen has five electrons in its valence shell , forming a valence electron configuration of ns2np3 . In ununpentium 's case , the trend should be continued and the valence electron configuration is predicted to be 7s27p3 ; therefore , ununpentium will behave similarly to its lighter congeners in many respects . However , notable differences are likely to arise ; a largely contributing effect is the spin – orbit ( SO ) interaction — the mutual interaction between the electrons ' motion and spin . It is especially strong for the superheavy elements , because their electrons move much faster than in lighter atoms , at velocities comparable to the speed of light . In relation to ununpentium atoms , it lowers the 7s and the 7p electron energy levels ( stabilizing the corresponding electrons ) , but two of the 7p electron energy levels are stabilized more than the other four . The stabilization of the 7s electrons is called the inert pair effect , and the effect " tearing " the 7p subshell into the more stabilized and the less stabilized parts is called subshell splitting . Computation chemists see the split as a change of the second ( azimuthal ) quantum number l from 1 to 1 ⁄ 2 and 3 ⁄ 2 for the more stabilized and less stabilized parts of the 7p subshell , respectively . For many theoretical purposes , the valence electron configuration may be represented to reflect the 7p subshell split as 7s27p2
1 / 27p1
3
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/ 2 . These effects cause ununpentium 's chemistry to be somewhat different from that of its lighter congeners .
The valence electrons of ununpentium fall into three subshells : 7s ( two electrons ) , 7p1 / 2 ( two electrons ) , and 7p3 / 2 ( one electron ) . The first two of these are relativistically stabilized and hence behave as inert pairs , while the last is relativistically destabilized and can easily participate in chemistry . ( The 6d electrons are not destabilized enough to participate chemically , although this may still be possible in the two previous elements ununtrium and flerovium . ) Thus , the + 1 oxidation state should be favored , like Tl + , and consistent with this the first ionization potential of ununpentium should be around 5 @.@ 58 eV , continuing the trend towards lower ionization potentials down the pnictogens . Ununpentium and ununtrium both have one electron outside a quasi @-@ closed shell configuration that can be delocalized in the metallic state : thus they should have similar melting and boiling points ( both melting around 400 ° C and boiling around 1100 ° C ) due to the strength of their metallic bonds being similar . Additionally , the predicted ionization potential , ionic radius ( 1 @.@ 5 Å for Uup + ; 1 @.@ 0 Å for Uup3 + ) , and polarizability of Uup + are expected to be more similar to Tl + than its true congener Bi3 + . Ununpentium should be a dense metal due to its high atomic weight , with a density around 13 @.@ 5 g / cm3 . The electron of the hydrogen @-@ like ununpentium atom ( oxidized so that it only has one electron , Uup114 + ) is expected to move so fast that it has a mass 1 @.@ 82 times that of a stationary electron , due to relativistic effects . For comparison , the figures for hydrogen @-@ like bismuth and antimony are expected to be 1 @.@ 25 and 1 @.@ 077 respectively .
= = = Chemical = = =
Ununpentium is predicted to be the third member of the 7p series of chemical elements and the heaviest member of group 15 ( VA ) in the Periodic Table , below bismuth . In this group , each member is known to portray the group oxidation state of + 5 but with differing stability . For nitrogen , the + 5 state is mostly a formal explanation of molecules like N2O5 : it is very difficult to have five covalent bonds to nitrogen due to the inability of the small nitrogen atom to accommodate five ligands . The + 5 state is well represented for the essentially non @-@ relativistic typical pnictogens phosphorus , arsenic , and antimony . However , for bismuth it becomes rare due to the relativistic stabilization of the 6s orbitals known as the inert pair effect , so that the 6s electrons are reluctant to bond chemically . It is expected that ununpentium will have an inert pair effect for both the 7s and the 7p1 / 2 electrons , as the binding energy of the lone 7p3 / 2 electron is noticeably lower than that of the 7p1 / 2 electrons . Nitrogen ( I ) and bismuth ( I ) are known but rare and ununpentium ( I ) is likely to show some unique properties , probably behaving more like thallium ( I ) than bismuth ( I ) . Because of spin @-@ orbit coupling , flerovium may display closed @-@ shell or noble gas @-@ like properties ; if this is the case , ununpentium will likely be typically monovalent as a result , since the cation Uup + will have the same electron configuration as flerovium , perhaps giving ununpentium some alkali metal character . However , the Uup3 + cation would behave like its true lighter homolog Bi3 + . The 7s electrons are too stabilized to be able to contribute chemically and hence the + 5 state should be impossible and ununpentium may be considered to have only three valence electrons . Ununpentium would be quite a reactive metal , with an oxidation potential of about 1 @.@ 5 V.
The chemistry of ununpentium in aqueous solution should essentially be that of the Uup + and Uup3 + ions . The former should be easily hydrolyzed and not be easily complexed with halides , cyanide , and ammonia . Ununpentium ( I ) hydroxide ( UupOH ) , carbonate ( Uup2CO3 ) , oxalate ( Uup2C2O4 ) , and fluoride ( UupF ) should be soluble in water ; the sulfide ( Uup2S ) should be insoluble ; and the chloride ( UupCl ) , bromide ( UupBr ) , iodide ( UupI ) , and thiocyanate ( UupSCN ) should be only slightly soluble , so that adding excess hydrochloric acid would not noticeably affect the solubility of ununpentium ( I ) chloride . Uup3 + should be about as stable as Tl3 + and hence should also be an important part of ununpentium chemistry , although its closest homolog among the elements should be its lighter congener Bi3 + . Ununpentium ( III ) fluoride ( UupF3 ) and thiozonide ( UupS3 ) should be insoluble in water , similar to the corresponding bismuth compounds , while ununpentium ( III ) chloride ( UupCl3 ) , bromide ( UupBr3 ) , and iodide ( UupI3 ) should be readily soluble and easily hydrolyzed to form oxyhalides such as UupOCl and UupOBr , again analogous to bismuth . Both ununpentium ( I ) and ununpentium ( III ) should be common oxidation states and their relative stability should depend greatly on what they are complexed with and the likelihood of hydrolysis .
= = Experimental chemistry = =
Unambiguous determination of the chemical characteristics of ununpentium has yet to have been established . In 2011 , experiments were conducted to create ununtrium , flerovium , and ununpentium isotopes in the reactions between calcium @-@ 48 projectiles and targets of americium @-@ 243 and plutonium @-@ 24
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5 ( I @-@ 5 ) . The highway travels over the Cascade Range through Stevens Pass , connecting the western and eastern parts of the state . US 2 becomes concurrent with US 97 from Peshastin to Orondo , crossing the Columbia River in Wenatchee on the Richard Odabashian Bridge . The highway continues east across the Columbia Plateau in Central Washington and crosses the Grand Coulee while concurrent with SR 17 west of Coulee City . The highway travels into Spokane concurrent with I @-@ 90 and US 395 and leaves both highways continuing northeast to Newport . US 2 leaves Washington at the Idaho state line , located along SR 41 in Newport and Idaho State Highway 41 ( ID @-@ 41 ) in Oldtown , Idaho .
The present route of US 2 follows several wagon roads that were built in the late 19th century by local railroad companies , including the Stevens Pass Highway along the Skykomish River . The state of Washington began maintaining sections of what would become US 2 with the extension of State Road 7 in 1909 , from Pashastin to Spokane on the Sunset Highway and later State Road 2 . In addition to State Road 2 , State Road 23 was created in 1915 , traveling north from Spokane to Newport , and was renumbered to State Road 6 in 1923 . The Stevens Pass Highway was transferred to state maintenance in 1931 with the establishment of State Road 15 , traveling from Everett to Peshastin . The United States Highway System was adopted on November 11 , 1926 , and designated US 10 on the future route of US 2 from Peshastin to Spokane and US 195 from Spokane to Newport . US 10 was re @-@ routed in 1939 and replaced by US 10 Alternate , which was routed across Stevens Pass in the 1940s and itself replaced by US 2 in 1946 . The primary state highways were replaced by the current state route system during the 1964 state highway renumbering , and US 2 replaced its three concurrent routes . US 2 underwent conversions to limited @-@ access highways during the next several decades , including the completion of the Hewitt Avenue Trestle and a bypass of Snohomish . A series of projects is planned to improve the US 2 corridor between Snohomish and Skykomish by expanding the highway near various cities and the completion of a bypass around Monroe in the near future .
= = Route description = =
US 2 is defined by the Washington State Legislature as SR 2 , part of the Revised Code of Washington as § 47 @.@ 17 @.@ 005 . Every year , WSDOT conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2013 , WSDOT calculated that the busiest section of US 2 within Washington was the Hewitt Avenue Trestle above the Snohomish River east of Everett , carrying over 76 @,@ 000 vehicles , while the least busiest section of US 2 is in Moses Coulee , carrying 630 vehicles . The entire route of US 2 within Washington is designated as part of the National Highway System , classifying it as important to the national economy , defense , and mobility . WSDOT designates US 2 as a Highway of Statewide Significance , which includes highways that connect major communities in the state of Washington .
US 2 begins in downtown Everett , with its eastbound lanes starting at the intersection of Hewitt Avenue and Maple Street , signed as SR 529 , and its westbound lanes ending at the intersection of California Street and Maple Street ( SR 529 ) . The highway travels east onto the Hewitt Avenue Trestle , crossing the Snohomish River after an interchange with I @-@ 5 . The four @-@ lane trestle continues east across Ebey Island , intersecting Homeacres Road before crossing the Ebey Slough . US 2 turns southeast at the east end of the trestle in Cavalero at an interchange with SR 204 , which serves Lake Stevens . The limited @-@ access road travels around the city of Snohomish , intersecting Bickford Avenue in an at @-@ grade intersection and SR 9 in a diamond interchange . US 2 turns south and crosses over the Pilchuck River and the Centennial Trail before its limited @-@ access road ends at a diamond interchange with 88th Street . The two @-@ lane road continues southeast along the Scenic Subdivision of the Northern Transcon , a BNSF rail line , into Monroe . The highway travels past the Evergreen State Fairgrounds and intersects SR 522 before entering downtown Monroe .
US 2 , now part of a National Scenic Byway named the Stevens Pass Greenway , continues through the city of Monroe and forms the northern terminus of SR 203 . The highway leaves the city while parallel to the Skykomish River and travels through the cities of Sultan and Gold Bar . US 2 begins following the South Fork Skykomish River at Index into the Cascade Range , crossing into King County near the town of Baring . The highway enters Mount Baker @-@ Snoqualmie National Forest and continues east along the Tye River past the town of Skykomish and the Cascade Tunnel towards Stevens Pass . The pass , located 4 @,@ 061 feet ( 1 @,@ 238 m ) above sea level , is also home to the Stevens Pass Ski Area and a trailhead for the Pacific Crest Trail while serving as the point in which US 2 crosses into the Wenatchee National Forest in Chelan County . The highway continues east down Nason Creek to Coles Corner , the southern terminus of SR 207 , which serves Lake Wenatchee . US 2 travels due south along the Wenatchee River valley through Leavenworth before it begins a 27 @-@ mile @-@
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als played for the club , including Jack Hunter , who was the club 's coach at the time of Olympic 's FA Cup win .
= = History = =
= = = Formation and early years = = =
Association football was first codified in the 1860s in the south of England and played by teams of upper @-@ class former public school pupils and Oxbridge graduates . However , the game spread to the industrial towns of the north by the following decade . The town of Blackburn in Lancashire had more than a dozen active football clubs by 1877 , with Blackburn Rovers , founded in 1875 , generally viewed as the leading team . Blackburn Olympic F.C. was founded in February 1878 when two of these clubs , Black Star and James Street , opted to merge . The name was chosen by James Edmondson , the club 's first treasurer , and is believed to have been inspired by the recent excavation of Olympia , site of the ancient Olympic Games . The new club 's first match was a friendly played on 9 February 1878 which resulted in a 2 – 0 win over local team St. John 's . In April , the club entered its first competition , the Livesey United Cup . Olympic beat St. Mark 's in the final to win the tournament , and , as the competition was not held again , the club retained the trophy in perpetuity . Over the next two seasons the club continued to play friendly matches and also entered the Blackburn Association Challenge Cup , a knock @-@ out tournament open to all local clubs set up by the organisation which governed football within the town . Olympic won the cup in both 1879 and 1880 , after which the competition was discontinued when the Blackburn Association was absorbed into the larger Lancashire County Football Association . As with the Livesey United Cup , the trophy remained in Olympic 's possession for the remainder of the club 's existence .
In 1880 the club 's committee decided that Olympic should compete for greater prizes , and opted to enter two further competitions , the Lancashire Senior Cup and the Football Association Challenge Cup ( FA Cup ) , the country 's premier football competition . In the club 's first FA Cup match , the " Light Blues " were defeated 5 – 4 by Sheffield , and the following season the team again lost in the first round , away to Darwen . The club 's reputation within its home area was growing , however , and matches were now being arranged with teams from further afield , such as Sheffield Wednesday , Nottingham Forest , and even Scottish clubs such as Cowlairs and Hibernian . The club 's increasing expenses were met with the help of Sydney Yates , a local iron foundry owner , who invested a large amount of money and continued to bankroll the club for most of its existence . At the end of the 1881 – 82 season , Olympic defeated Blackburn Rovers to win the East Lancashire Charity Cup .
= = = Success = = =
In the 1882 – 83 FA Cup , Olympic defeated
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reasons for Branagh 's departure , although he was initially enthused by the chance to direct the sequel . Branagh noted , " It was a long time [ making the first film ] and they were way too quick for me to get straight back into another , [ but ] it was a pleasurable experience and a film I 'm very proud of . " The following day , Marvel formally hired Payne , one of the credited writers of the first film , to script the sequel . In August , Brian Kirk entered early negotiations to direct the Thor sequel . The film would have marked Kirk 's first time directing a big @-@ budget motion picture , after having directed television series for HBO , Showtime and the BBC , including Game of Thrones .
In September 2011 , Tom Hiddleston confirmed he would return in the sequel , speculating that in the film , " [ Loki will ] have to take responsibility for what he 's done " . Patty Jenkins , the director of Monster and the pilot episode of AMC 's The Killing , entered early negotiations with Marvel Studios and Disney to direct the film , after Kirk had passed due to contractual sticking points that arose during negotiations . Later in the month , Feige stated the sequel would " take Thor literally to other worlds " and would " primarily be the journey of that character , of he and Jane Foster and how the new dynamic with his father is working out , as well as what are the broader stakes for The Nine Worlds " . On October 13 , 2011 , Marvel confirmed that Jenkins would direct the sequel and Natalie Portman would return to star . Disney also moved the release date for the film to November 15 , 2013 .
= = = Pre @-@ production = = =
In December 2011 , Jenkins exited the project , citing " creative differences " . She stated , " I have had a great time working at Marvel . We parted on very good terms , and I look forward to working with them again . " Three days later , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel was looking at Alan Taylor and Daniel Minahan as prospective directors to replace Jenkins . THR also reported that Marvel was in the midst of hiring a writer to rewrite Don Payne 's script and the shortlist of possible writers consists of John Collee , Robert Rodat , and Roger Avary . At the end of the month , Alan Taylor , best known for directing episodes of the HBO fantasy series Game of Thrones , was chosen to direct the sequel . Feige mentioned Taylor 's work on the series Mad Men , Boardwalk Empire and Game of Thrones as reasons for his hiring , saying " With Alan 's direction we got a few more layers of patina , of texture , of reality into our golden realm . "
By January 10 , Marvel Studios had commissioned screenwriter Robert Rodat to rewrite the sequel and Hiddleston stated that filming was expected to begin in London in the summer of 2012 . Hemsworth later confirmed that filming was scheduled to begin in August . Hemsworth also revealed that the film would have a more Viking @-@ influenced feel , elaborating " I think the science fiction element to Thor … the danger is it falls a little bit into the world of it 's ' tough to throw a light to . ' I think of big waterfalls and mountains and a Viking influence , where the Norse mythology kind of grew from . Having that in Asgard is going to make it all the more special and that 's what Alan [ Taylor ] wants to bring to it . " Feige said " while the relationship between Loki and Thor certainly has changed [ after the events of the movie The Avengers ] and has progressed , a lot of Thor 2 is picking up where it left off in terms of Jane , who you just saw for a moment on a computer monitor , and also what 's been going on in the nine realms without the Asgardians being able to use the Bifrost . " Feige also said that while Loki has a part , " there will be a different villain , another big villain " .
In May 2012 , Mads Mikkelsen began talks to play one of the villains in the film and Anthony Hopkins , who played Odin in the first film , committed to returning in the sequel . At the end of the month , Disney moved up the release date for the film a week ahead of the previous date to November 8 , 2013 .
By June 2012 , much of the first film 's supporting cast was confirmed to return , including Idris Elba , Jaimie Alexander , Ray Stevenson and
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Stellan Skarsgård . Also in June , Joshua Dallas announced that he would not be reprising the role of Fandral . Dallas had initially intended to return , but had to bow out due to his commitment on the television show , Once Upon a Time , and Zachary Levi was cast in his place . Levi was originally up for the role in the first film but scheduling conflicts with Chuck forced him to drop out .
In July 2012 , Mikkelsen stated he would not be appearing in the sequel due to prior commitments , " That 's not happening unfortunately . I had a meeting with [ the filmmakers ] , but it was a bit too late and then Hannibal came in ... It 's just not happening " . At the 2012 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , it was announced that the film would be titled Thor : The Dark World . At the end of the month , residents near Bourne Wood in Surrey , England were notified that a film going by the working title , Thursday Mourning would be filming in the area .
In August of that year , Christopher Eccleston entered final negotiations to play Malekith the Accursed , and the film was scheduled to shoot in Iceland , where Taylor shot parts of Game of Thrones . By August 22 , Kat Dennings was hired to reprise her role as Darcy Lewis and Adewale Akinnuoye @-@ Agbaje was cast as Algrim . At the end of the month , film crews for Thursday Mourning began set construction at Stonehenge near Amesbury , England .
= = = Filming = = =
Principal photography began on September 10 , 2012 , in Bourne Wood , Surrey , England . A few weeks later , Clive Russell was cast as Tyr , and Richard Brake was cast as an Einherjar captain . At the end of the month , Jaimie Alexander was injured on the London film set , after she slipped while walking in the rain . On October 12 , 2012 , production moved to Iceland with filming taking place in Dómadalur , Skógafoss , Fjaðrárgljúfur and Skeiðarársandur . Iceland Review described the shoot as being among the most extensive film projects to have ever taken place in Iceland . Three days later , Disney announced that the film would be released in 3D . In late October , filming commenced at the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich , London . Filming also took place at Shepperton Studios and Longcross Studios in Surrey between October and December 2012 . Other filming
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, offering herself completely to the most noble causes . It provided a sympathetic counterpart to Sylvia 's attacks and continued the polarised discussion ; detached and objective assessment has rarely been a part of Pankhurst scholarship .
Recent biographies show that historians differ about whether Emmeline Pankhurst 's militancy helped or hurt the movement ; however , there is general agreement that the WSPU raised public awareness of the movement in ways that proved essential . Baldwin compared her to Martin Luther and Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau : individuals who were not the sum total of the movements in which they took part , but who nevertheless played crucial roles in struggles of social and political reform . In the case of Pankhurst , this reform took place in both intentional and unintentional ways . By defying the roles of wife and mother as the docile companion , Pankhurst paved the way for feminists who would later decry her support for empire and sustainable social values .
Emmeline Pankhurst 's importance to the United Kingdom was demonstrated again in 1929 , when a portrait of her was added to the National Portrait Gallery . In 1987 one of her homes in Manchester was opened as the Pankhurst Centre , an all @-@ women gathering space and museum . In 2002 , Pankhurst was placed at number 27 in the BBC 's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons .
In January 2016 , following a public vote , it was announced that a statue of Emmeline Pankhurst would be unveiled in Manchester in 2019 ; the first woman to be honoured with a statue in the city since Queen Victoria over 100 years ago .
= = In popular culture = =
Pankhurst is mentioned in the lyrics of " Sister Suffragette " sung by Mrs. Banks in the 1964 Walt Disney film Mary Poppins . Mary Poppins is set In Edwardian London , 1910 at the height of the Suffragette movement . The BBC dramatised the life of Emmeline Pankhurst in the six @-@ part serial Shoulder to Shoulder in 1974 , with Welsh actress Siân Phillips in the role . In the 2015 film Suffragette , Pankhurst , played by Meryl Streep , appears in several scenes .
= Fidel Castro in the Cuban Revolution =
The Cuban communist revolutionary and politician Fidel Castro took part in the Cuban Revolution from 1953 to 1959 . Following on from his early life , Castro decided to fight for the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista
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of elementary Fourier series states that the Dirichlet kernel tends to the a multiple of the delta function as N → ∞ . This is interpreted in the distribution sense , that
<formula>
for every compactly supported smooth function f . Thus , formally one has
<formula>
on the interval [ − π , π ] .
In spite of this , the result does not hold for all compactly supported continuous functions : that is DN does not converge weakly in the sense of measures . The lack of convergence of the Fourier series has led to the introduction of a variety of summability methods in order to produce convergence . The method of Cesàro summation leads to the Fejér kernel
<formula>
The Fejér kernels tend to the delta function in a stronger sense that
<formula>
for every compactly supported continuous function f . The implication is that the Fourier series of any continuous function is Cesàro summable to the value of the function at every point .
= = = Hilbert space theory = = =
The Dirac delta distribution is a densely defined unbounded linear functional on the Hilbert space L2 of square integrable functions . Indeed , smooth compactly support functions are dense in L2 , and the action of the delta distribution on such functions is well @-@ defined . In many applications , it is possible to identify subspaces of L2 and to give a stronger topology on which the delta function defines a bounded linear functional .
Sobolev spaces
The Sobolev embedding theorem for Sobolev spaces on the real line R implies that any square @-@ integrable function f such that
<formula>
is automatically continuous , and satisfies in particular
<formula>
Thus δ is a bounded linear functional on the Sobolev space H1 . Equivalently δ is an element of the continuous dual space H − 1 of H1 . More generally , in n dimensions , one has δ ∈ H − s ( Rn ) provided s > n / 2 .
= = = = Spaces of holomorphic functions = = = =
In complex analysis , the delta function enters via Cauchy 's integral formula which asserts that if D is a domain in the complex plane with smooth boundary , then
<formula>
for all holomorphic functions f in D that are continuous on the closure of D. As a result , the delta function δz is represented on this class of holomorphic functions by the Cauchy integral :
<formula>
More generally , let H2 ( ∂ D ) be the Hardy space consisting of the closure in L2 ( ∂ D ) of all holomorphic functions in D continuous up to the boundary of D. Then functions in H2 ( ∂ D ) uniquely extend to holomorphic functions in D , and the Cauchy integral formula continues to hold . In particular for z ∈ D , the delta function δz is a continuous linear functional on H2 ( ∂ D ) . This is a special case of the situation in several complex variables in which , for smooth domains D , the Szegő kernel plays the role of the Cauchy integral .
= = = = Resolutions of the identity = = = =
Given a complete orthonormal basis set of functions { φn } in a separable Hilbert space , for example , the normalized eigenvectors of a compact self @-@ adjoint operator , any vector f can be expressed as :
<formula>
The coefficients { αn } are found as :
<formula>
which may be represented by the notation :
<formula>
a form of the bra – ket notation of Dirac . Adopting this notation , the expansion of f takes the dyadic form :
<formula>
Letting I denote the identity operator on the Hilbert space , the expression
<formula>
is called a resolution of the identity . When the Hilbert space is the space L2 ( D ) of square @-@ integrable functions on a domain D , the quantity :
<formula>
is an integral operator , and the expression for f can be rewritten as :
<formula>
The right @-@ hand side converges to f in the L2 sense . It need not hold in a pointwise sense , even when f is a continuous function . Nevertheless , it is common to abuse notation and write
<formula>
resulting in the representation of the delta function :
<formula>
With a suitable rigged Hilbert space ( Φ , L2 ( D ) , Φ * ) where Φ ⊂ L2 ( D ) contains all compactly supported smooth functions , this summation may converge in Φ * , depending on the properties of the basis φn . In most cases of practical interest , the orthonormal basis comes from an integral or differential operator , in which case the series converges in the distribution sense .
= = = Infinitesimal delta functions = = =
Cauchy used an infinitesimal α to write down a unit impulse , infinitely tall and narrow Dirac @-@ type delta function δα satisfying <formula> in a number of articles in 1827 . Cauchy defined an infinitesimal in Cours d 'Analyse ( 1827 ) in terms of a sequence tending to zero . Namely , such a null sequence becomes an infinitesimal in Cauchy 's and Lazare Carnot 's terminology .
Non @-@ standard analysis allows one to rigorously treat infinitesimals . The article by Yamashita ( 2007 ) contains a bibliography on modern Dirac delta functions in the context of an infinitesimal @-@ enriched continuum provided by the hyperreals . Here the Dirac delta can be given by an actual function , having the property that for every real function F one has <formula> as anticipated by Fourier and Cauchy .
= = Dirac comb = =
A so @-@ called uniform " pulse train " of Dirac delta measures , which is known as a Dirac comb , or as the Shah distribution , creates a sampling function , often used in digital signal processing ( DSP ) and discrete time signal analysis . The Dirac comb is given as the infinite sum , whose limit is understood in the distribution sense ,
<formula>
which is a sequence of point masses at each of the integers .
Up to an overall normalizing constant , the Dirac comb is equal to its own Fourier transform . This is significant because if f is any Schwartz function , then the periodization of f is given by the convolution
<formula>
In particular ,
<formula>
is precisely the Poisson summation formula .
= = Sokhotski – Plemelj theorem = =
The Sokhotski – Plemelj theorem , important in quantum mechanics , relates the delta function to the distribution p.v.1 / x , the Cauchy principal value of the function 1 / x , defined by
<formula>
Sokhotsky 's formula states that
<formula>
Here the limit is understood in the distribution sense , that for all compactly supported smooth functions f ,
<formula>
= = Relationship to the Kronecker delta = =
The Kronecker delta δij is the quantity defined by
<formula>
for all integers i , j . This function then satisfies the following analog of the sifting property : if <formula> is any doubly infinite sequence , then
<formula>
Similarly , for any real or complex valued continuous function f on R , the Dirac delta satisfies the sifting property
<formula>
This exhibits the Kronecker delta function as a discrete analog of the Dirac delta function .
= = Applications = =
= = = Probability theory = = =
In probability theory and statistics , the Dirac delta function is often used to represent a discrete distribution , or a partially discrete , partially continuous distribution , using a probability density function ( which is normally used to represent fully continuous distributions ) . For example , the probability density function f ( x ) of a discrete distribution consisting of points x = { x1 , ... , xn } , with corresponding probabilities p1 , ... , pn , can be written as
<formula>
As another example , consider a distribution which 6 / 10 of the time returns a standard normal distribution , and 4 / 10 of the time returns exactly the value 3 @.@ 5 ( i.e. a partly continuous , partly discrete mixture distribution ) . The density function of this distribution can be written as
<formula>
The delta function is also used in a completely different way to represent the local time of a diffusion process ( like Brownian motion ) . The local time of a stochastic process B ( t ) is given by
<formula>
and represents the amount of time that the process spends at the point x in the range of the process . More precisely , in one dimension this integral can be written
<formula>
where 1 [ x − ε , x + ε ] is the indicator function of the interval [ x − ε , x + ε ] .
= = = Quantum mechanics = = =
We give an example of how the delta function is expedient in quantum mechanics . The wave function of a particle gives the probability amplitude of finding a particle within a given region of space . Wave functions are assumed to be elements of the Hilbert space L2 of square @-@ integrable functions , and the total probability of finding a particle within a given interval is the integral of the magnitude of the wave function squared over the interval . A set { φn } of wave functions is orthonormal if they are normalized by
<formula>
where δ here refers to the Kronecker delta
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@ 21 second 200 meter in the SICA East Conference championship meet . In the sectional state championship meet qualifier , Streets posted a long jump of 24 feet 9 inches ( 7 @.@ 54 m ) and a triple jump of 45 feet 9 @.@ 5 inches ( 13 @.@ 96 m ) . The Illinois High School Association ( IHSA ) championship meet record of 24 feet 6 @.@ 25 inches ( 7 @.@ 47 m ) set in 1969 seemed in jeopardy . On the first day of the long jump competition , Streets posted a 23 feet 6 inches ( 7 @.@ 16 m ) , which was second to the leader 's 24 feet 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 7 @.@ 38 m ) , and neither athlete improved his jump on the second day , leaving Streets as the second @-@ place finisher . Streets also ran a 47 split for his leg of the third @-@ place 4 x 400 metres relay team at the state meet .
He graduated in the class of 1995 . His high school basketball teams included future professional athletes Randle El , Melvin Ely , and Napoleon Harris . As a senior , Streets won the Chicago Sun @-@ Times all sport 1994 – 95 high school athlete of the year award . He also was named Chicago Tribune March 1995 Athlete of the Month and 1994 – 95 Chicago Tribune Athlete of the Year , which was awarded June 21 , 1995 at Comiskey Park . Streets was also honored as the IHSA Sports Report Athlete of the Year . Daily Herald of Arlington Heights , Illinois said that Streets would have won their Athlete of the Year award had he competed in their coverage area . Streets was so highly regarded as an athlete that the Thornton baseball coach repeatedly extended him an open offer to pitch for the baseball team .
= = College career = =
Streets played college football and basketball at the University of Michigan . As a true freshman in the 1995 NCAA Division I @-@ A football season , Streets only caught five passes for the 1995 Michigan Wolverines football team : he caught three in the 52 – 17 October 28 Little Brown Jug rivalry game victory against the Minnesota Golden Gophers and two in the 31 – 23 November 25 Michigan – Ohio State rivalry game with the Ohio State Buckeyes . All five athletes who had more receptions than him that season went on to play professional football ( Mercury Hayes − 48 , Amani Toomer – 44 , Jay Riemersma – 41 , Chris Howard – 14 and Jerame Tuman – 9 ) . Hayes , Toomer and Riemersma , who accounted for 75 percent of the team 's yardage , were all selected in the 1996 NFL Draft , leaving Streets as the leading returning wide receiver ( Howard was a running back and Tuman was a tight end ) .
In 1996 , Michigan dealt with a starting quarterback returning from a season @-@ ending injury and a depleted receiving group : Scott Dreisbach had missed the final two @-@ thirds of the season , leaving Brian Griese as the starter and freshman Tom Brady served as an understudy . Streets earned the starting wide receiver job and started in all twelve games . He led the 1996 Michigan Wolverines football team in receptions and reception yardage with 44 receptions for 730 yards . In the first game of the season against Illinois , Streets made the key block on Dreisbach 's 72 @-@ yard touchdown run . Two weeks later he made key catches on both the game @-@ tying and game @-@ winning scoring drives against the Colorado Buffaloes . His best statistical performance came at
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the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale the next day .
At peak intensity , Mitch maintained maximum sustained winds of 180 mph ( 285 km / h ) while off the northern coast of Honduras . Hurricane Hunters reported a minimum barometric pressure of 905 mbar ( 26 @.@ 7 inHg ) , which at the time was the lowest in the month of October and tied for the fourth lowest for any Atlantic hurricane . Initially , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) and various tropical cyclone forecast models anticipated a turn to the north , threatening the Yucatán Peninsula . Instead , Mitch turned to the south due to a ridge that was not observed while the storm was active . Land interaction imparted weakening , and the hurricane made landfall on Honduras on October 29 with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . Turning westward , Mitch slowly weakened over land and maintained deep convection over adjacent waters . After moving across mountainous terrain in Central America , the surface circulation of Mitch dissipated on November 1 . The next day , the remnants reached the Gulf of Mexico and reorganized into a tropical storm on November 3 . Mitch accelerated to the northeast ahead of a cold front , moving across the Yucatán Peninsula before striking southwestern Florida on November 5 . Shortly thereafter , the storm became an extratropical cyclone , which was tracked by the NHC until November 9 .
= = Origins = =
The origin of Hurricane Mitch can be traced to a tropical wave – an elongated area of low air pressure moving from east to west – that moved through western Africa on October 8 , as evidenced by radiosonde data . On October 10 , the wave exited the coast , and it continued generally westward without development due to strong wind shear . The wave reached the eastern Caribbean Sea on October 18 , and over the subsequent few days developed an organizing area of convection , or thunderstorms . The system organized enough to prompt a Hurricane Hunters investigation , which observed a small circulation center and flight @-@ level tropical storm force winds . As a result , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) estimated the system had developed into a tropical cyclone by 0000 UTC on October 22 , located 415 mi ( 665 km ) south of Kingston , Jamaica .
Upon being classified , Tropical Depression Thirteen was already near tropical storm status , with established outflow . At the time , the circulation was on the northern periphery of the convection . Initially , an upper @-@ level low to the north was shearing the convection , but steady intensification was expected due to generally favorable conditions , with an anticyclone expected to develop aloft . The depression remained nearly stationary in the southwestern Caribbean Sea , eventually executing a small loop about 260 mi ( 420 km ) east of San Andrés island . The convective structure initially was described as " amorphous " , with two rainbands extending from the center . Late on October 22 , the Hurricane Hunters observed flight @-@ level winds of 59 mph ( 95 km / h ) , which indicated surface winds of at least tropical storm @-@ force . Based on the reading , the NHC upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Mitch .
= = Intensification = =
When Mitch was upgraded to tropical storm status , it had a small radius of maximum winds , only 9 mi ( 14 km ) at flight @-@ level . A trough moving through the eastern United States weakened a ridge to the north , allowing the storm to move slowly northward . Additional ridging was forecast to build behind the trough , which would turn Mitch to the west to an area near the Yucatán Channel in five days . Significant intensification was initially hampered by the upper @-@ level low to the northwest generating wind shear over Mitch . As a result , the convection weakened on October 23 , despite an otherwise improving cloud pattern . Tropical cyclone forecast models anticipated significant strengthening to winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) once an anticyclone aloft became established , although the NHC noted that " it [ was ] difficult to visualize such intensification with the present poorly defined pattern observed on satellite , and knowing that the global models tend to get rid of westerlies too fast . " After about 12 hours of being disorganized , the thunderstorms reformed early on October 24 , after the upper @-@ level low weakened and shear diminished . An eye quickly formed in the center of the convection . Based on Hurricane Hunter reports of 105 mph ( 169 km / h ) flight @
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-@ level winds , the NHC upgraded Mitch to hurricane status on October 24 . By that time , the storm was moving slowly to the north , located about 295 mi ( 475 km ) south of Kingston .
Shortly after becoming a hurricane , Mitch began undergoing rapid deepening . It developed a strong central dense overcast , fueled by low shear and warm water temperatures . The eye became better organized , and after the anticyclone became established , the hurricane developed well @-@ defined outflow in all directions . Early on October 25 , Mitch intensified into a major hurricane , which is a Category 3 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . By that time , the hurricane had begun turning to the west , due to an intensifying ridge over the Gulf of Mexico . With what the NHC described as an " ideal environment for strengthening " , Mitch continued rapidly intensifying . In a 24 ‑ hour period ending late on October 25 , the barometric pressure fell 52 mbar ( 1 @.@ 5 inHg ) to 924 mbar ( 27 @.@ 3 inHg ) . While it was strengthening , Mitch made its closest point of approach to Jamaica , passing about 230 mi ( 370 km ) west @-@ southwest of the island . The NHC noted the potential for weak steering currents when the hurricane reached the western Caribbean , and the agency anticipated a general northward turn toward the Yucatán Peninsula .
The NHC estimated that Mitch intensified into a Category 5 hurricane at 1200 UTC on October 26 . At 1900 UTC that day , the Hurricane Hunters observed flight @-@ level winds of 193 mph ( 311 km / h ) in the hurricane 's northeastern quadrant , suggesting peak maximum sustained winds of 180 mph ( 285 km / h ) . Around the same time , a dropsonde recorded a minimum pressure of 905 mbar ( 26 @.@ 7 inHg ) . At the time , Mitch was considered the fourth most intense Atlantic hurricane , tied with Hurricane Camille in 1969 , and the strongest in the month of October , surpassing Hurricane Hattie in 1961 . Both records were surpassed by subsequent hurricanes . At the time , the hurricane was located about 100 mi ( 160 km ) off the north coast of Honduras . Its tropical storm force winds extended 175 mi ( 280 km ) from the center , and hurricane force winds reached 60 mi ( 95 km ) from the center .
= = Central America landfall = =
While Mitch was at peak intensity , the NHC noted that it was " not yet clear which country or countries in the northwest Caribbean are most threatened . " By late on October 26 , the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System ( NOGAPS ) had forecast the hurricane to continue to the west and strike Belize , while the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory ( GFDL ) computer model anticipated a general movement to the north in the western Caribbean . Mitch maintained peak winds for about 12 hours , and around that time it moved over Swan Island offshore Honduras . The motion became more westward , despite continued predictions for a northerly turn . The convection around the eye became ragged on October 27 . Gradual weakening occurred due to the southern half of the circulation moving across Honduras , which cut off inflow from the south . The eye became less distinct , and early on October 28 , Mitch weakened below Category 5 status .
Due to a weak mid @-@ level anticyclone over the
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Gulf of Mexico that was not observed operationally , Mitch began a slow southerly motion on October 27 , passing very near Guanaja . The NHC had anticipated the movement to be part of a small loop in the Gulf of Honduras , although the agency noted continued uncertainty . Steadily deteriorating , Mitch weakened below major hurricane intensity late on October 28 , due to land interaction , upwelling , and possibly an eyewall replacement cycle . On October 29 , the hurricane made landfall in Honduras , east of La Ceiba , with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . Despite being over land , the NHC continued to predict a turn to the north , which would allow for restrengthening .
Late on October 29 , Mitch weakened to tropical storm status . It moved slowly across Honduras , turning to the west . The large circulation dropped heavy rainfall throughout Central America , particularly in Honduras and Nicaragua , causing widespread flooding . While over land , Mitch initially maintained an area of deep convection , which allowed it to maintain tropical storm force winds . On October 31 , the circulation became poorly defined while moving over increasingly mountainous terrain ; however , the strongest convection persisted over the adjacent Pacific Ocean , and the NHC noted the potential for Mitch to become a Pacific tropical cyclone . Later that day , Mitch weakened into a tropical depression near the border of Guatemala and Honduras . An approaching trough weakened the ridge in the western Gulf of Mexico , allowing Mitch to make the long @-@ intended turn to the northwest . Convection gradually diminished , and the surface circulation of Mitch dissipated on November 1 near the border of Mexico and Guatemala .
= = Regeneration and extratropical transition = =
Although the surface low pressure center dissipated , the remnants of Mitch maintained a circulation aloft that reached the Bay of Campeche on November 2 . That day , the system began to trigger convection once again . Late on November 3 , the Hurricane Hunters observed a well @-@ defined low @-@ level center and flight @-@ level winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . On that basis , the NHC began reissuing advisories on Mitch about 55 mi ( 90 km ) west @-@ southwest of Campeche , Campeche on the Yucatán Peninsula . Upon reforming , Mitch was moving to the east @-@ northeast , influenced by an approaching cold front . Early on November 4 , Mitch made landfall just north of Campeche with winds of about 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) , and it quickly weakened into a tropical depression while crossing the Yucatán Peninsula .
While Mitch was over eastern Mexico , it had a rainband of deep convection in the eastern periphery . With moderately warm waters and the potential for baroclinity , re @-@ intensification was expected . After emerging into the Gulf of Mexico for a second time on November 4 , Mitch restrengthened into a tropical storm , although it was not a purely tropical cyclone ; convection was minimal near the core , and the strongest winds were over 230 mi ( 370 km ) from the center . Mitch accelerated toward the coast of Florida as it interacted with the approaching cold front . On November 5 , the circulation became elongated , and the NHC commented that " if [ it ] were not the remnants of Mitch , [ they ] would probably not be calling [ it ] a tropical cyclone . " The storm strengthened to reach winds of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) before making a final landfall in southwestern Florida near Naples . It quickly crossed the state , producing five tornadoes and tropical storm @-@ force winds , and the storm emerged into the southwestern Atlantic Ocean . Late on November 5 , a Hurricane Hunters flight could not locate a well @-@ defined center associated with Mitch , instead observing an elongated circulation embedded in the cold front . Based on the observations , the NHC declared Mitch as an extratropical cyclone .
The extratropical remnants of Mitch continued quickly to the northeast . On November 6 , they passed north of Bermuda , and the following day intensified slightly to winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . By November 9 , the remnants passed west of the British Isles , and were last monitored by the NHC later that day .
= Ernest Shackleton =
Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton CVO OBE FRGS ( / ˈʃækəltən / ; 15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922 ) was a polar explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic , and one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration . Born in Kilkea , Athy , County Kildare , Ireland , Shackleton and his Anglo @-@ Irish family moved to Sydenham in suburban south London when he was ten . His first experience of the polar regions was as third officer on Captain Robert Falcon Scott 's Discovery Expedition 1901 – 04 , from which he was sent home early on health grounds , after he and his companions Scott and Wilson set a new southern record by marching to latitude 82 ° S.
During the second expedition 1907 – 1909 he and three companions established a new record Farthest South latitude at 88 ° S , only 97 geographical miles ( 112 statute miles , 180 km ) from the South Pole , the largest advance to the pole in exploration history . Also , members of his team climbed Mount Erebus , the most active Antarctic
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volcano . For these achievements , Shackleton was knighted by King Edward VII on his return home .
After the race to the South Pole ended in December 1911 with Roald Amundsen 's conquest , Shackleton turned his attention to the crossing of Antarctica from sea to sea , via the pole . To this end he made preparations for what became the Imperial Trans @-@ Antarctic Expedition , 1914 – 17 . Disaster struck this expedition when its ship , Endurance , became trapped in pack ice and was slowly crushed before the shore parties could be landed . The crew escaped by camping on the sea ice until it disintegrated , then by launching the lifeboats to reach Elephant Island and ultimately the inhabited island of South Georgia , a stormy ocean voyage of 720 nautical miles and Shackleton 's most famous exploit . In 1921 , he returned to the Antarctic with the Shackleton @-@ Rowett Expedition , but died of a heart attack while his ship was moored in South Georgia . At his wife 's request he was buried there .
Away from his expeditions , Shackleton 's life was generally restless and unfulfilled . In his search for rapid pathways to wealth and security , he launched business ventures which failed to prosper , and he died heavily in debt . Upon his death , he was lauded in the press , but was thereafter largely forgotten , while the heroic reputation of his rival Scott was sustained for many decades . Later in the 20th century , Shackleton was " rediscovered " , and rapidly became a role model for leadership as one who , in extreme circumstances , kept his team together in a survival story described by cultural historian Stephanie Barczewski as " incredible " .
= = Early life = =
= = = Childhood = = =
Ernest Shackleton was born on 15 February 1874 in Kilkea near Athy , County Kildare , Ireland , about 46 miles ( 74 km ) from Dublin . Ernest 's father was Henry Shackleton , and his mother was Henrietta Letitia Sophia Gavan . His father 's family was Anglo @-@ Irish , originally from Yorkshire , England . His mother 's family was Irish , from counties Cork and Kerry . Ernest was the second of their ten children and the first of two sons ; the second , Frank , achieved notoriety as a suspect , later exonerated , in the 1907 theft of Ireland 's Crown Jewels .
In 1880 , when Ernest was six , Henry Shackleton gave up his life as a landowner to study medicine at Trinity College , Dublin , moving his family into the city . Four years later , the family moved again , from Ireland to Sydenham in suburban London . Partly this was in search of better professional prospects for the newly qualified doctor , but another factor may have been unease about their Anglo @-@ Irish ancestry , following the assassination by Irish nationalists of Lord Frederick Cavendish , the British Secretary for Ireland , in 1882 .
= = = Education = = =
From early childhood , Shackleton was a voracious reader , a pursuit which sparked a passion for adventure . He was schooled by a governess until the age of eleven , when he began at Fir Lodge Preparatory School in West Hill , Dulwich , in southeast London . At the age of thirteen , he entered Dulwich College . The young Shackleton did not particularly distinguish himself as a scholar , and was said to be " bored " by his studies . He was quoted later as saying : " I never learned much geography at school ... Literature , too , consisted in the dissection , the parsing , the analysing of certain passages from our great poets and prose @-@ writers ... teachers should be very careful not to spoil [ their pupils ' ] taste for poetry for all time by making it a task and an imposition . " In his final term at the school , however , he was still able to achieve fifth place in his class of thirty @-@ one .
= = = Merchant Navy officer = = =
Shackleton 's restlessness at school was such that he was allowed to leave at 16 and go to sea . The options available were a Royal Naval cadet
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us . Most of the conspirators were senators , who had a variety of economic , political , or personal motivations for carrying out the assassination . Many were afraid that Caesar would soon resurrect the monarchy and declare himself king . Others feared loss of property or prestige as Caesar carried out his land reforms in favor of the landless classes . Virtually all the conspirators fled the city after Caesar 's death in fear of retaliation . The civil war that followed destroyed what was left of the Republic .
After the assassination , Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar 's adopted son and great @-@ nephew , Gaius Octavian . Along with Marcus Lepidus , they formed an alliance known as the Second Triumvirate . They held powers that were nearly identical to the powers that Caesar had held under his constitution . As such , the Senate and assemblies remained powerless , even after Caesar had been assassinated . The conspirators were then defeated at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC . Eventually , however , Antony and Octavian fought against each other in one last battle . Antony was defeated in the naval Battle of Actium in 31 BC , and he committed suicide with his lover , Cleopatra . In 29 BC , Octavian returned to Rome as the unchallenged master of the Empire and later accepted the title of Augustus ( " Exalted One " ) . He was convinced that only a single strong ruler could restore order in Rome .
= = Military = =
The structural history of the Roman military describes the major chronological transformations in the organisation and constitution of the Roman armed forces . The Roman military was split into the Roman army and the Roman navy , although these two branches were less distinct than they tend to be in modern defence forces . Within the top @-@ level branches of army and navy , structural changes occurred both as a result of positive military reform and through organic structural evolution .
As with most ancient civilizations , Rome 's military served the triple purposes of securing its borders , exploiting peripheral areas through measures such as imposing tribute on conquered peoples , and maintaining internal order . From the outset , Rome 's military typified this pattern and the majority of Rome 's wars were characterized by one of two types . The first is the foreign war , normally begun as a counter @-@ offensive or defense of an ally . The second is the civil war , which plagued the Roman Republic in its final century . Roman armies were not invincible , despite their formidable reputation and host of victories . Over the centuries the Romans " produced their share of incompetents " who led Roman armies into catastrophic defeats . Nevertheless , it was generally the fate of the greatest of Rome 's enemies , such as Pyrrhus and Hannibal , to win early battles but lose the war . The history of Rome 's campaigning is , if nothing else , a history of obstinate persistence overcoming appalling losses .
= = = Hoplite armies ( 509 – c . 315 BC ) = = =
During this period , Roman soldiers seem to have been modelled after those of the Etruscans to the north , who themselves seem to have copied their style of warfare from the Greeks . Traditionally , the introduction of the phalanx formation into the Roman army is ascribed to the city 's penultimate king , Servius Tullius ( ruled 578 to 534 BC ) . According to Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus , the front rank was composed of the wealthiest citizens , who were able to purchase the best equipment . Each subsequent rank consisted of those with less wealth and poorer equipment than the one before it .
One disadvantage of the phalanx was that it was only effective when fighting in large , open spaces , which left the Romans at a disadvantage when fighting in the hilly terrain of central Italian peninsula . In the 4th century BC , the Romans abandoned the phalanx in favour of the more flexible manipular formation . This change is sometimes attributed to Marcus Furius Camillus and placed shortly after the Gallic invasion of 390 BC ; it is more likely , however , that they were copied from Rome 's Samnite enemies to the south , possibly as a result of Samnite victories during the Second Samnite War ( 326 to 304 BC ) .
= = = Manipular legion ( c . 315 – 107 BC ) = = =
During this period , an army formation of around 5 @,@ 000 men ( of both heavy and light infantry ) was known as a legion . The manipular army was based upon social class , age and military experience . Maniples were units of 120 men each drawn from a single infantry class .
The maniples were typically deployed into three discrete lines based on the three heavy infantry types :
1 . Each first line maniple were leather @-@ armoured infantry soldiers who wore a bronze breastplate and a bronze helmet adorned with 3 feathers approximately 30 cm ( 12 in ) in height and carried an iron @-@ clad wooden shield . They were armed with a sword and two throwing spears .
2 . The second infantry line was armed and armoured in the same manner as was the first infantry line . The second infantry line , however , wore a lighter coat of mail rather than a solid brass breastplate .
3 . The third infantry line was the last remnant of the hoplite @-@ style ( the Greek @-@ style formation used occasionally during the early Republic ) troops in the Roman army . They were armed and armoured in the same manner as were the soldiers in the second line , with the exception that they carried a lighter spear .
The three infantry classes may have retained some slight parallel to social divisions within Roman society , but at least officially the three lines were based upon age and experience rather than social class . Young , unproven men would serve in the first line , older men with some military experience would
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commissions and produces music for radio , television and advertising ; and administers copyrights owned by media companies .
= = History = =
= = = Before the merger of the Boosey and Hawkes companies = = =
Boosey & Hawkes was founded in 1930 through the merger of two respected music companies , Boosey & Company and Hawkes & Son .
The Boosey family was of Franco – Flemish origin . Boosey & Company traces its roots back to John Boosey , a bookseller in London in the 1760s – 1770s . His son Thomas continued the business at 4 Old Bond Street , and from 1819 the bookshop was called Boosey & Sons or T. & T. Boosey .
Thomas Boosey 's son , also named Thomas ( 1794 / 1795 – 1871 ) , set up a separate musical branch of the company known as T. Boosey & Co. and , in the latter part of the 19th century , Boosey & Company . This branch initially imported foreign music but soon began publishing in England the works of composers such as Johann Nepomuk Hummel , Saverio Mercadante and Gioachino Rossini , and subsequently important operas by Bellini , Donizetti and Verdi . Elgar and Vaughan Williams were among its later signings . The company also produced books : among its first publications was an English translation of Johann Nikolaus Forkel 's book Life of J.S. Bach ( 1820 ) . The company was seriously affected by the House of Lords ' decision in Boosey v. Jeffreys ( 1854 ) which deprived English publishers of many of their foreign copyrights .
Boosey & Company diversified into manufacturing woodwind instruments in 1851 , collaborating in 1856 with flautist R.S. Pratten ( 1846 – 1936 ) to develop new designs for flutes . The firm bought over the business of Henry Distin in 1868 , allowing it to begin making brass instruments . Among its achievements was the widely acclaimed design for compensating valves developed by David James Blaikley in 1874 . The company also commenced production of string instruments .
The company capitalised on the increasing popularity of the ballad by focusing its publishing activities on them . To promote sales , John Boosey ( c.1832 – 1893 ) , son of Thomas Jr . , established the London Ballad Concerts in 1867 at St. James 's Hall and later at Queen 's Hall when it opened in 1893 . Clara Butt , John Sims Reeves and Charles W. Clark performed at these concerts , and its successes included Arthur Sullivan 's " The Lost Chord " ( 1877 ) and Stephen Adams ' " The Holy City " . The company began emphasising educational music from about the end of the 19th century .
In 1874 Boosey & Company moved into offices at 295 Regent Street , where the business was to stay for the next 131 years . In 1892 , Boosey & Company opened an office in New York which still exists today . The business eventually owned half of Regent Street , and at the time of the merger was managed by Leslie Boosey ( 1887 – 1979 ) .
Hawkes & Son ( later Rivière & Hawkes ) , a rival to Boosey & Company , was founded in 1865 by William Henry Hawkes selling orchestral sheet music . The company also made musical instruments and spare parts such as clarinet reeds , and by 1925 Hawkes had set up an instrument factory in Edgware , North London . The business , which was particularly known for brass and military band music , was eventually inherited by Ralph Hawkes ( 1898 – 1950 ) .
= = = After the merger = = =
Leslie Boosey and Ralph Hawkes met in the 1920s when they were on the Board of the Performing Right Society , and saw an opportunity to go into business together . They formed Boosey & Hawkes in October 1930 through a merger of their respective businesses . Hawkes & Son moved from its office in Denman Street to join the Boosey staff at 295 Regent Street .
The 1938 Anschluss — the annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi regime — led to the Nazification of Viennese publishing house Universal Edition . Boosey & Hawkes seized the opportunity to sign up composers Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály , and also rescued Universal 's Jewish staff , who later played an important role in developing the company . One such employee in particular , Ernst Roth , facilitated the signing of Richard Strauss and Igor Stravinsky , and was instrumental in the production of Strauss 's Vier letzte Lieder ( Four Last Songs ) ( 1948 ; premièred 1950 ) and Stravinsky 's The Rake 's Progress ( premièred 1951 ) . Another significant figure from Vienna who occupied an editorial role was composer Arnold Schoenberg 's pupil Erwin Stein , and after the war the composer Leopold Spinner , a pupil of Anton Webern , was also on the editorial staff . Stein was instrumental in founding the modern @-@ music journal Tempo in 1939 , which began as Boosey & Hawkes ' own newsletter but later became a more independent publication .
By the time World War II broke out in 1939 , Boosey & Hawkes had also signed Benjamin Britten and Aaron Copland . It was Ralph Hawkes who championed Britten when he was still relatively unknown , often against the rest of the board of directors , until the première on 7 June 1945 of Peter Grimes , which
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was a critical and popular success . Sheet music sales soared during the War , enabling Boosey & Hawkes to buy Editions Russes which held the rights to the most valuable works of Prokofiev , Rachmaninoff and Stravinsky . The company also purchased the lease of the Royal Opera House in London in 1944 , rescuing it from becoming a permanent dance hall and providing a venue for world @-@ class ballet and opera in the capital .
By 1950 , Boosey & Hawkes was a leading international music company with an extensive catalogue of serious composers and offices in Bonn , Johannesburg , New York , Paris , Toronto and Sydney . However , from the late 1940s , strains had begun to appear in the relationship between Leslie Boosey and Ralph Hawkes , and this led to factions supporting each man forming in the company . It was discovered that Hawkes had borrowed capital of £ 100 @,@ 000 during the war without the permission of the exchange control authorities , and Boosey was forced to clear up the situation at great personal cost . Hawkes secretly wanted to buy out the music publishing side of the business and manage it from New York , leaving Boosey in London with the musical instrument business which Hawkes found dull . However , he died suddenly on 8 September 1950 , and representation of his faction was taken over by his flamboyant but unreliable brother Geoffrey who spent much of the company 's money on ventures such as the manufacture of mouth organs and ovens , which failed . Geoffrey Hawkes also sold shares in the company to fund his philandering , to the point that the company was forced to go public to raise cash . Leslie Boosey allowed Geoffrey his turn as chairman , but within two years the profitable company was on the brink of insolvency and Geoffrey Hawkes died of leukaemia in 1961 .
During these difficult years , Boosey was supported by his trusted managing director , Ernst Roth . However , Roth later regarded the Boosey family as ineffectual and parochial . In the early 1960s , Roth forced Boosey 's sons Anthony and Simon out of the company , and prevented his youngest son , Nigel , from even joining , allegedly at the behest of Benjamin Britten . Roth and Boosey also had differences over Britten 's influence over the company . Roth regarded Britten as a gifted local musician , rather than a true genius like Roth 's friends Strauss and Stravinsky . Boosey realised how valuable Britten was to the company , and agreed to Britten 's request to divide the company into instruments and publishing . However , Britten humiliated Boosey by preventing him from chairing the music publishing board Boosey had established at Britten 's request . In 1963 , Britten also managed to get Boosey & Hawkes to employ Donald Mitchell to find new , young composers for the company . Angered by the sway Britten had over Boosey , Roth fired Mitchell within a year . Mitchell later set up Faber Music for book publisher Faber and Faber with the assistance of Britten and the blessing of T. S. Eliot .
Boosey retired from the company in 1964 , and died without an obituary in 1979 . Although he had been awarded with the Légion d 'honneur by France , his achievements were mostly unrecognised in the UK . However , a large number of composers and their estates continue to benefit from his pioneering work in rights and royalty collection . In addition , every two years the Royal Philharmonic Society and the Performing Right Society honour individuals who have made an outstanding contribution to the furtherance of contemporary music in Britain with the Leslie Boosey Award . The award is given to those who work " backstage " , such as administrators , broadcasters , educationalists , programmers , publishers and representatives from the recording industry .
Some time during the late 1960s or early 1970s Boosey & Hawkes bought out The Salvation Army Brass Instrument Factory in North London . They continued for some years to manufacture instruments with The Salvation Army name and crest on them such as The Bandmaster cornets .
Boosey & Hawkes ' musical instruments division was gradually scaled down from the mid @-@ 1970s as it became less viable to have such an extensive range of products . Various lines were outsourced and sold off . By the time of the closure of the Edgware factory in 2001 , brass instruments were the only thriving part of the instrument range . Production was moved to Watford , Hertfordshire , and the instruments rebranded Besson .
It took nearly 20 years for Boosey & Hawkes to regain the leading position in the international music scene that it has today . It claims to be the largest specialist classical music publisher in the world .
= = The company today = =
In 2001 , Boosey & Hawkes was put up for sale after accounting irregularities were discovered in its Chicago instrument @-@ distribution business , leading to £ 13m worth of sales being written off , a plummeting share price , and the company 's near @
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when US 131 was realigned to run directly south of US 112 to the state line instead of running concurrently along US 112 between Mottville and White Pigeon . In January 1962 , the US 112 designation was decommissioned when US 12 was shifted off the I @-@ 94 freeway to replace US 112 .
= = = After 1962 = = =
After US 12 replaced US 112 , the Bus . US 12 routes were renumbered as Business Loop I @-@ 94 , and the two Bus . US 112s were renumbered to Bus . US 12 . In 1966 , the state truncated M @-@ 60 and removed it as a concurrent designation along US 12 between New Buffalo and Niles .
In October 2000 , the state proposed changing jurisdiction of several highways near Campus Martius Park in Detroit , and US 12 was shortened by four city blocks the next year to end along Michigan Avenue at Griswold Street . This would be shortened again in 2005 to Michigan Avenue and Cass Avenue .
= = Memorial highway and byway names = =
The roads that have carried US 12 in Michigan have been given a number of memorial highway names . In 1922 , after the publication of Main Street by Sinclair Lewis , that street name took on a pejorative connotation . The newspaper in Jackson advocated that the main road from Detroit to Chicago which formed the main street through many communities in southern Michigan should be given a new name . It was already labeled the Michigan – Detroit – Chicago Highway on travel maps of the time , so the paper suggested that the roadway should be renamed to create the longest street in the country . Both Chicago and Detroit had streets named Michigan Avenue , so that is what the paper suggested for a new name . Albion was the first community to change the name of its street after the paper followed by Jackson and Marshall in 1924 , Battle Creek in 1928 and Kalamazoo in 1929 .
In 1952 , US 12 was dedicated to the 32nd Infantry Division . The division used a red arrow as its insignia to symbolize how they pierced the German Hindenburg Line during World War I and Japanese defenses during World War II . The soldiers who composed the division were drawn from the Michigan and Wisconsin National Guards . After other proposals failed , US 12 was named the Red Arrow Highway on August 30 , 1952 , and dedicated on March 22 , 1953 . Jurisdiction of most of the roadways that composed US 12 at that time has passed to local governments as I @-@ 94 was built , but the highway still bears that name in Berrien County .
Count Casimir Pulaski was a Polish @-@ born noble and soldier who fought on the side of the Americans during the Revolutionary War . He was appointed a brigadier general on the recommendations of George Washington and later became known as the " Father of the American Cavalry " . He was severely wounded during the Siege of Savannah and died while being treated on the brigantine Wasp . The route of US 112 was designated the Pulaski Memorial Highway by Public Act 11 of 1953 and formally dedicated in Detroit on October 4 , 1953 . The segment of what is now US 12 in Berrien County still bears this name .
US 12 has also been designated as the Iron Brigade Memorial Highway , a designation which it also has in Indiana , Illinois and Wisconsin . The name honors the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment , part of the Iron Brigade from the American Civil War . The regiment lost more troops than any other on the Union side during the war and provided the military escort for Abraham Lincoln 's funeral in Springfield , Illinois . The unit traveled along the Chicago Road to join the war effort . The highway was dedicated in twin ceremonies in New Buffalo on October 9 , 1994 , and in Detroit on November 11 , 1995 , to the Iron Brigade .
In 1986 , the Michigan Department of Transportation consulted with its counterparts in Wisconsin ( WisDOT ) , Minnesota ( Mn / DOT ) and Ontario ( Ministry of Transportation of Ontario , MTO ) about the formation of a circle tour around Lake Superior . The Lake Michigan Circle Tour was signed on maps by 1988 .
In May 2001 , the section of US 12 through Saline was designated a Michigan Historic Heritage Route . The segment through Clinton was given the same status in October 2002 . On June 9 , 2004 , the full length of US 12 was dedicated as the US 12 Heritage Trail . In December 2014 , this became a Pure Michigan Byway when Governor Rick Snyder signed legislation renaming the Michigan Heritage Route System to the Pure Michigan Byway System .
= = Major intersections = =
= = Related routes = =
= = = Niles business loop = = =
Business US Highway 12 ( Bus . US 12 ) was a business route running in Niles . The western terminus was at the corner of West Chicago Road and US 12 ( Pulaski Highway ) east of the US 12 / US 31 interchange . From there , the business loop followed Chicago Road northeasterly through residential areas on the west side of town . Bus . US 12 turned north along Lincoln Avenue and then east on Main Street , crossing the St. Joseph River . The loop intersected the southern end of M @-@ 139 at Front Street one block east of the river in downtown Niles . Four blocks further east , Bus . US 12 met M @-@ 51 . The two highways merged along Main Street and then turned south along 11th Street at an intersection that also marks the western terminus of Bus . M @-@ 60 ( Oak Street ) . Bus . US 12 / M @-@ 51 continued south along 11th Street to the corner of US 12 ( Pulaski Highway ) and M @-@ 51 ( South 11th Street ) where the business loop terminated .
The trunkline was first designated in 1956 as a business route of US 112 . At that time , US 112 and M @-@ 60 were transferred to a bypass south of Niles . When US 112 was decommissioned in January 1962 , Bus . US 112 was redesignated Bus . US 12 to match the new US 12 designation .
In 1986 , US 33 was truncated in Michigan to end at US 12 . Bus . US 12 was rerouted in Niles to replace US 33 through town ; Bus . US 31 was added a year later when the signage was updated in the area . In 1998 , US 33 was removed from Michigan completely . At this time , M @-@ 51 was extended over former US 33 and replaced part of the Bus . US 31 designation in Niles .
On March 5 , 2010 , the segment of Bus . US 12 between Bus . US 31 and M @-@ 51 was turned over to local control . In April 2010 the Bus . US 12 designation was retired when an extended M @-@ 139 replaced it from the local control section southwestward prior to maps and signage being changed . The concurrent segment along M @-@ 51 became M @-@ 51 only .
Major intersections
The entire highway was in St. Joseph County .
= = = Ypsilanti business loop = = =
Business US Highway 12 ( Bus . US 12 ) is a business route running in Ypsilanti . The loop starts at exit 183 on I @-@ 94 / US 12 south of downtown Ypsilanti and runs northward along the one @-@ way pairing of Huron Street ( northbound ) and Hamilton Street ( southbound ) . At the intersection with Michigan Avenue in downtown , the two directions reunite and turn eastward , merging onto M @-@ 17 in the process . Michigan Avenue crosses the Huron River and continues due east until an intersection at Prospect Street where it turns northeasterly . M @-@ 17 separates from Bus . US 12 at Ecorse Road , and Michigan Avenue continues through commercial areas , exiting the city of Ypsilanti . Once Bus . US 12 crosses from Washtenaw County into Wayne County , it expands into a boulevard with Michigan left turns . Just north of the Willow Run industrial complex , Bus . US 12 terminates where US 12 merges onto Michigan Avenue .
In 1942 or 1943 , Ypsilanti was bypassed by a Bypass US 112 ( Byp . US 112 ) . US 112 continued to run along its routing in Ypsilanti . The first business loop in Ypsilanti was created in 1956 when US 112 was realigned to bypass downtown along the former Byp . US 112 . The former route through downtown
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