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2,068 | cuboid. The joints are approximately on an imaginary line traced from muscles that produce this motion are tibialis anterior and fibularis | 1,966 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
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longus. Flexion and extension are brought about by the long and short ments of adjoining metatarsophalangeal joints. The interossei are
flexors and extensors of the toes. Movement between the medial cunei dorsal to, and the lumbricals, digital vessels and nerves are plantar to,
form and f... | 1,967 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,069 | Dorsal and plantar intermetatarsal ligaments As with their dorsal synovial joint.
counterparts, the plantar intermetatarsal ligaments are longitudinal,
oblique or transverse and they vary considerably in both number and Innervation The main nerve supply of the metatarsophalangeal joints
organization. The plantar ligame... | 1,967 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,069 | of the toes. plantar aspect of the joint in the midline. If approaching the metatar
sophalangeal joint surgically from the plantar surface, it is important
Articulating surfaces Articular surfaces cover the distal and plantar, not to stray from the midline.
but not the dorsal, aspects of the metatarsal heads. The plan... | 1,967 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,069 | extensor tendons by small bursae, or they may be replaced by the degrees while extension may reach 90°. When the foot is on the ground,
tendons, but they are inseparable from the plantar and collateral liga metatarsophalangeal joints are already extended to at least 25° because
ments. The plantar aponeurosis blends wi... | 1,967 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,069 | Deep transverse metatarsal ligaments The deep transverse metatarsal dorsal interossei; in the third and fourth toes, the corresponding dorsal
ligaments are four short, wide, flat bands that unite the plantar liga interossei; in the fifth toe, abductor digiti minimi. | 1,967 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,070 | Arches of the foot
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RETPAHC
Note that the line of reference for adduction and abduction is along (Hicks 1954). Dorsiflexion, especially of the great toe, draws the two
the second digit, which has the least mobile metatarsal. The second toe pillars together, thus heightening the arch: the socalled ‘windlass’
may... | 1,968 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,070 | attenuation of the medial soft tissue structures and contracture of the Lateral longitudinal arch
lateral ones. The sesamoid sling (i.e. plantar plate and flexor hallucis
brevis), which is anchored laterally by adductor hallucis, remains in
The lateral longitudinal arch is a much less pronounced arch than the
place as ... | 1,968 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,070 | plate, like the plantar metatarsophalangeal ligaments, and is often The bones involved in the transverse arch are the bases of the five meta
termed the plantar ligament. tarsals, the cuboid and the cuneiforms (see Fig. 84.8A). The intermedi
ate and lateral cuneiforms are wedgeshaped and thus adapted to
Innervation T... | 1,968 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,070 | maintain an extended toe and neutralize the medial pull of flexor digi palpable medial projection of the navicular to the floor (Chang et al
torum longus. 2012)). In marked contrast, pathological pes planus is often associated
with stiffness and pain. The windlass (or ‘Jack’s great toe’) test involves
Extension Extens... | 1,968 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,070 | the three cuneiforms and the medial three metatarsals. The posterior parts of the foot, it is called ‘global’ cavus.
and anterior pillars are the posterior part of the inferior calcaneal surface In Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, an overactive fibularis longus leads
and the three metatarsal heads, respectively. The bones ... | 1,968 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,071 | AnklE And fooT
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section (Ahmed et al 1998, Zantop et al 2003, Chen et al 2009). The
MUSCLES
posterior tibial artery primarily supplies the proximal and distal sec
tions, and the midsection receives a relatively poor blood supply from
The muscles acting on the foot may be divided into extrinsic and intrin... | 1,969 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,071 | where the tendons of the superficial group of flexors are inserted into (tendinosis) and inflammation (paratendinitis); the area of relative
the calcaneus (see below), and the tendons of the deep group of flexors avascularity in the midsubstance of the tendon is where the majority
are bound down by the flexor retinacu... | 1,969 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,071 | Fig. 82.3). Approximately 15 cm long, it begins near the middle of the tious bursa superficial to the calcaneal tendon, and a subcalcaneal bursa
calf; its anterior surface receives muscle fibres from soleus almost to its between the inferior surface of the calcaneus and the origin of the
inferior end. It gradually beco... | 1,969 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,071 | sometimes blending entirely at its insertion or inserting into the plantar flexor hallucis longus
aponeurosis. Flexor hallucis longus is described on page 1411. The tendon of flexor
hallucis longus is described below.
Tensile properties The estimated tensile breaking load of a fetal
calcaneal tendon increases from 2 kg... | 1,969 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,072 | 48
RETPAHC
Ankle and foot
1 17
14
2 16
1
3 15
4 13
5 12 2
11
6
14
3
A
4
13
7 8 9 10 5
12
6
1 11
16
15 7
10
2
14
9
13
8
12 B
3
11
10
4
9
5
8
C
6 7
Fig. 84.19 Turbo spin-echo, T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images of the left ankle of a woman aged 26. A, A coronal turbo spin-echo,
T1-weighted MR image of the forefoo... | 1,970 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,072 | 16, extensor hallucis longus; 17, tendon of anterior tibialis. C, A sagittal turbo spin-echo, T1-weighted MR image of the ankle and hindfoot. Key: 1, flexor
digitorum longus; 2, soleus; 3, talocalcaneal (subtalar) joint; 4, calcaneal tendon; 5, calcaneus; 6, flexor digitorum brevis; 7, flexor accessorius; 8, cuboid;
9,... | 1,970 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,073 | Muscles
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A B
Tendon of flexor
hallucis longus
Tendinous Cruciform Tendinous sheath of
sheath of part toes
Anular
great toe
part
Tendinous
sheath of toes
Tendon of flexor Tendons of flexor
hallucis longus digitorum longus
Tendons of
First to fourth
Flexor hallucis Adductor hallucis, flexor digitorum
lumbr... | 1,971 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,073 | the intrinsic muscles of the foot are given at the end of this section. coverage.
Plantar muscles of the foot: first layer Flexor digitorum brevis
Attachments Flexor digitorum brevis arises by a narrow tendon from
This superficial layer includes abductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi the medial process of the calcan... | 1,971 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,073 | fibres to the dermis along the medial border of the foot. replaced by a small muscular slip from the extrinsic flexor tendons or
from flexor accessorius. Conversely, the slip may be joined by a second,
Relations Abductor hallucis lies along the medial border of the foot supernumerary slip.
and covers the origins of the... | 1,971 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
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Flexor tendinous sheaths
The terminations of the tendons of the extrinsic and intrinsic flexor
muscles are contained in osseoaponeurotic canals similar to those that
occur in the fingers. These canals are bounded above by the phalanges
Tendons of and below by fibrous bands, the digital fi... | 1,972 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,074 | Abductor digiti minimi fourth and fifth long flexor tendons may, at times, fail to receive slips
Flexor retinaculum from the flexor accessorius.
Plantar aponeurosis
Muscular branch
Flexor digitorum brevis Relations The medial plantar nerve passes medial to and the lateral
Posterior tibial artery plantar nerve passes su... | 1,972 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,074 | Attachments Abductor digiti minimi arises from both processes of ligaments before reaching the dorsal digital expansions.
the calcaneal tuberosity, from the plantar surface of the bone between
them, from the plantar aponeurosis and from the intermuscular septum Actions The lumbricals help to maintain extension of the i... | 1,972 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,074 | Plantar muscles of the foot: second layer
lateral division of the tendon of tibialis posterior, and a more superficial
attachment to the middle band of the medial intermuscular septum.
The second layer consists of flexor accessorius and the four lumbrical The belly of the muscle divides into medial and lateral parts, t... | 1,972 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,075 | Muscles
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RETPAHC
is no phalangeal attachment for the transverse part of the muscle; fibres
that fail to reach the lateral sesamoid bone are attached with the oblique
Tendons of part.
flexor digitorum longus The transverse part of adductor hallucis is sometimes absent; part of
the muscle may be attached to the fi... | 1,973 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,075 | Tendon of tibialis posterior stituting what may be described as a distinct muscle: opponens digiti
Flexor retinaculum Long plantar ligament minimi.
Tendon of
flexor hallucis longus Abductor digiti minimi Relations The fifth metatarsal shaft lies on the deep surface of flexor
Plantar aponeurosis digiti minimi brevis, th... | 1,973 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,075 | situated between the metatarsals. They consist of four bipennate
Relations Flexor hallucis brevis lies on the underside of the first muscles, each arising by two heads from the sides of the adjacent meta
metatarsal shaft; abductor hallucis lies medially. The medial digital tarsals. Their tendons are attached to the ba... | 1,973 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,075 | ligaments of the third, fourth and fifth toes (sometimes only from the the possibility of a neuropathic process (e.g. Charcot–Marie–Tooth
third and fourth), and from the deep transverse metatarsal ligaments disease, tethered spinal cord).
between them. The oblique head has medial and lateral parts. The
medial part blen... | 1,973 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
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The muscle belly and tendon of extensor hallucis brevis serve as guides
A B to the location of the dorsalis pedis artery and deep fibular nerve. The
tendon of extensor hallucis brevis can be used as a local graft.
Vascular supply to the intrinsic muscles of the foot
Abductor hallucis is su... | 1,974 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,076 | aspect. The axis to which the movements of abduction and adduction are
metatarsal arteries. Flexor digiti minimi brevis is supplied by end twigs
referred is indicated.
of the arcuate and lateral tarsal arteries, and the lateral plantar artery
and its digital (plantar) branch to the lateral side of the fifth toe. Dorsal... | 1,974 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,076 | Attachments Extensor digitorum brevis (see Fig. 84.2A) is a thin
by the lateral plantar nerve, S1, S2 and S3. The first lumbrical is supplied
muscle that arises from the distal part of the superolateral surface of
by the medial plantar nerve; the other lumbricals are supplied by the
the calcaneus in front of the shallo... | 1,974 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,076 | one or more tendons. It may be connected to the adjacent dorsal
and S1.
interossei.
Relations The most medial tendon, that of extensor hallucis brevis, VASCULAR SUPPLY
courses dorsomedially and passes superficial to the dorsalis pedis artery
and the deep fibular nerve. The remaining three tendons pass obliquely ARTERIE... | 1,974 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,077 | Vascular supply
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RETPAHC
First dorsal metatarsal artery The first dorsal metatarsal artery
(see Fig. 84.24) arises just before the dorsalis pedis artery enters the
sole. It runs distally on the first dorsal interosseous and divides at the
Anterior tibial artery
cleft between the first and second toes. One branch... | 1,975 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,077 | perforating branch dorsally to join a dorsal metatarsal artery. The first
arteries
plantar metatarsal artery springs from the junction between the lateral
plantar and dorsalis pedis arteries, and sends a digital branch to the
Fig. 84.24 The dorsal arteries of the foot. medial side of the great toe. The lateral digital ... | 1,975 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,077 | and fat behind the calcaneal tendon; and the artery of the tarsal canal.
Tarsal arteries There are two tarsal arteries, lateral and medial (see The terminal branches of the posterior tibial artery are the medial and
lateral plantar arteries.
Fig. 84.24). They arise as the dorsalis pedis artery crosses the navicular.
Th... | 1,975 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,077 | plantar nerve and join the first to third plantar metatarsal arteries.
mal perforating branches from the deep plantar arch. Distally, they are
joined by distal perforating branches from the plantar metatarsal arter Lateral plantar artery The lateral plantar artery is the larger termi
ies. The fourth dorsal metatarsal... | 1,975 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,078 | AnklE And fooT
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A B
Plantar digital arteries
Adductor hallucis, tendon of Plantar digital arteries
oblique head
Abductor hallucis
Tendon of flexor hallucis brevis,
lateral part Adductor hallucis,
transverse head
Dorsalis pedis artery, junction
with deep plantar arch Plantar metatarsal arteries
Digital bra... | 1,976 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,078 | branches run to the lateral border and join branches of the lateral tarsal receives tributaries from deep veins and is continuous proximally with
and arcuate arteries. Sometimes, a calcaneal branch pierces abductor a venous network in the leg. At each side of the foot, this network con
hallucis to supply the skin of t... | 1,976 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,078 | Plantar digital veins arise from plexuses in the plantar regions of the
toes. They connect with dorsal digital veins to form four plantar meta The deep fibular nerve is described on page 1416.
tarsal veins, which run proximally in the intermetatarsal spaces and
Tibial nerve
connect via perforating veins with dorsal ve... | 1,976 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,079 | Biomechanics of standing, walking and running
1447
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RETPAHC
Medial calcaneal nerve Proper plantar digital arteries
The medial calcaneal nerve arises from the tibial nerve and perforates Proper plantar digital nerves
the flexor retinaculum to supply the skin of the heel and medial side
of the sole.
Medial plantar nerv... | 1,977 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,079 | all supplied by the medial plantar nerve. (tibial nerve)
Medial plantar nerve
Lateral plantar nerve
Posterior tibial artery
The lateral plantar nerve supplies the skin of the fifth toe, the lateral Lateral plantar nerve
half of the fourth toe, and most of the deep muscles of the foot (see
Fig. 84.21). It is located med... | 1,977 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,079 | fourth intermetatarsal space). Branches to the second and third lumbri ANATOMY OF THE TOENAILS
cals pass distally deep to the transverse head of adductor hallucis, and
travel around its distal border to reach them. See Video 84.1. NAIL STRUCTURE
Nerve entrapment syndromes in the foot A toenail consists of a nail plate... | 1,977 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,079 | at the ‘knot of Henry’, which is the point where the tendon of flexor takes place principally in the talocalcaneal and transverse tarsal joints.
hallucis longus crosses deep to the tendon of flexor digitorum longus, Adduction is movement of the foot towards the midline in the trans
to reach its medial side in the sole... | 1,977 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,080 | 48
RETPAHC
Ankle and foot
Patients with Morton’s neuroma usually present with a main com
plaint of metatarsalgia. While there is no pathognomonic clinical test,
diagnostic imaging coupled with clinical tests can provide convergent
validity to help with diagnosis (Owens et al 2011). Two commonly used
clinical tests are... | 1,978 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
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movement occurs at the transverse tarsal joints and, to a limited degree, force fluctuations have to be larger at higher speeds, to give the same
the first tarsometatarsal and metatarsophalangeal joints. vertical movement in less time.
Supination describes a threedimensional movement and ... | 1,979 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,081 | that are almost straight. Moreover, we are plantigrade, i.e. we set the
Running
whole length of the foot down on the ground, whereas most medium
to large mammals are digitigrade, i.e. they stand and walk on their toes,
and ungulates stand on hooves on the tips of their toes. In the sagittal Walking involves dualsuppor... | 1,979 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,081 | required from the muscles.
but the point of takeoff is still the anterior pillar of the medial longi
The calcaneal tendon is the most important ‘spring’ in the leg. Most
tudinal arch. As the heel leaves the ground, the toes gradually extend.
runners strike the ground first with the heel, and the centre of pressure
Ex... | 1,979 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,081 | alternate with doublesupport phases (two feet on the ground). The be if the foot were rigid. Mechanical tests on amputated feet have shown
knee is straight at heel strike and remains nearly straight (10–30°) for that the foot is a reasonably good spring, giving an energy return of
most of the stance phase of that leg,... | 1,979 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,081 | ankle of the supporting foot. The vertical component of the total force so), which accentuates the longitudinal arch to its maximum height
exerted by both feet on the ground in the doublesupport phase is (Hicks 1954). Similar changes can be imposed on a weightbearing foot
greater than body weight, giving the body an ... | 1,979 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,082 | Biomechanics of standing, walking and running
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RETPAHC
Phase of gait Stance phase Swing phase
Double Double
support Single-limb support support Single-limb support
(opposite side)
Pressure Heel strike Foot flat Mid-stance Heel-off Toe-off Mid-swing Heel strike
distribution
Hip
Joint angle
(extension = 0º) 45º 40... | 1,980 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
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A
A
B
B
C
C
Fig. 84.29 The concept of the foot skeleton as a twisted plate that may
be untwisted (supination) or further twisted (pronation) during the
maintenance of a plantigrade stance in various positions of the foot.
A, The foot skeleton in supination, as in standing with the feet wid... | 1,981 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,083 | pedal platform must be able to spread the stresses of standing and accentuating the longitudinal arches. It has been suggested that tension
moving, and be pliable enough to accommodate walking or running diminishes in the deeper plantar ligaments in this phase.
over uneven and sloping surfaces. To fulfil the second fun... | 1,981 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,083 | talar articular surface, takes the full thrust from the tibia and passes it calcaneus. The twist of the ligamentous skeleton of the foot imparted
backwards to the calcaneus, and forwards through the navicular and by pronation (which is partly undone in supination) prompts the liken
cuneiforms to the metatarsals. When ... | 1,981 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,084 | 1451
48
RETPAHC
key references
KEY REFERENCES
BarclaySmith EB 1896 Astragalocalcaneonavicular joint. J Anat 30: Eekhof JA, Van Wijk B, Knuistingh Neven A et al 2012 Interventions for
390–412. ingrowing toenails. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD001541.
The first description of the astragalo-calcaneo-navicular joint an... | 1,982 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,084 | commonly described arcuate artery. | 1,982 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,085 | 48
RETPAHC
Ankle and foot
REFERENCES
Ahmed IM, Lagopoulos M, McConnell P et al 1998 Blood supply of the Dykyj D 1989 Anatomy of the nail. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 6:215–28.
Achilles tendon. J Orthop Res 16:591–6. Eekhof JA, Van Wijk B, Knuistingh Neven A et al 2012 Interventions for
Alexander R McN 1992 The Human Machine.... | 1,983 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,085 | joint: biomechanical implications. Foot Ankle Surg 2013:70–5. tematic review of the literature. J Foot Ankle Surg 52:56–61.
Bonnel F, Teissier P, Maestro M et al 2011 Biometry of bone components in Harris RI 1965 Retrospect–personeal (sic) spastic flat foot (rigid valgus foot).
the talonavicular joint: a cadaver study.... | 1,983 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,085 | Joint Surg Br 71:100–1.
Baillière, Tindall & Cox.
Castro M, Melao L, Canella C et al 2010 Lisfranc joint ligamentous complex: Remains one of the classic texts on the foot.
MRI with anatomic correlation in cadavers. Am J Roentgenol 195:
W447–55. Jules KT 1989 Nail infections. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 6:403–16.
Cavazos GJ, ... | 1,983 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,085 | Coskun N, Yuksel M, Cevener M et al 2009 Incidence of accessory ossicles
Landorf KB, Menz HB 2008 Plantar heel pain and fasciitis. Clin Evid
and sesamoid bones in the feet: a radiographic study of the Turkish
(Online). PMID: 19450330; PMCID: PMC2907928.
subjects. Surg Radiol Anat 31:19–24.
League AC 2008 Current concep... | 1,983 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,085 | Michaud TC 2011 Human Locomotion: The Conservative Management of
DiLandro AC, Lilja EC, Lepore FL et al 2001 The prevalence of the arcuate
GaitRelated Disorders. Newton, MA: Newton Biomechanics.
artery: a cadaveric study of 72 feet. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91:
300–5. Micheli LJ, Ireland ML 1987 Prevention and managemen... | 1,983 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,086 | 9
noITCES
AnklE And fooT
Myerson MS 1997 Adult acquired flatfoot deformity: treatment of dysfunc Scheyerer MJ, Helfet DL, Wirth S 2011 Diagnostics in suspicion of ankle
tion of the posterior tibial tendon. Instr Course Lect 46:393–405. syndesmotic injury. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 40:192–7.
Nakai T, Takakura Y, Tana... | 1,984 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,086 | Varner KE, Michelson JD 2000 Tarsal coalition in adults. Foot Ankle Int
that the ligament can be composed of up to 8 different bands.
21:669–72.
Pankovich AM, Shivaram MS 1979 Anatomical basis of variability in injuries Wildenauer E 1950 Die Blutversorgung des Talus. Zeitschrift für Anatomie
of the medial malleolus and... | 1,984 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,086 | Muscles of the Extremities and the Trunk: Arterial Anastomotic Path
Zaw H, Calder JD 2010 Tarsal coalitions. Foot Ankle Clin 15:349–64.
ways of the Extremities. St Louis: Quality Medical Publishers.
Sarrafian SK 2011 Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle: Descriptive, Topographic,
Functional, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott ... | 1,984 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,087 | This page intentionally left blank | 1,985 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,088 | COMMENTARY
9.1
Nerve biomechanics
Although assumed postures and movements place physical forces on tive tissue fibres contribute to stiffness (Borschel et al 2003). Endoneur
peripheral nerves, the biomechanical properties of these nerves permit ial fluid and the perineurial sheath that maintains the fluid compartment
... | 1,986 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,088 | eo gf it oen
n
sr e ap reo r st ee ed
n
a s
in
a lop ae drc –e en lt oa ng ge
a
o tif
o
nth e
o
ro sr tig rein ssa –l
Stiffness
s tit ora ni n
o
fc u verv rye s
l
i( tF tli eg l.
o
9 a. d1 . o1 r) .
s
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e
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re
i sn ui lt ti sa l
i
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n
r ie fig cio ann
t
o ef
l
oth ne
g
ac tu iorv ne ,
o
a rp sp trl... | 1,986 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,088 | for the shortwavelength, largeamplitude bands and that wavy spiral
ling nerve fibres in the endoneurium are responsible for the long
wavelength, smallamplitude bands (Merolli et al 2012), the two
patterns merging to form the visible bands of Fontana. Interestingly, a
recent study of Trembler-J mice, a model of Cha... | 1,986 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,088 | e80 acellular nerve is similar to that of fresh nerve, indicating that connec and implications for physical therapist practice. Phys Ther 86:92–109.)
)N(
daoL
Plastic region
Ultimate load
12
1 680
Linear
behaviour
region
Ultimate
elongation
4
2
0
0 5 10 15 20
Elongation (mm)
Plastic region
Ultimate stress
12
1 680
Co ... | 1,986 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,089 | Nerve biomechanics
e81
1.9
YRATNEMMOC
In the ‘plastic’ region of the stress–strain curve, increasing longitu increasing stress along the ‘linear behaviour’ region of the stress–strain
dinal stress causes nonrecoverable elongation and structural integrity curve, long before the ultimate strain is reached.
is lost. The... | 1,987 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,089 | Although definitive anatomical studies are lacking, it is likely that the seated posture is assumed and maintained, the nerve undergoes
microscopic disruptions of perineurial cell–cell connections occur with stressrelaxation – until the next postural adjustment.
REFERENCES
Beel JA, Stodieck LS, Luttges MW 1986 Structu... | 1,987 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,089 | shearplane between core and sheath elements. Cell Tissue Res 320: Tillett RL, Afoke A, Hall SM et al 2004 Investigating mechanical behavior at
229–34. a core–sheath interface in peripheral nerve. J Peripheral Nerv Sys 9:
Grewal R, Xu J, Sotereanos DG et al 1996 Biomechanical properties of 255–62.
peripheral nerves. Ha... | 1,987 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,090 | COMMENTARY
Functional anatomy and biomechanics
9.2
of the pelvis
Andry Vleeming, Frank H Willard
This commentary focuses on the anatomy and biomechanics of the men and women (Vleeming et al 2012). The increase in mobility of the
pelvic girdle and, specifically, the sacroiliac joints. In bipeds, the pelvis pelvic ring s... | 1,988 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,090 | cient flexibility for the intrapelvic forces to be transferred effectively to
force closure were introduced (Vleeming et al 1990a, Vleeming et al
and from the lumbar spine and lower extremities (Vleeming et al
1990b). Form closure refers to a theoretical stable situation in a joint
2007).
with closely fitting surfaces,... | 1,988 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,090 | closure ideally generates a perpendicular compressional reaction force
to the sacroiliac joint to overcome the forces of gravity (Vleeming et al
Sacroiliac joint movement
1990b).
Pelvic motion of males and females has been investigated by roentgen Biomechanical considerations and the active
stereophotogrammetric motion... | 1,988 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,090 | et al 2008). normalized (Vleeming et al 2008). When the frame was tightened, a
The increased sacroiliac joint mobility in females compared to males nutation movement of the sacrum was noticed (Sturesson 2007).
has possible anatomical correlates. The curvature of the sacroiliac joint This and other studies mentioned in ... | 1,988 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,091 | Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the pelvis
e83
2.9
YRATNEMMOC
Kibsgård TJ, Røise O, Stuge B et al 2012 Precision and accuracy measurement Vleeming A, Volkers AC, Snijders CJ et al 1990b Relation between form and
of radiostereometric analysis applied to movement of the sacroiliac function in the sacroiliac joint.... | 1,989 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,092 | COMMENTARY
9.3
Articularis genus
Stephanie J Woodley
Articularis genus, sometimes referred to as the ‘articular muscle of the capsule (DiDio et al 1967, Kimura and Takahashi 1987, Woodley et al
knee’ (Puig et al 1996), is a small muscle located deep to vastus inter 2012, Reider et al 1981). The muscle may be triangula... | 1,990 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,092 | lemurs (Murie and Mivart 1872, Hepburn 1892). A distinct, yet small, et al 2012), possibly because of the reasonably compact nature of this
articularis genus is also found in domestic animals such as the dog, cat muscle. Recent dissection evidence demonstrates that 6 of 11 different
and goat (Getty 1975, Kincaid et al ... | 1,990 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,092 | margins of the suprapatellar bursa (Puig et al 1996, Ahmad 1975,
Kimura and Takahashi 1987, Toscano et al 2004, Woodley et al 2012,
S VI I D
Sakuma et al 2014) (Fig. 9.3.3) and specific regions of the articular
Fig. 9.3.2 A medial view of the bundles of articularis genus arranged into
superficial (S), intermediate (I) ... | 1,990 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,093 | Articularis genus
e85
3.9
YRATNEMMOC
Table 9.3.1 Summary of data relating to the morphology of articularis genus
Study Study characteristics (type, General muscle morphology; origin and insertion Architectural parameters
specimen number and sex)
DiDio et al Dissection following injection of Separated from VI by connect... | 1,991 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,093 | (1975) n = 20 O: distal femur, usually anterior, occasionally medial and lateral Fibre direction: mostly vertical, some inferomedial or inferolateral
aspects Bundles: n = 1–2 most common, sometimes 3–4
I: suprapatellar bursa, proximal border. Central, medial or lateral, Innervation: branch of nerve to VI
occasionally p... | 1,991 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,093 | 19 male, 15 femaleb of posterior surface Bundles: n = mean 2.4 ± 0.7; range 1–4
16–56 years Most proximal bundle: mean length 4.7 ± 0.4 cm; range 3.1–6.6 cm; mean
anglee 11.4 ± 1.3°; range 6.0–17.5°; mean transverse diameter (at origin)
0.9 ± 0.08 cm; range 0.6–1.3 cm
Most distal bundle: mean length 2.8 ± 0.4 cm; range... | 1,991 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,093 | 71–97 years O: distal 32% of femur (range 29–42 cm), anterior, anterolateral Fascicle length: mean 5.9 ± 1.0 cm
Histology or anteromedial surfaces Bundles: n = mean 7 ± 1.8; range 4–10, same number bilaterally in 44% of
n = 4 adults I: proximal and/or posterior wall of suprapatellar bursa, directly or individuals; MRI ... | 1,991 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,093 | dIn this study ‘±’ refers to SEM. eAngle recorded between anterior surface of femur and posterior surface of muscle bundle. fRelative to superior edge of trochlea. gAll data relate to dissection measures unless stated. hIn this
study ‘±’ refers to standard deviation. iCalculated by multiplying bundle length by width.
A... | 1,991 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,093 | enced by bundle location (Puig et al 1996, Kimura and Takahashi 1987, tomical data tend to favour the view that articularis genus is an inde
Woodley et al 2012). The deepest, most distal layer of articularis genus pendent muscle. First, although a small percentage of superficial
contains the shortest fascicles, and th... | 1,991 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,094 | ARTiCulARis gENus
e86
9
NOiTCEs
the bulk of articularis genus appears distinct from the overlying quad
riceps (Kimura and Takahashi 1987, Woodley et al 2012). Second, the
two muscles may be delineated by a distinct fascial layer of variable
composition and thickness (Ahmad 1975, DiDio et al 1967, Toscano
et al 2004), ... | 1,992 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,094 | where articularis genus usually consists of two thin bundles (medial
and lateral) forming an ‘invertedV’ shaped muscle (Kincaid et al 1996),
approximately 2 mm wide (Evans 2013). This morphology, together
with the distribution of muscle spindles, which are located both in the
vicinity of the musclecapsule interface a... | 1,992 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,094 | Ahmad I 1975 Articular muscle of the knee – articularis genus. Bull Hosp Kincaid SA, Rumph F, Garrett PD et al 1996 Morphology of the musculus
Joint Dis 36:58–60. articularis genus in dog with description of ectopic muscle spindles.
DiDio LJ, Zappalá A, Carney WP 1967 Anatomicofunctional aspects of the Anat Histol Emb... | 1,992 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
2,094 | 5th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company. Volume 1 p. 852, Vol 2 the deep layer of articularis genus muscle. Folia Morphol 73:309–13.
p. 1531. Toscano AE, Moraes ASR, Almeida SKS 2004 The articular muscle of the
Glenn LL, Samojla BG 2002 A critical reexamination of the morphology, knee: morphology and disposition. Int... | 1,992 | Gray's Anatomy | temp.pdf | https://archive.org/download/GraysAnatomy41E2015PDF/Grays%20Anatomy-41%20E%20%282015%29%20%5BPDF%5D.pdf | PDFPlumberTextLoader |
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