Reading the unreadable: Creating a dataset of 19th century English newspapers using image-to-text language models
Paper • 2502.14901 • Published • 2
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EWJ-1860-05-01 | 1 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | PUBLISHED MONTHLY.
Vol. V. May 1, 1860. No. 27.
XXIII.—MEDICINE AS A PROFESSION FOR WOMEN.*
In inviting consideration to the subject of medicine as an occupation for women, it is not a simple theory that we wish to present, but the results of practical experience. For fourteen years we have been students of medicine... | 1 | 3,051 | 471 | 3,522 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_1 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 1 | 0 | 1 | title | 1 | THE ENGLISH WOMAN'S JOURNAL. | 1 | 4,075 | 13 | 4,088 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_1 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 2 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | added to the few they already possess. In some shape or other these two points are almost universally regarded (where the matter has been considered at all) as the great reasons to be urged in its behalf.
Now, we believe that both these reasons are valid, and that experience will fully confirm them; but we believe als... | 1 | 3,371 | 517 | 3,888 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_2 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 2 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | While these pursuits have always formed the central interest of the majority of women, their character, and the requirements which they make for their proper performance, have widened, with the advance of modern society, in a remarkable degree. Social intercourse—a very limited thing in a half civilised country, become... | 1 | 4,075 | 101 | 4,176 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_2 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 3 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | peal. All who are familiar with European life, and the life of our great cities, know what an organised and powerful force it ever tends to become.
In like manner, benevolent efforts have little influence in new countries, but in Europe, especially in England, the extent of such work, and the amount of it which is don... | 1 | 3,499 | 481 | 3,980 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_3 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 3 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | It may be said, at first sight; that in these things it is not so much knowledge as common sense and earnestness that are wanted; that as health is the natural condition, it will be secured by simply using our judgement in not positively disregarding what our natural instincts teach us in regard to our lives. This woul... | 1 | 4,075 | 135 | 4,210 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_3 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 4 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | health, and compelling us to guard against the sacrifice of our physical or moral nature while pursuing the ends of civilisation. From the fact, then, that our lives must be directed more by reason than instinct, arises at once the necessity for a science of health, and that comprehension of it which will lead to its d... | 1 | 3,243 | 512 | 3,755 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_4 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 4 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | If, then, it be true that health has its science as well as disease; that there are conditions essential for securing it, and that everyday life should be based upon its laws; if, moreover, women, by their social position, are important agents in this practical work, the question naturally arises, how is this knowledge... | 1 | 4,075 | 84 | 4,159 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_4 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 5 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | supplying this need. Physiology and all branches of science bearing upon the physical life of man are pursued almost exclusively by physicians, and from these branches of learning they deduce more or less clear ideas with regard to the conditions of health in every-day life. But it is only the most enlightened physicia... | 1 | 4,075 | 255 | 4,330 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_5 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 5 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | That this connecting link between the science of the medical profession and the every-day life of women is needed, is proved by the fact that during the years that scientific knowledge has been accumulating in the hands of physicians, while it has revolutionised the science of medicine, it has had so little direct effe... | 1 | 4,075 | 347 | 4,422 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_5 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 6 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | The next point of interest to be noticed is the connection of women with public charities and benevolent institutions.
In all civilised nations women have always taken an active share in these charities; indeed, if we include those employed in the subordinate duties of nurses, matrons, etc, the number of women actuall... | 1 | 3,371 | 489 | 3,860 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_6 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 6 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | It is very common among both Catholics and Protestants to consider these sisterhoods as the result entirely of religious enthusiasm, and to assert that large bodies of women can only be induced to accept these occupations, and carry them out in this efficient manner, from this motive. When efforts have been made in Eng... | 1 | 3,949 | 105 | 4,054 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_6 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 7 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | Germany. In England, the results have been very imperfect, and have entirely failed to secure anything approaching in practical efficiency to the Catholic sisterhoods.
Now these failures are very easily comprehended by any one who has seen much of these sisters in actual work, for such persons will soon perceive that ... | 1 | 3,243 | 537 | 3,780 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_7 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 7 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | The only way to meet the difficulty, to give a centre to women who are interested in such efforts, and to connect intelligent women with these institutions, is to introduce women into them as physicians. If all public charities were open to well educated women physicians, they would exert upon them the same valuable in... | 1 | 4,203 | 75 | 4,278 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_7 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 8 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | these orders; they would bring in a more respectable class of nurses and train them, which no men can do; they would supervise the domestic arrangements, and give the higher tone of womanly influence so greatly needed.
They would be at the same time a connecting link between these establishments and women in general l... | 1 | 3,825 | 125 | 3,950 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_8 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 8 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | We come now to the position of women in medicine itself. The fact that more than half of ordinary medical practice lies among women and children, would seem to be, at first sight, proof enough that there must be here a great deal that women could do for themselves, and that it is not a natural arrangement that in what ... | 1 | 3,435 | 481 | 3,916 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_8 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 9 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | avoidable of banishing women from medicine altogether, or giving them the education and standing of the physician. The broad field of general medical science underlies all specialities, and an acquaintance with it is indispensable for the successful pursuit of every department. If the popular instinct which called wome... | 1 | 2,923 | 580 | 3,503 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_9 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 9 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | It is often objected to this idea of professional and scientific pursuits for women that it is too much out of keeping with their | 1 | 3,949 | 25 | 3,974 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_9 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 10 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | general life, that it would not harmonise with their necessary avocations in domestic and social life; that the advantages to be gained from the services of women physicians would not compensate for the injurious effect it would have upon the women themselves who pursued the profession, or the tendency it might have to... | 1 | 4,075 | 406 | 4,481 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_10 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 10 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | The secret of this falling short of their true position is not a want of good instinct, or desire for what is right and high, but a narrowness of view, which prevents them from seeing the wide bearing of their duties, the extent of their responsibilities, and the want of the practical knowledge which would enable them ... | 1 | 4,075 | 233 | 4,308 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_10 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 11 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | by men would not do. Those women who pursued this life of scientific study and practical activity, so different from woman's domestic and social life and yet so closely connected with it, could not fail to regard these avocations from a fresh stand-point, and to see in a new light the noble possibilities which the posi... | 1 | 3,307 | 517 | 3,824 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_11 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 11 | 0 | 1 | text | 3 | The chief difficulty in the way of women students at present is, as it always has been, the impossibility of obtaining practical instruction. There is not in America a single hospital or dispensary to which women can gain admittance, except the limited opportunities that have been obtained in connection with the New Yo... | 1 | 4,075 | 96 | 4,171 | B0C1R3 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_11 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 11 | 0 | 1 | title | 1 | .
MEDICINE AS A PROFESSION FOR WOMEN.
155 | 1 | 4,075 | 18 | 4,093 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_11 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 12 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | facilities we needed. Even there, no provision is made for the admission of women, but there are so many great hospitals in both London and Paris that only those distinctly connected with medical schools are crowded with students. There are many large institutions attended by distinguished physicians, comparatively lit... | 1 | 3,947 | 438 | 4,385 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_12 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 12 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | . Realising the necessity of basing any system of instruction for women on actual practice, we resolved, seven years ago, to lay the foundation of such an institution as was needed. A number of well-known citizens expressed their approval of the undertaking; and kindly consented to act as trustees. We then took out a c... | 1 | 4,075 | 196 | 4,271 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_12 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 13 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | the laws of health, and all points of public and private hygiene, so far as science and practical life have taught us with regard to them. This professor should also supervise the sanitary arrangements of the hospital itself, and should be the chief of the system of instruction for nurses. We believe that this professo... | 1 | 3,051 | 555 | 3,606 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_13 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 13 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | Although we cannot yet realise the ultimate objects toward which we are working, the institution, even of its present size, is of very great value. In the first place, the fact that the entire medical practice of such an institution is performed by women is the best | 1 | 3,949 | 56 | 4,005 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_13 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 14 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | possible proof to the public of the possibility of the practice of women, since, being public in its character, its results are known, as those of private practice cannot be. Secondly, it is already a valuable medical centre for women. The practice of a public institution, however small, establishes connections between... | 1 | 4,203 | 356 | 4,559 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_14 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 14 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | What we ask from those who are interested in the objects we have stated is to assist in raising a fund for endowment which shall place the institution on a secure foundation. It has hitherto been supported almost exclusively by the subscriptions of a few friends, who pledged themselves for certain sums during three yea... | 1 | 4,203 | 281 | 4,484 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_14 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 15 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | for this purpose. But this medical work has originated here, and we believe that it is better suited to the spirit of this than of any other country. As America, therefore, has taken the initiative in this medical reform, let us do the work well.
I said to English friends before I left them, “You must send us over stu... | 1 | 3,499 | 375 | 3,874 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_15 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 15 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | CHARLES BUTLER, ROBERT HAYDOCK, STACY B. COLLINS, CYRUS W. FIELD, HORACE GREELEY, HENRY J. RAYMOND, MARCUS SPRING, SIMEON DRAPER, CHARLES A. DANA.
R. H. MANNING, RICHARD H. BOWNE, MERRILL TRIMBLE, MRS. HENRY BAYLIS, " ROBERT CAMPBELL, " W. H. HUSSEY, " PETER TOWNSEND, " E. BLACKWELL. | 1 | 4,075 | 139 | 4,214 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_15 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 16 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | Stacy B. Collins, Mrs. H. Baylis, R. Campbell,
Mrs. W. H. Hussey, Dr. E. Blackwell. | 1 | 4,075 | 32 | 4,107 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_16 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 16 | 0 | 1 | text | 4 | Stacy B. Collins, Richard H. Bowne, Robert Haydock. | 1 | 4,075 | 17 | 4,092 | B0C1R4 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_16 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 16 | 0 | 1 | text | 6 | Dr. ELIZABETH BLACKWELL, Dr. EMILY BLACKWELL. | 1 | 4,075 | 21 | 4,096 | B0C1R6 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_16 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 16 | 0 | 1 | text | 8 | Dr. WILLIAM PARKER, "R. S. KISSAM,
The following are the objects of the Institution, as expressed in the Act of Incorporation, obtained in 1854:—
I. To provide medical and surgical assistance for the poor, and especially to give to poor women the opportunity of consulting physicians of their own sex.
II. To afford f... | 1 | 3,947 | 419 | 4,366 | B0C1R8 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_16 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 16 | 0 | 1 | title | 1 | .
Executive Committee. | 1 | 4,075 | 5 | 4,080 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_16 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 16 | 0 | 1 | title | 3 | .
Finance Committee. | 1 | 4,075 | 5 | 4,080 | B0C1R3 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_16 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 16 | 0 | 1 | title | 5 | .
Attending Physicians. | 1 | 4,075 | 6 | 4,081 | B0C1R5 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_16 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 16 | 0 | 1 | title | 7 | Consulting Physicians.
- | 1 | 4,075 | 7 | 4,082 | B0C1R7 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_16 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 17 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | There are some individuals who seem born specially to illustrate the fact that
'There's a divinity that shapes our ends, Rough-hew them how we may,'
so entirely does their course seem to be marked out for them by some higher power, irrespective of external influences, or of the desires and intentions of those around ... | 1 | 3,179 | 532 | 3,711 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_17 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 17 | 0 | 1 | title | 1 | ( 161 )
XXIV.—ELIZABETH VON RECKE.
-- PART I. | 1 | 3,949 | 23 | 3,972 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_17 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 18 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | pending danger, by counteracting these evil impressions, and giving an impulse in an opposite direction. This messenger of good was merely a nurse, and a serf on her father's estate, but who, slave though she was, bore a noble heart in her bosom. She had been foster-sister, and afterwards waiting-woman, to Elizabeth's ... | 1 | 4,075 | 365 | 4,440 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_18 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 18 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | But while thus was laid the foundation of that piety which displayed itself in a character of great moral worth, with it grew an inclination to mysticism and indulgence in the lofty soarings of religious speculation. Asceticism became now her ruling passion; and this misdirection of her energies was promoted by her int... | 1 | 4,075 | 277 | 4,352 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_18 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 19 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | themselves to attribute complete mental incapacity to her, notwithstanding standing her liveliness and amiability; and this mischievous allegation was supported on the other hand by the jealousy of those who could not conceal from themselves, as they happily could not prevent, the promise that the already lovely child ... | 1 | 3,947 | 476 | 4,423 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_19 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 19 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | Under such treatment and such influences the child reached her eleventh year, and then returned to her father's house, where her stepmother, a virtuous and highly-cultivated woman, received her with all the tenderness of a loving mother. The gentle child had entertained a sincere affection for her grandmother, but it h... | 1 | 4,075 | 218 | 4,293 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_19 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 20 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | relative's neck, and thanked her again and again for having allowed her so great an enjoyment.
During the first days of intercourse with her newly-found daughter, the worthy stepmother conversed with her on a variety of subjects, with the special view of testing her capacity, and soon found that this child, who had be... | 1 | 4,203 | 332 | 4,535 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_20 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 20 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | Not only did the uninterrupted kindness of her stepmother fill her heart with sweet, reciprocal affection, but she had also a mild though serious father to love, and a younger brother, whose birth had caused her mother's death. Her father's third marriage had brought no children, but the second had given to the little ... | 1 | 4,203 | 334 | 4,537 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_20 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 21 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | Ladies at the universal attention they excited, smiled, and said, half in jest, half in earnest, to his plain companion, “See, Lisette, how our friends are glorified in every way, while we, who are not beautiful, escape such dangerous flatteries. So it is with the world; a rosy mouth speaks charming words, and bright e... | 1 | 3,435 | 588 | 4,023 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_21 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 21 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | Being now of a marriageable age, many suitors of different degrees of worthiness made application for her hand, and as it was not to be expected that her youthful judgment should be able to decide on their merits unassisted, the important choice devolved upon her parents. If the selection were not altogether made a mat... | 1 | 4,075 | 130 | 4,205 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_21 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 22 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | noble family, and possessed of considerable fortune, but for whom Elizabeth herself felt less inclination than for any other of her suitors. Yet, ever soft and yielding, she conformed herself at once to what she knew to be the wish of her maternal friend, and the sweet romantic enjoyment of making a sacrifice for her s... | 1 | 3,627 | 568 | 4,195 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_22 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 22 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | A few days after their solemn entrance into the baron’s gloomy feudal castle, the young bride ventured to beg a boon of her lord, no less than permission to see a lady friend who had promised to pay her an early visit. The request was refused with a roughness which told only too significantly that he was determined to ... | 1 | 4,075 | 151 | 4,226 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_22 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 23 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | pression. Having been accustomed to all the joys of sympathy and to everything that could beautify and elevate life, she was now immersed in dull solitude in this old robber-hold, and even when as a rare favor the sight of a friend was vouchsafed, it was but a show of intercourse, for her spirit was still held imprison... | 1 | 4,075 | 243 | 4,318 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_23 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 23 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | After three years thus spent in silent patient suffering, an event occurred which seemed to promise some amelioration of her hard fate; she became a mother, thereby acquiring an object on which she might freely lavish her pent-up affections. But fresh trials were in store. She had sought carefully to conceal the misery... | 1 | 4,075 | 414 | 4,489 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_23 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 24 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | her to her stern grandmother became more frequent and odious. The bitterest of his complaints were on the subject of her invincible attachment to her stepmother and the other members of her family, an attachment which he pretended closed her heart against him. His hypocrisy wounded her even more than his ill-usage, and... | 1 | 4,075 | 105 | 4,180 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_24 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 24 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | At length, after five years of unresisting endurance, Elizabeth began to think that she ought to make some attempt, not so much to alleviate her own condition as to improve her husband’s disposition; and, emboldened by an instance of virtuous courage which she had met with in one of Lavater’s works, she dared to open h... | 1 | 3,371 | 554 | 3,925 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_24 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 25 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | now beyond this world?' No wonder that, thus bereaved, she allowed her mind to dwell on that other home whither the beloved spirits had fled. A belief in the possibility of a mysterious intercourse between heavenly spirits and holy mortals took possession of her mind. Previously consecrating herself by prayer, she repa... | 1 | 4,075 | 199 | 4,274 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_25 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 25 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | It was about this time, the spring of 1759, that Cagliostro made his appearance in Courland. Representing himself to be a Spanish Count, and a Master Freemason, he introduced himself in these characters to Elizabeth’s uncle, who also was a Master, and thus Cagliostro speedily became on terms of intimacy with the whole ... | 1 | 4,139 | 427 | 4,566 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_25 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 26 | 0 | 0 | text | 1 | which rumours were so strange and so unaccountable, suited the notions of the lords of creation at that period, and the ladies finding this to be the case, begged Cagliostro to say no more about the scheme, but he persisted, asserting that he had never yet undertaken anything which he had not carried out, and that thos... | 1 | 2,859 | 691 | 3,550 | B0C0R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_26 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 27 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | laid upon her, to explain the unintelligible jargon he read to her, or to demonstrate the utility of performances, which, as she candidly informed him, appeared to her to be useless and frivolous, she would yet receive in all humility his reproofs for what he called her cavilling spirit, and was meekly satisfied with t... | 1 | 4,139 | 473 | 4,612 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_27 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 27 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | After three months' stay at Mittau, Cagliostro found that there was no chance of acquiring any further influence over one whom he had hoped to govern, but with whose greatest weakness was mingled more strength than he expected. He therefore proceeded unaccompanied on his journey to St. Petersburg, and meeting with no e... | 1 | 4,075 | 233 | 4,308 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_27 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 28 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | judgment, even in the midst of all her credulity, is shown in the fact of her having never suffered her fancy to persuade her that her longing for a supernatural visitation had been granted. A sunbeam was thrown upon her darkened life, by the marriage of her beloved and only sister with the Grand Duke of Courland; and ... | 1 | 3,825 | 120 | 3,945 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_28 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 28 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | Frau von Recke's belief in magic was sanctified by its intimate connection with her religious sentiments; she considered everything which threw doubt upon it as a profanation of the divine, and by an effort of will, could always restrain her strong understanding from exercising any judgment on matters which she conceiv... | 1 | 3,435 | 532 | 3,967 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_28 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 29 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | but as a cunning impostor; and she abandoned a system which had added nothing either to her knowledge or her virtue. Re-stored thus to soundness of mind, Frau von Recke in 1780, fell into a bodily illness which threatened her life. It lasted for four months, and even when restored to convalescence she never again enjoy... | 1 | 4,075 | 299 | 4,374 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_29 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 29 | 0 | 1 | text | 3 | As this Journal is now the recognised organ of those who advocate the employment of women in other pursuits than those to which they have hitherto been limited, we consider it the fittest medium for conveying a few remarks, called, forth by an excellent article in “Fraser’s Magazine” on Female Labor, but in which the w... | 1 | 4,075 | 275 | 4,350 | B0C1R3 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_29 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 29 | 0 | 1 | title | 2 | (To be continued.)
XXV.—TUITION OR TRADE? | 1 | 4,075 | 15 | 4,090 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_29 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 30 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | the means of gaining a social position or substance, with what is inferred to be Utopian ideas about freedom, justify excepting how ever the well-known paper read by Miss Parkes at the Bradford meeting, on the Market for Educated Female Labor.
Writers here and there, few and difficult to find as needles in bundles of ... | 1 | 2,923 | 630 | 3,553 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_30 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 31 | 0 | 0 | text | 1 | is not so much demanded; and he likewise doubts if the sufferings of governesses be so great as is represented by us, or if they be owing to that mode of employment. With regard to the value of this occupation we have never heard it questioned; but it is indisputable that the numbers engaged therein enormously exceed t... | 1 | 3,949 | 98 | 4,047 | B0C0R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_31 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 31 | 0 | 0 | text | 2 | To whatever positive extent the training of the young may be a part of woman's natural vocation, it seems certain that as yet the extent is either exaggerated or uncertain. The office of teacher is as truly a vocation peculiar only to certain individuals as any other speciality; and while we find some women fitted for ... | 1 | 3,949 | 187 | 4,136 | B0C0R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_31 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 31 | 0 | 0 | text | 3 | It may be admitted that only the few are even properly qualified by education for the office of teacher; yet there must likewise be taken into account the amount of instruction demanded, in consequence of the variety of accomplishments required to be taught, besides the constant superintendence of pupils: tasks notorio... | 1 | 3,949 | 428 | 4,377 | B0C0R3 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_31 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 32 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | occupation for no other reason than that it is presumed to be more "gentleel" than business. Thus tuition is undertaken by persons the majority of whom are perhaps scarcely qualified for the commonest pursuits. On this point, therefore, we dissent from those who persist in maintaining that teaching is peculiarly a woma... | 1 | 2,859 | 719 | 3,578 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_32 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 33 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | ultimately, a happier course. The demand is now all for young governesses; at mid-life, when judgment should be mature, faculties in full vigor, and experience worth something, they are already too old to be in request. It is presumed that the young pupil makes greater progress under a teacher nearer her own years, and... | 1 | 3,949 | 342 | 4,291 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_33 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 33 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | Our author objects that if women engage in trade, employments will be given them which are the worst paid and least promising to ambition. For a time this may prove true, but surely when women, by proper training and an education that can be turned to useful purposes, combined with an increase of bodily strength, (the ... | 1 | 3,949 | 346 | 4,295 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_33 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 34 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | purposeless are at last compelled to exert themselves. This is one obvious cause; but many others could be brought forward were it necessary, which in this place it is not, as we are dealing at present with facts, and not tracing backwards the sources whence these facts come.
In connection with those who seek higher f... | 1 | 4,075 | 391 | 4,466 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_34 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 34 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | Practical acquaintance with details of business is one thing; careful mental culture by reading and thought another: habits of attention and order as well as a certain amount of thought are no doubt necessary in business; but if much reading, or what may be legitimately termed “mental cultivation,” is also necessary, t... | 1 | 4,075 | 264 | 4,339 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_34 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 35 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | our entering into industrial non-domestic occupations? Does prejudice not run as counter to this high conception of our "natural sphere," as at present it does to our taking up a very common-place one in the field of labor? Are we not told over and over again that much brain work is hurtful to the sex, that it destroys... | 1 | 2,987 | 681 | 3,668 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_35 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 35 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | * One hundred and forty-five applications for four vacant annuities have recently been made by aged and infirm governesses, at the Governesses Benevolent Institution. Vox. V. | 1 | 4,075 | 46 | 4,121 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_35 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 36 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | only those to come forward as candidates who feel a vocation for teaching, and have by thorough training prepared themselves for it.' In this, society would be a gainer by an improved system of education, and many women would be made happier in consequence of entering into pursuits more congenial with their disposition... | 1 | 4,075 | 279 | 4,354 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_36 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 36 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | “Women require a moral motive for much exertion,” says the writer under review, “while to the more naturally active man a hundred worldly objects are sufficient.” We doubt whether the compliment intended for the one sex is truly due to them, since we are of opinion that whatever fundamental differences exist between th... | 1 | 4,075 | 375 | 4,450 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_36 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 37 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | deprecated, as it tempts cunning men to deceive and rob them. This is a solid enough reason for at least giving them a knowledge of business, even where it is not necessary for them to undertake it as a vocation.
That women may be expected to be injured by greater intercourse with society and experience of life we dis... | 1 | 3,949 | 374 | 4,323 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_37 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 37 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | The mass, whether male or female, have no desire to attain the degree of “mental elevation” so earnestly urged by the enlightened author. Contemplation, thought, persevering study of any branch of knowledge, does not appear to agree with the constitutions of the many. The “ologies” present no attractions; therefore, un... | 1 | 3,949 | 310 | 4,259 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_37 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 38 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | work to perform, there to remain, and, if leisure permits, and they have the capability, to cultivate their mental faculties to the uttermost. Our author grants, that women as they are, with their imperfect education, are not capable of imparting much instruction to their children. We shall, therefore, leave that part ... | 1 | 3,371 | 564 | 3,935 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_38 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 38 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | This advocate of woman confining herself entirely to indoor and fireside occupation earnestly repudiates the idea of idleness; but limiting the sex as he does to “mental cultivation,” for the one purpose of teaching, and as it seems to us that only the few will, or are able thus to employ their leisure, idleness must b... | 1 | 4,203 | 141 | 4,344 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_38 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 39 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | meanwhile let those women who are willing to work, either from the necessity of obtaining subsistence, or from principle, or love of useful action, be sustained and encouraged. When they shall have attained greater self-respect and dignity, (which work and not frivolity will promote,) then their influence will deserve ... | 1 | 2,923 | 653 | 3,576 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_39 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 40 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | Loud roared the Tempest, Fast fell the sleet; A little Child Angel Passed down the street, With trailing pinions, And weary feet.
The moon was hidden, No stars were bright, So she could not shelter In heaven that night, For the Angels' ladders Are rays of light.
She beat her wings | 1 | 967 | 72 | 1,039 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_40 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 40 | 0 | 1 | text | 3 | At each window pane, And pleaded for shelter, But all in vain : "Listen," they said, "To the pelting rain !"
She sobbed, as the laughter And mirth grew higher, "Give me rest and shelter Beside your fire, And I will give you Your heart's desire !" | 1 | 827 | 67 | 894 | B0C1R3 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_40 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 40 | 0 | 1 | text | 4 | The dreamer sat watching His embers' gleam, While his heart was floating Down hope's bright stream; ... So he wove her wailing Into his dream.
The worker toiled on, For his time was brief; The mourner was nursing Her own pale grief: They heard not the promise That brought relief. | 1 | 855 | 71 | 926 | B0C1R4 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_40 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 40 | 0 | 1 | title | 1 | XXVI.—REQUITAL.
—
. | 1 | 799 | 11 | 810 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_40 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 41 | 0 | 0 | text | 1 | But fiercer the Tempest Rose than before, When the Angel paused At a humble door And asked for refuge And help once more. | 1 | 3,825 | 31 | 3,856 | B0C0R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_41 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 41 | 0 | 0 | text | 2 | A weary woman, Pale, worn and thin, With the brand upon her Of want and sin, Heard the Child Angel And took her in. | 1 | 3,825 | 33 | 3,858 | B0C0R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_41 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 41 | 0 | 0 | text | 3 | Took her in gently, And did her best To dry her pinions; And made her rest With tender pity Upon her breast. | 1 | 3,825 | 30 | 3,855 | B0C0R3 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_41 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 41 | 0 | 0 | text | 4 | When the eastern morning Grew bright and red, Up the first sunbeam The Angel fled; Having kissed the woman And left her—dead. | 1 | 3,825 | 32 | 3,857 | B0C0R4 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_41 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 41 | 0 | 1 | text | 5 | A weary woman, | 1 | 1,035 | 4 | 1,039 | B0C1R5 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_41 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 41 | 0 | 2 | text | 6 | A. A. P. | 1 | 1,035 | 6 | 1,041 | B0C2R6 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_41 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 41 | 1 | 0 | text | 8 | CHAPTER I.
THE events of which the following pages treat were brought to my knowledge by a letter from my friend, Mr. Francis Wayland, of Providence, Rhode Island. He had been in Paris, and had there met with a gentleman who had been a fellow-passenger of his on a voyage from New York to Liverpool. This gentleman, who... | 1 | 3,825 | 380 | 4,205 | B1C0R8 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_41 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 41 | 1 | 0 | text | 9 | MY EXPERIENCES OF THE CLASS. | 1 | 3,825 | 10 | 3,835 | B1C0R9 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_41 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 41 | 1 | 0 | text | 10 | My mother cannot understand modern domestics and their ways of going on. She has been a housekeeper these fifty years, and she never thought that things would come to such a pass as they have arrived at. | 1 | 3,825 | 45 | 3,870 | B1C0R10 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_41 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 41 | 1 | 0 | text | 11 | Poor dear old mother! accustomed in earlier and brighter days to a respectable number of well trained old-school servants who stayed a dozen years in a place, who wore linsey-woolsey petticoats and blue checked aprons, only on Sundays substituting white linen | 1 | 3,825 | 59 | 3,884 | B1C0R11 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_41 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 41 | 1 | 0 | title | 7 | XXVII.—TWO CHAPTERS ABOUT CHARWOMEN.
— | 1 | 3,825 | 16 | 3,841 | B1C0R7 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_41 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 42 | 0 | 1 | text | 1 | for the latter; girls whose best gowns, they did not call them "dresses" in those days, lasted a fabulous number of years and were then converted into quilts to last as long again; girls whose notions of respect and duty to their earthly masters and mistresses were only held second, so says my mother, to their duty to ... | 1 | 3,115 | 602 | 3,717 | B0C1R1 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_42 |
EWJ-1860-05-01 | 42 | 0 | 1 | text | 2 | For two months we quite exulted in the possession of a treasure. Mary was cleanly, industrious, careful, she understood the need for thrift, and respectful enough to win my mother's approval. She was the daughter of Irish people, and herself born in the green | 1 | 4,075 | 60 | 4,135 | B0C1R2 | EWJ-1860-05-01_page_42 |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
NCSE v2.0 — OCR-processed 19th-century English newspapers (working mirror)
Private working mirror, not an original work. Source: Jonno Bourne, NCSE v2.0: A Dataset of OCR-Processed 19th Century English Newspapers, UCL Research Data Repository, 2025. doi:10.5522/04/28381610.v1 — CC BY 4.0. Mirrored here for analysis convenience (parquet-native loading, Dataset Viewer). All credit to the original author.
The Nineteenth Century Serials Edition re-OCR'd with Pixtral 12B, reported at 1% median character error rate — 5× lower than the next best approach (paper, arXiv 2502.14901, code).
1,378,882 text segments across six periodicals, 1806–1890.
| periodical | segments |
|---|---|
| Northern Star | 904,516 |
| Leader | 271,082 |
| Publishers' Circular | 98,674 |
| Monthly Repository | 79,606 |
| English Woman's Journal | 13,350 |
| Tomahawk | 11,654 |
Contents
| path | what |
|---|---|
data/ |
main OCR text, one parquet per periodical (default config) |
ground_truth/ |
358 human ground-truth .txt files, one per text region |
cropped_images/ |
378 region crops (.png) pairing with the ground truth by region id |
bounding_boxes/ |
per-region layout coordinates |
classification/ |
IPTC topic + text-type classifications per segment |
silver_labels/ |
silver IPTC / text-type label parquet |
class_mappings/ |
label id → name JSON (18 IPTC topics, 4 text types) |
original_readme.txt |
the author's field descriptions, verbatim |
Main schema: issue_id · page_number · block · column · class · reading_order · content · segment_count · prompt_tokens · completion_tokens · total_tokens · box_page_id · page_id
⚠️ Verified structure notes (checked 2026-08-05, not in the original docs)
ground_truth/pairs withcropped_images/, NOT withdata/. All 358 GT files have a matching crop ({issue}_page_{n}_{box}; the GT filename adds a_box_page_id_infix). Together they are a standalone OCR eval set: run a model on the crop, score against the transcription.- The GT does not join cleanly to the released text. Only 107 of 358 GT region ids exist in
data/, and region numbering diverges (e.g.CLD-1852-04-24_page_6jumps R7 → R10). So the paper's 1% CER headline cannot be reproduced from this release by comparing published OCR against published GT — the two were evidently produced from different segmentation runs. This is a documentation/alignment gap, not evidence that the OCR is poor. - GT text preserves original line breaks and end-of-line hyphenation (
perma-\nnent);data/content is post-processed and de-hyphenated. Normalise before scoring.
Why mirrored
- A rare high-quality historic-newspaper corpus — most heritage OCR is far worse than 1% CER, so this is a useful clean reference point against noisy corpora.
ground_truth/+cropped_images/form a real paired eval set (image crop ↔ human transcription) for 19th-c English newsprint — scarce, and directly usable for calibrating OCR-quality metrics.- It was published only to a university repository with zero Hub presence, so it is invisible to the ML ecosystem despite being CC BY.
Original page images are held by King's College London (Monthly Repository, Northern Star, Leader, English Woman's Journal, Tomahawk, Publishers' Circular) and are not included here.
Citation
@misc{bourne_ncse_v2,
author = {Bourne, Jonno},
title = {{NCSE v2.0}: A Dataset of {OCR}-Processed 19th Century English Newspapers},
year = {2025},
publisher = {UCL Research Data Repository},
doi = {10.5522/04/28381610.v1}
}
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