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Python Pandas: how to turn a DataFrame with "factors" into a design matrix for linear regression? Question: If memory servies me, in R there is a data type called factor which when used within a DataFrame can be automatically unpacked into the necessary columns of a regression design matrix. For example, a factor conta...
Using django to run python scripts with password arguments Question: I need to create a web interface that will prompt for a username, password, and "record id" to run a separate python script using those credentials, and then spit back a generated file. The separate script I wrote takes a username/password (and ID) t...
post-ing a file using python requests and json Question: I've been given the following curl command as part of API documentation, and I'm trying to implement it using the requests library. curl -v --cookie cookie.txt -X POST -H 'Accept: application/json' -F 'spot[photo]'[email protected] -F 'spot[description]'...
Django Multi-table Inheritance, Django-model-utils errors Question: I am working on a hobby project for my garage shop. I was directed to django- model-utils for what I need. (I have serial CNC machines, serial machines have two flow control methods) I have a parent class of SerialMachine (defines address, baud rate, ...
Python BeautifulSoup double question mark in xml definition Question: I thought it must be a bug so i issued a bug report [here](https://bugs.launchpad.net/beautifulsoup/+bug/984258). On the other hand i might be missing something so i need another look on the code. The problem is, when i initialize BeautifulSoup with...
Using Global variables in Threads in Python Question: I am in a situation where i want to put a thread in a loop depending on a variable which is being changed in one of the called function in the thread.Here is what i want. error= 0 while( error = 0) run_thread = threading.Thread(target...
Send bash environment variable back to python fabric Question: I am attempting to pass a bash environment variable back into my fabric function like this:- from fabric.api import env def env_localhost(): "All the environment variables relating to your localhost" project_home = lo...
C# .NET interoperabillity with managed Python (CPython) -> any problems? Question: I am working on a design of an application. The Core should be written in C# but i also want to use some already finished CPython modules (un-managed). So I am interested in the interoperability (Call CPython method from C# and Call C# ...
python compare words Question: I have stuck with following problem: I am trying to get subject and compare from email (it's saved on disk, email in UTF-8) import re def check_subj(): subj = "" file = open("/home/hikaru/Desktop/sub.eml", "r") for line in file: ...
Basic indentation - Python Question: #RockPS import random Choices=['R','P','S'] UserScore=0 CpuScore=0 Games=0 while Games<6: UserChoice=input('Rock, paper or scissors? (Type R, P or S respectively)') if UserChoice in Choices: Games+=1 CpuChoice = ...
python string to function: globals() vs sys.module vs dictionary Question: I want to know what is the best way to map the string to a function. so far I know I can use: 1. globals()[func_string] 2. sys.modules[__name__] 3. funcs_dictionary["func_string" : func] Here is the code: >>> def foo(a...
Can't close Excel completely using win32com on Python Question: This is my code, and I found many answers for [VBA](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications), .NET framework and is pretty strange. When I execute this, Excel closes. from win32com.client import DispatchEx excel = Disp...
How Do I Read a Multi-line File of JSON and Count Words in Specific Field in Python Question: I have a file with many hundreds of lines of json encoded tweets pulled from python-tweetstreamer. The lines look like: {"favorited": false, "in_reply_to_user_id": null, "contributors": null, "truncated": false,...
Python TypeError when building query string Question: I am building a query string. query = "SELECT seqid, date, name, steamid, team, text, type, '%s' as triggerword, '%s' as weight FROM chatlogs WHERE date > '%s' AND text LIKE '%%%s%%' ORDER BY DATE" % (word, weight, self.setting['LAST_RUN_TIME'], word)...
Python UDF for piglatin script not finding re module Question: I'm having trouble creating a UDF for a piglatin script I'm using. My problem is that when I run the script with `pig script.pig` I get the following error: [main] ERROR org.apache.pig.tools.grunt.Grunt - ERROR 1121: Python Error. Traceback (...
subprocess: PyDev console vs. cmd.exe Question: I'm trying to call a process from python using subprocess.call as shown below: from subprocess import call exePath = 'C:\\Test\\EXE.exe' inPath = 'C:\\Test\\IN.in' outPath = 'C:\\Test\\OUT.out' call([exePath, inPath, outPath]) Thi...
copy function in class definition in python Question: Im doing a class for polynomial and i have a problem with a copy function. It suppose to create a copy of the Poly object and return a reference to the new Poly object. Im really stuck on this copy idea. Thanks for any help class Poly: de...
What's the best way to load large JSON lists in Python? Question: I have access to a set of files (around 80-800mb each). Unfortunately, there's only one line in every file. The line contains exactly one JSON object (a list of lists). What's the best way to load and parse it into smaller JSON objects? Answer: There i...
Access information of containing list in python Question: I'm writing a script that can help me documenting our network rooms. The idea behind that script is that a room is a list, that contains several lists for the racks. The rack lists contain lists called module with the servers/switches/etc. in the module list ar...
Determine which version of OpenCV Question: I want to write to short code snippet in python, to determine which version of OpenCV has been installed in my System. How do i do it ? Thank you. Answer: >>> from cv2 import __version__ >>> __version__ '$Rev: 4557 $' If that doesn't work then, use `cv` i...
python beginner - faster way to find and replace in large file? Question: I have a file of about 100 million lines in which I want to replace text with alternate text stored in a tab-delimited file. The code that I have works, but is taking about an hour to process the first 70K lines.In trying to incrementally advance...
Python writing results out to a file Question: I have the following script which thanks to the help of everyone is almost done as it now prints out the results to the screen. I am also looking to add one more step which will take this same screen output and dump it to a text file. I thought this was done with `file.wr...
checking shared libraries for non default loaders Question: `ldd` is a good simple way to check for shared libraries a given executable is or will be using. However it does not always work as expected. For example, see the following shell snippet that demonstrates how it "fails" to found the libreadline "dependency" in...
Python - getting text from html Question: How to extract text 'ROYAL PYTHON' from this html code in a nice way? I've been looking for the solution for 4hours and I haven't found anything really relevant and working. <div class="definicja"><a href="javascript: void(0);" onclick="play('/mp3/1/81/c5ebfe...
How to create an ICMP traceroute in Python Question: I am trying to implement an ICMP based Traceroute in Python. I found a very helpful guide ( <https://blogs.oracle.com/ksplice/entry/learning_by_doing_writing_your> ) that has allowed me to create a UDP based Traceroute (code below) so just needs modification. I have...
Unexpected whitespace in python generated strings Question: I am using Python to generate an ASCII file composed of very long lines. This is one example line (let's say line 100 in the file, '[...]' are added by me to shorten the line): {6 1,14 1,[...],264 1,270 2,274 2,[...],478 1,479 8,485 1,[...]} ...
Django admin page missing styling when deployed on Apache Question: I deployed my Django project on Apache but when I navigate to the admin page, it doesn't seem to have the same formatting as the test server that is included with Django. I have tinkered around with the configurations and soft links quite a bit but hav...
How to set default PS1 value for interactive python? Question: I'm attempting to colorize my python interpreter to help visually separate text noise. So if I start interactive python it gives me plain text. I can do this: import sys sys.ps1 = "\033[0;34m>>> \033[0m" sys.ps2 = "\033[1;34m... ...
Modifying python programs (python 2.7) Question: I have a question concerning coding in python for a homework assignment, but I need to mention first that I've never coded in python before. The assignment is supposed to get us used to basics, so apologies ahead of time for the lack of knowledge (and really long post). ...
BeautifulSoup incorrectly parses page and doesn't find links Question: Here is a simple code in python 2.7.2, which fetches site and gets all links from given site: import urllib2 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup def getAllLinks(url): response = urllib2.urlopen(url) content = re...
Python: Use lru_cache on lambda function, or other ways to create cache for lambda function Question: Is there anyway to make it work? func=i_want_it_to_cache_everything(lambda a,b:a+b) And it **has to be done in one line**... Update2: I figured out the solution (thanks to everyone who replied!)....
Python- Import Multiple Files to a single .csv file Question: I have 125 data files containing two columns and 21 rows of data and I'd like to import them into a single .csv file (as 125 pairs of columns and only 21 rows). This is what my data files look like: ![enter image description here](http://i.stack.imgur.com/B...
MySQL and Python charset error Question: I am currently working on formatting data between CSV files and an mySQL database. I am using the MySQLdb library to manage the connection, but it seems to be some problems with formatting. I have to admit that I'm not a very experienced in neither mySQL or Python, but with a pr...
How do I import a module one level above and use the most recent definitions? Question: **tests.py** import unittest import sys import os sys.path.append(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), os.path.pardir))) import my_module.ext print sys.path print dir(my...
Converting malloc'ed buffers from C to Python without copy using Cython? Question: In Cython, say I have a C function that returns a large buffer allocated with malloc() and expected to be freed later with free(). Now I need to pass this buffer to Python as a (bytes) str object, which would acquire ownership of it, an...
Subprocess Popen not working with pythonw.exe Question: I want to be able to get the contents of stdout and stderr when I run the following script on windows using pythonw.exe: import subprocess import sys import os import string import time tmpdir = 'c:/temp' cmd = 'dir c:' ...
Reading a list of lists from a file as list of lists in python Question: I collected data in the form of list of lists and wrote the data into a text file. The data in the text file looks like [[123231,2345,888754],[223467,85645]] I want to read it back and store in a list of lists in my program. B...
How to set a charset in email using smtplib in Python 2.7? Question: I'm writing a simple smtp-sender with authentification. Here's my code SMTPserver, sender, destination = 'smtp.googlemail.com', '[email protected]', ['[email protected]'] USERNAME, PASSWORD = "user", "password" # ...
Matplotlib: linewidth is added to the length of a line Question: When I draw a line segment in matplotlib the linewidth seems to be added to the length of the line. Below my code (not the most pythonic code, but it should do the trick). Am I doing something wrong or is this just a feature of matplotlib? ...
How to upload image files to ipython notebook for further image processing Question: Instead of working with generated plots and graphs I want to use existing pictures to perform image processing on them. In [`sage`](http://www.sagemath.org/) one writes: from pylab import imread image = imread(DATA+"...
Using IPython interchangeably with code module if IPython exists Question: In an existing code snippet, I have import sys from code import InteractiveConsole class FileCacher: "Cache the stdout text so we can analyze it before returning it" def __init__(self): ...
Difference in FFT between IDL and Python Question: I'm passing some simple IDL code to Python. However the returned FFT values form the SciPy/NumPy packages is different than the IDL one and I can't find out why. Reducing it all to a simple example of 8 elements I found that the SciPy/NumPy routines return values that...
TypeError: coercing to Unicode: need string or buffer, type found Question: I'm trying to write a code that will read a file and make some manipulations on it. the code: def assem(file): import myParser from myParser import Parser import code import symboleTable f...
Python issue with multiple loops and thread Question: I'm not a python programmer, but I got a snip of code that was working perfectly, but I need to modify it to loop trough files and get some data and do the same task. Apparently it work fine, but on the end of the first line obtained it crashes like this: ...
Match an element of every line Question: I have a list of rules for a given input file for my function. If any of them are violated in the file given, I want my program to return an error message and quit. * Every gene in the file should be on the same chromosome Thus for a lines such as: NM_001003443 chr11 + 5997...
Python beautifulsoup iterate over table Question: I am trying to scrape table data into a CSV file. Unfortunately, I've hit a road block and the following code simply repeats the TD from the first TR for all subsequent TRs. import urllib.request from bs4 import BeautifulSoup f = open('out.tx...
Capturing images from a camera in Python: easy, reliable, cross-platform Question: What is the most suitable way to capture a still image from Python and convert to a PIL image? Google gives me numerous ways with OpenCV and lesser-known libraries. I want an easy, reliable, mature, cross-platform library for this purpo...
Python Fast Input Output Using Buffer Competitive Programming Question: I have seen people using buffer in different languages for fast input/output in Online Judges. For example this <http://www.spoj.pl/problems/INTEST/> is done with C like this: #include <stdio.h> #define size 50000 int ma...
Django 1.4 Development Environment with zc.buildout Question: I am trying to create a dev environment for the Django 1.4 project using the following guide: <http://www.stereoplex.com/blog/a-django-development-environment-with-zc- buildout> **virtualenv** part of the guide runs ok with the following output: ...
Is there a universal way of iterating over a set or values of a dict in Python 2.7? Question: I expect the collection to be either a set or a dict. Problem is that: for element in collection: print element will give me the elements if collection is a set, but indexes if collection is a dict...
Recording and asserting an empty mock list in python unittest Question: I'm using `unittest` and `mock` (Michael Foord's module) to test some python code. I have something like this (this is a proof of concept that could be rewritten more cleanly, but my real code needs to behave like that `foo` function): ...
Using pymongo tailable cursors dies on empty collections Question: Hoping someone can help me understand if I'm seeing an issue or if I just don't understand mongodb tailable cursor behavior. I'm running mongodb 2.0.4 and pymongo 2.1.1. Here is an script that demonstrates the problem. #!/usr/bin/python ...
How to create managers for the worker threads? Question: The code works fine for a single "manager", which basically launches some HTTP GETs to a server. But I've hit a brick wall. How do I create 2 managers now, each with its own Download_Dashlet_Job object and tcp_pool_object? In essence, the managers would be comma...
Creating instance names from a list (Python) Question: I've got a function that builds a random number of object instances. For the sake of demonstrating the general idea, we're going to pretend that this is an algorithm to build a series of nethack-like rooms. The requirements are such that I won't know how many inst...
Get return value of ruby function in python Question: I have a ruby script that gets executed by a python script. From within the python script I want to access to return value of the ruby function. Imagine, I would have this **ruby script** _test.rb_ : class TestClass def self.test_function(som...
Finding the location of a given arc distance along a parameterized curve in python Question: I have a parameterized 2D curve: (x,y) = f(t) The function f is arbitrary but differentiable and hence I can figure out the differential arc length ds along the curve at any point using standard formulas. I can also get the to...
Python 3.x: Using string.maketrans() in order to create a unicode-character transformation Question: I would like to write the following code: import string frm = b'acdefhnoprstuw' to = 'אקדיפהנופרסתאו' trans_table = string.maketrans(frm, to) hebrew_phrase = 'fear cuts deeper than swords...
python virtualenv: why can I still import old modules in clean/new virtualenv Question: I'm starting a new Python project, and I want to work with **virtualenv** to have a clean start. After setting one up though, I can still import old modules that I have not installed for the new virtualenv - why? I created one with...
os.walk raises "unknown exception" in Eclipse/PyDev when path is a windows mapped network drive Question: I am trying to write a module that searches for different files on mapped drives in a Windows environment. This works perfectly in PythonWin and Idle but raises an exception _"Unknown exception when splitting input...
Python packages and imports - clarification needed Question: The import function of Python still confuses me sometimes. Here's an example: My project has the following package structure: Project/ src/ example/ __init__.py an_example.py top/...
python lxml unavailable in dev_appserver(gae,windows) Question: I have installed lxml yet. It works fine in IDLE. But when I start an basic app described below with dev_appserver.py ,server returns error "No module named lxml". import webapp2,lxml class MainPage(webapp2.RequestHandler): ...
Removing an application kills my Django admin interface Question: I had a `login` app which I was using. It had a table in my sqlite3 database. I decided I didn't need it anymore and I removed `'login',` from my INSTALLED_APPS and I deleted the app directory. However, now whenever I go to `/admin` I get: ...
Limiting scope of Python import Question: I have some code that looks like this: from pyparsing import Word, alphas, Optional, ... # Do stuff ... # And at the end, save a result to the outside world. parser = ... # Now use parser but don't use anything else from pyparsing again. ...
declarations within python class equivalent to _init_? Question: I was wondering if the declarations put at the top of the python class are equivalent to statements in `__init__`? For example import sys class bla(): print 'not init' def __init__(self): print 'init' ...
Error when running simple python script Question: When I run the following: import sys if __name__ == '__main__': print 'before exit' sys.exit(0) The output is: before exit Exception in thread Thread-1 (most likely raised during interpreter shutdown): ...
Python: parse commandline Question: I'm writing a CLI application in python with is used by means of a rather elaborate commandline language. The idea is very similar to find(1) which arguably has the same property. Currently, the parser is completely handwritten using a handmade EBNF description language. The problem...
wxPython caret move event Question: What event is called when the caret inside a TextCtrl / Styled TextCtrl has its position changed? I need to bind the event to show in the status bar, the current position of the caret. Answer: Try binding the `wx.EVT_KEY_UP` event with the `wx.TextCtrl` object like this: ...
python multiprocessing pool Assertion Error in interpreter Question: I am writing a sample program to test the usage of multiprocessing pool of workers in python 2.7.2+ This is the code i have written in the python ubuntu interpreter >>> from multiprocessing import Pool >>> def name_append(first_nam...
How to markup a transparent pygtk pycairo window and save the combined image? Question: I am trying to develop a transparent window on which I can markup ANYTHING that is on my screen (including dynamic). My final goal is to overlay graphs in online scientific publications, click and accumulate points along curves and ...
Python permutation Question: How would I accomplish the following in python: first = ['John', 'David', 'Sarah'] last = ['Smith', 'Jones'] combined = ['John Smith', 'John Jones', 'David Smith', 'David Jones', 'Sarah Smith', 'Sarah Jones'] Is there a method to combine all permutations? ...
How do I find the Subsets of given Set in Sage? Question: I have code that looks like this: def Z(m,n): return CartesianProduct(IntegerRange(m),IntegerRange(n)) for v in Subsets(Z(2,2)): print v However, when I try to run it, I get the following error: Traceb...
get image from website Question: I try to improve a [recipe](http://manual.calibre-ebook.com/news.html) for [calibre](http://calibre-ebook.com/) and replace the default cover image with the cover image of the current newspaper issue. The way to go has something to do with `get_cover_url` ([link](http://manual.calibre-...
Getting variables from Scapy using Python Question: Hi I need help trying to access elements in what seems to be a tuple that scapy is returning. The code is below. ans,unans=sr(IP(dst="www.google.com",ttl=5)/ICMP(),verbose=0) ans.summary(lambda (s,r): r.sprintf("%IP.src%") ) If I enter Scapy a...
exiting a running command in python Question: I'm new to python. I'm writing a script that calls a command line tool and displays the output from the command on the screen. The issue is that after the command runs it doesn't exit on it's own, it requires manual typing of ctrl-c to stop and continue on with the rest of ...
When attempting to upload a UTF-8 text file to Google Drive with the Google API client for python, I get a UnicodeDecodeError Question: **This question is still unsolved! Please answer if you know** **Bug** I have filed a bug here [http://code.google.com/p/google-api-python- client/issues/detail?id=131&thanks=131&ts...
Connect to Database via proxy a python script Question: I have a python script that connects to a remote MySQL database using the python library MySQLdb. It works fine but how can I get it to connect through a proxy that I'm behind when at work. I can connect via the command line in ssh, but how do I get the python scr...
Slow image processing with Python and PIL Question: I'm trying to sort the pixels of images in order of RGB values. Being new to Python i tried this: from PIL import Image source = Image.open("source.jpg") colors = source.getcolors(source.size[0] * source.size[1]) #maxcolor value =256, get ...
Can't get Flask running using Passenger WSGI on Dreamhost shared hosting Question: I'm trying to get a Flask "hello world" application working on a Dreamhost shared server, following the [instructions on their wiki](http://wiki.dreamhost.com/Flask), but I'm not having any luck. My Flask application is the "hello world...
wxPython 2.9 on Mac Os X Question: I am using Enthought Python Distribution (7.2, 64-bit). It comes without wxPython (which is quite important). However, wxPython-2.9 seems to support 64-bit Cocoa interface, so I gave it a try. Actually, it all went good: the command python build-wxpython.py --osx_cocoa ...
Is there a way to set the Pygame icon in the taskbar? set_icon() only seem to affect the small icon in the actual window Question: While running my program the icon I configured with `pygame.display.set_icon(icon)` displays only in the window. In the taskbar the default python icon remains the same. Is there a way to ...
Solving Puzzle in Python Question: I got one puzzle and I want to solve it using Python. > Puzzle: > > A merchant has a 40 kg weight which he used in his shop. Once, it fell from > his hands and was broken into 4 pieces. But surprisingly, now he can weigh > any weight between 1 kg to 40 kg with the combination of thes...
Python script to fetch URL protected by DES/kerberos Question: I have a Python script that does an automatic download from a URL once a day. Recently the authentication protecting the URL was changed. To get it to work with Internet Explorer I had to enable DES for Kerberos by adding SupportedEncryptionTypes " 0x7FFFF...
python, Json and string indices must be integers, not str Question: I am using Python, and I sent a request to a URL and received a reply using httplib2. The reply I got was in JSon, how do I access a specific parameter. What I have at the moment is: resp, content = parser.request(access_token_uri, metho...
very slow cython classes? Question: This code which contains cython classes: cdef class Bench: cdef long n def __cinit__(self, long n): self.n = n cpdef int factors(self): n = self.n cdef int fac = 0 cdef unsigned long i ...
Python: getting lowest integer in list of tuples Question: My current plan is to determine which is the first entry in a number of [Tkinter](http://wiki.python.org/moin/TkInter) listboxes highlighted using `.curselection()` and combining all of the resulting tuples into a list, producing this: tupleList ...
Using Beautiful Soup to convert CSS attributes to individual HTML attributes? Question: I'm trying to write a program that will take an HTML file and make it more email friendly. Right now all the conversion is done manually because none of the online converters do exactly what we need. This sounded like a great oppor...
Create and stream a large archive without storing it in memory or on disk Question: I want to allow users to download an archive of multiple large files at once. However, the files and the archive may be too large to store in memory or on disk on my server (they are streamed in from other servers on the fly). I'd like ...
how to add image with text in qlistwidget pyqt4 python? Question: How to add image/icon with text in a qlistwidget in pyqt4 python? I want to add an icon with text just like a chat system. thanks Answer: I have tried this right now and it works, supposing you have a file named tick.png in the same folder as this scri...
Python: Unresolved import error for sqlite3 in PyDev in Eclipse Question: import sqlite3 generates: Unused import: sqlite3 Unresolved import: sqlite3 sqlite3 Found at: DatabaseTests import sqlite3 However, this works perfectly in the terminal when using the python command- line. I...
importing simple program using pyqt4 and python Question: from PyQt4.QtGui import QApplication, QMainWindow, QPushButton, \ QLabel, QVBoxLayout, QWidget from PyQt4 import QtGui import sys import subprocess class MainWindow1(QMainWindow): def __init__(self, parent=None)...
Python: CheckBox-es in QTableWidget's column Question: I've just started to work with python, so I run into problem. I've searched everywhere, but I couldn't find similar example. So, the problem is following: I made a simple GUI using QT-Designer. QTableWidget is being filled out by clicking on button Analyse. (as you...
Python: can a class instance evaluate to any type? Question: A class can act as a string through its __str__ method, or as a function via its __call__ method. Can it act as, say, a list, or a tuple? class A (object): def __???__ (self): return (1, 2, 3) >>> a = A() >>> a ...
Python multiplication table syntax differences Question: So I'm learning python as a beginner and have been using How to Think Like a Computer Scientist for python 3. I'm on the chapter about iteration, doing the coding from my own brain instead of copy/pasting so I remember it easier. When doing the last part of the ...
Split string by multiple separators? Question: > **Possible Duplicate:** > [Python: Split string with multiple > delimiters](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4998629/python-split-string- > with-multiple-delimiters) Can I do something similar in Python? Split method in VB.net: Dim line As String = ...
python mechanize FormNotFoundError Question: I am working on mechanize to fetch form element import mechanize br = mechanize.Browser() br.set_handle_robots(False) br.open("http://www.bnm.gov.my/index.php?ch=12&pg=622") br.select_form(name="Rates") But this is throwing error: ...
How to optimize a wxpython GUI (without threading preferably)? hints for code below? Question: My GUI with following code does not have threads.The image display hogs up lots of memory and GUI is blocked ,and I can only call one function at a time.Please suggest simple hacks to make the GUI faster.Anyways The Image pro...
avoid user abort python subprocesses Question: I want the process i initiate through the script to run on webserver even if user closes the page. It doesn't seem to be working with this: #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- import cgi,cgitb,subprocess print "Content-Type: t...
lightweight unit testing in python Question: I'm considering using Python to teach introductory programming, and I'm looking for a lightweight unit testing framework. I've taken a look at unittest, and--as far as I can tell--it looks insanely _non_ -lightweight. For example, here's what I'd like to be able to write: ...
Python dict using dot notation and chaining Question: Ideally what I am aiming to accomplish is a class that extends (or is very similar to) a `dict` in Python with the additional capabilities: * Dot-Notation capable for setting and getting values * Key-Value capabilities like `dict` (i.e. setitem,getitem) * Can...
Media Play/Pause Simulation Question: My keyboard contains a row of buttons for various non-standard keyboard tasks. These keys contain such functions as modifying the volume, playing or pausing, and skipping tracks. How can I simulate a basic play/pause with Python? I am on Windows, by the way. Answer: I would use [...