hadro/green-books-travel-guides

African American Travel Guides: The Green Book & Companion Directories (1930–1966)

A unified, structured dataset of 109,163 business and lodging listings transcribed from 46 volumes of mid-20th-century African American travel guides, spanning 1930–1966. During the Jim Crow era, these guides told Black travelers which hotels, restaurants, tourist homes, service stations, and other businesses would serve them safely. This dataset brings The Negro Motorist Green Book together with six lesser-known companion publications into a single comparable schema.

Every listing links back to the exact page region of the scanned source via IIIF (canvas_fragment / image), so any row can be traced to the original document.

Note on accuracy: this data was transcribed and structured by a vision-language model (VLM), not by hand — the VLM performs both the OCR and the field extraction. On these dense, multi-column directory pages it sometimes confuses columns, mis-transcribes text, or mis-labels a listing's category. Treat fields as machine-generated, and verify against the source scan (canvas_fragment / image) when accuracy matters. You can browse the data with the source page images shown for each row in the live viewer: https://hadro.github.io/green-books/all-volumes. See Extraction method and Data quality & caveats.

Publications covered

Publication	Listings	Notes
The Green Book	67,052	All 24 editions, 1937–1966 (titled The Negro Motorist Green Book, later The Negro Travelers' Green Book and The Travelers' Green Book), normalized to one series label
Travelguide	28,581	"Vacation & Recreation Without Humiliation", 1947–1957
Go, Guide to Pleasant Motoring	9,206
Hackley & Harrison's Hotel and Apartment Guide	1,209	Board, rooms, garage accommodations across ~300 US & Canadian cities
The Travelers Guide	1,194
Smith's Tourist Guide	1,022
NHA Directory and Guide to Travelers	899

Source volumes are digitized by The New York Public Library (Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture and others). The 1946 Green Book edition is digitized by the Library of Congress; all other volumes come from NYPL.

Schema

20 columns. Observed = transcribed from the page; Derived = produced by an automated extraction/inference pipeline and should not be treated as ground truth. Note that "Observed" here still means machine-transcribed by a vision-language model (see Extraction method), not human-keyed.

Column	Origin	Fill %	Description
publication	Observed	100.0	Series-level publication name (Green Book editions collapsed to "The Green Book")
source_corpus	Derived	100.0	Lineage flag: green_book or travel_guides
volume_id	Observed	100.0	NYPL Digital Collections UUID for the source volume (or, for the 1946 Green Book, the Library of Congress item ID 2016298176)
volume_title	Observed	100.0	Full title of the specific edition (carries the year)
volume_year	Observed	100.0	Publication year of the edition
name	Observed	99.8	Business or establishment name
proprietor	Observed	4.8	Owner/operator, where printed
category	Derived	96.5	Raw listing category as extracted (e.g. HOTELS, RESTAURANTS). Partly section-header-derived and partly model-inferred — see caveats
category_normalized	Derived	100.0	category folded to a canonical label (case-fold + typo/synonym groups); blanks → "Blank or no specific category". Folds 759 raw values → 462
address	Observed	92.4	Street address as printed
city	Observed	99.6	City
state	Observed	99.9	State/region exactly as printed (raw)
state_normalized	Derived	99.9	state trimmed + uppercased (case-fold only, no gazetteer). Collapses 265 raw values → 197
phone	Observed	13.0	Telephone, where printed
rates	Observed	2.9	Room/service rates, where printed
notes	Observed	12.4	Free-text notes from the listing
is_advertisement	Derived	24.9	Heuristic flag: listing came from a display ad
is_recommended	Derived	19.0	Heuristic flag: marked/recommended in source
canvas_fragment	Observed	100.0	IIIF canvas + #xywh= region locating the listing on the page
image	Observed	100.0	NYPL image identifier for the source page, or LOC IIIF service identifier for the 1946 edition

Rights & licensing

License: CC0 1.0 (public domain dedication) for the dataset.

Two independent bases support free reuse of this data:

1. The listings are facts, and facts are not copyrightable. Under Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co., 499 U.S. 340 (1991) — a case about a telephone directory — names, addresses, and categories in a directory carry no copyright. A faithful transcription of factual directory data is uncopyrightable regardless of the source document's status.

2. Source-scan rights, verified against the NYPL API (45 NYPL volumes) and the Library of Congress item record (1 LOC volume):

   • 45 of 46 volumes are marked Public Domain in the United States — 44 NYPL volumes verified via the NYPL API (NoC-US, NYPL status PDREN) plus the 1946 Green Book from the Library of Congress, which states no known restrictions on publication (NoC-US).
   • 1 of 46 — Travelguide 1957 (2,483 listings) — is an in-copyright orphan work (InC-RUU, NYPL status ICORPHAN): NYPL identified a copyright notice, could not locate a rights-holder, and released it as an orphan work. Its scan is not public domain, but its factual listings remain uncopyrightable under (1). It is included here and flagged; per-volume rights are in volume_rights.csv.

   volume_rights.csv records one row per volume. Its copyright_status column (formerly nypl_copyright_status) holds each source institution's own status code or phrase — PDREN/ICORPHAN for NYPL, a plain-language phrase for LOC — since these vocabularies differ by institution; a source_institution column (NYPL or LOC) disambiguates which vocabulary applies to a given row.

Attribution to NYPL is not legally required but is requested as a courtesy: "From The New York Public Library." For the 1946 edition: "From the Library of Congress."

Historical sensitivity

These records document real businesses and, in the case of tourist/guest homes, private residences of real people, published because segregation made ordinary travel dangerous for Black Americans. Addresses appear as printed. Please use this data with respect for that context — for historical, educational, and research purposes — and be mindful that some listed addresses are private homes.

Data quality & caveats

This corpus is published as faithfully-transcribed data with light post-processing. Known issues:

• Raw vs normalized state/category. The raw category and state columns appear exactly as extracted, including case inconsistencies (NEW YORK vs New York, GENERAL vs General) and near-duplicate labels (Hotels and Motels, Hotels-Motels-Tourists, Hotels - Motels - Tourist Homes - Restaurants). For convenience, category_normalized and state_normalized apply a mechanical fold — category_normalized uses a case-fold plus an explicit typo/synonym/section-header map (the same logic that powers the companion web explorer, shared via gb-categories.json), collapsing 759 → 462 labels; state_normalized is trim + uppercase only, collapsing 265 → 197. Both normalized columns are a mechanical cleanup, not an authoritative taxonomy or gazetteer — the state long tail still includes OCR noise and non-US locations (e.g. CANADA), and rare categories keep their (uppercased) raw form. Use the raw columns when you need the source values verbatim.
• Vision-language-model extraction errors. Both the OCR and the field extraction were done by a vision-language model reading the page images (see Extraction method), not a human or a deterministic OCR/layout engine. On these dense, multi-column directory pages the model sometimes confuses columns — pulling a value into the wrong field or attaching it to the wrong listing — and can mis-transcribe unusual names/abbreviations or mis-identify a listing's category (e.g. a section-header category bleeding onto adjacent entries, or a name/address boundary drawn in the wrong place). These are systematic model-interpretation errors, not random noise, and they surface most in category, name, and address. When accuracy matters for a given row, check it against the source scan via canvas_fragment / image.
• category is partly inferred, not purely transcribed. Treat it as a helpful signal, not authoritative classification.
• No cross-volume deduplication. The same business recurs across editions and years by design — this is a listings-over-time corpus, not a deduplicated business registry. Group by (name, address, city) if you need unique establishments.
• Sparse columns are expected, not errors: proprietor, rates, phone, and notes were only printed for some listings and vary widely by publication.
• Internal QA/drift flags from the production pipeline are intentionally not included in this public release.

Reconstructing a page image / viewer link

canvas_fragment encodes the IIIF canvas and the #xywh=x,y,w,h pixel region of the listing on the page; image is the NYPL image ID (or, for the 1946 edition, the LOC IIIF service identifier). Together they let you fetch the source page via NYPL's IIIF Image API — or the Library of Congress's for the 1946 edition — or deep-link into a IIIF viewer to see the original listing in context.

Loading

from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("hadro/green-books-travel-guides")
print(ds["train"][0])

Extraction method

Derived from digitized volumes in the NYPL Digital Collections via an automated, vision-language-model (VLM) pipeline — the extraction code is open source: hadro/directory-pipeline. Two VLM-driven stages produce the data:

1. VLM-OCR — a vision-language model reads each scanned page image and transcribes its text, rather than a traditional OCR engine (e.g. Tesseract) operating on glyphs alone.
2. VLM structuring / NER — a vision-language model segments each page into individual listings and labels the fields (name, address, category, phone, …).

Because both stages depend on a model interpreting the page image — and these guides are dense, small-print, multi-column directory layouts — the output carries characteristic VLM error modes (column confusion, mis-transcription, field mis-identification) described under Data quality & caveats. The upside of the VLM approach is that it recovers structure and readings that flat OCR misses; the tradeoff is these interpretation errors. Every row keeps a canvas_fragment / image pointer so any value can be verified against the original scan.

Companion IIIF viewer and Green Book explorer: https://hadro.github.io/green-books/all-volumes.

Citation

@dataset{green_book_travel_guides,
  title  = {African American Travel Guides: The Green Book and Companion Directories (1930--1966)},
  author = {Hadro, Josh},
  year   = {2026},
  note   = {Structured listings transcribed from 46 digitized volumes, New York Public Library and Library of Congress Digital Collections},
  url    = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/hadro/green-books-travel-guides}
}