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Estrogens interact in a variety of ways with the liver. Not only is the liver an estrogen-responsive tissue, but it is also responsible for the interconversion, metabolism and excretion of the estrogens. The effect of liver disease on these processes has not been studied well, except in the specific case of alcohol-induced liver disease. Therefore, using five well-characterized animal models of liver diseases, we will assess the effect of a variety of liver diseases on several aspects of estrogen metabolism in the male rat. First, the potential responsiveness of the liver to estrogens will be evaluated by quantitation of cytosolic receptors in both the diseased and normal livers as well as by determination of the affinity of the receptors for estrogen. Second, we will assess changes in the levels and/or affinity of male-specific estrogen binding protein whose proposed role is that of an estrogen scavenger. Third, the synthesis and tissue levels of the catechol estrogens (2-hydroxy estrogens) will be examined in rats with diseased and normal livers. These compounds are of interest because they are major metabolites of the estrogens in the liver, and, additionally, because they have been shown to interfere with P-450-related drug metabolism in the liver. Therefore, since alterations in any one of these various aspects of hepatic estrogen metabolism could adversely effect individuals with liver disease, an evaluation of various types of liver disease on these individual processes should be meaningful. Moreover, this study should provide a basis for the understanding of the effect of specific types of liver disease upon various aspects of estrogen metabolism and thus the effect of such alterations upon the individual.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
|
Rainbow (ride)
Rainbow is the name of the amusement park ride created by HUSS Maschinenfabrik of Bremen, Germany which is now HUSS Park Attractions of Budapest, Hungary. The Rainbow was manufactured from 1983-2000 and is often confused with its cousins Ali Baba (ride) and 1001 Nachts but there are major differences between the ride designs. The HUSS Rainbow has developed a vast fan base due to its large stature, smooth ride and bright lights.
There were only 42 units produced which were found in many counties from Canada, United States, Australia, India, Africa, the middle east, Asia and Europe.
Still today there are several Rainbows still in operation mainly in the United States and Europe. The most recent refurbishing was unveiled at the January 2014 South Florida Fair owned by Wade Shows.
The popularity of the classic ride has sparked its own (independently managed) Facebook page and several websites and forums dedicated to the Huss Rainbow.
Design
The Rainbow was developed in the early 1980s from the design of the Ranger (ride) also built by HUSS. Its gondola holds 32 passengers in 3 rows with 2 persons per seat. An electronic controlled lap-bar (similar to the ones installed on HUSS Pirate rides - but shaped very differently) holds passengers in. Later some models were required to upgrade with seatbelts for added safety.
The Rainbow came packaged on 3 (possibly 4) oversized trailers or installed as park models. It took a crew of 4, about 6 hours to set up and 4 hours to tear down. A crane is used to erect the main shaft.
4 hydraulic motors drove the ride.
After set up, the Rainbow stands 20 Meters (66 Feet) tall with an on-ride rainbow in lights and a large bright sun face in the middle of its long white main arm.
The overall theme varied slightly from unit to unit. Some seats were Orange, Some blue or white and the main arm displayed a V shaped stripe of varying colors. Of course, once it was sold its new owner could change it to fit their internal theme. The gondola sported illuminated clouds underneath which was one of the many trademarks of the rides style.
Operation
The ride is run manually with a joy stick, apparently some models were programmed and ran from push-buttons.
It can move in either clock-wise or counter clock-wise direction with the ability of stopping or reversing at any point in its orbit. It was very customary to stop the ride in its up-most position and wait a while, then reverse directions.
Safety features
It was equipped with lap bars that raise and lower electronically from the main control booth. Most models have a foot pedal to ensure the operator is present.
In about 2000, Huss required that all Rainbows were to be fitted with seatbelts, which caused many parks to sell their old Rainbows for Ali Baba type models.
Some owners equipped their rides with cameras so the operator could see what the riders were doing while in motion, as a deterrent for guests who would slide from under the bars or stand up while the ride was in motion.
Accidents
On July 15, 2008, 30 people were injured when a Rainbow collapsed at Liseberg theme park in Sweden.
The ride was dismantled on July 17, 2008. Investigators then confirmed on July 19, 2008 that they had discovered a faulty drive shaft during their inspection. They believed that one of the axles that is designed to hold the passenger carriage horizontal failed. HUSS ordered the temporary closure of 40 Rainbows. The drive shaft was upgraded by HUSS in 2003, but by then many units had been scrapped or sold for parts.
On June 9, 2006, a 2-year-old boy broke his arms and legs after falling at least from the “Over the Rainbow” ride at Dixie Landin’ in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He was seated next to 3½-year-old sister but about from his mother at the time; his mother says she was told that the other adjacent seat was out of order.
Appearances
The following is a record of Huss Rainbow rides, their owners, locations and current status. The information gathered was known to be accurate at the time it was entered but as rides change hands often, can not always be verified as the current ride's status. New information is more than welcomed and citations are required throughout the page to ensure content quality. Any information that is not 'cited' may be removed.
Operating
Former Rainbows
Unknown status Rainbows
See also
Top Spin (ride)
Ali Baba (ride)
References
External links
Category:HUSS Park Attractions
Category:Amusement rides
Category:Amusement rides introduced in 1982
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
[Biological bases of ventricular remodeling].
Cardiac hypertrophy commonly observed in clinical practice is not a disease but a physiological reaction to disease, usually hypertensive or coronary. It involves changes in gene expression, often species specific, which account for the thermodynamic adaptation of the cardiac muscle to new conditions of load; some of these changes may have deleterious effects and explain changes in diastolic compliance and the arrhythmogenicity of hypertrophied hearts. The most important changes are in the myosin content and certain membrane proteins. Many hormonal factors also play a role in ventricular remodeling including angiotensin II and, independently, aldosterone.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Sunday, November 06, 2011
lazy Sunday
"Falling back" has led to a day of perfect relaxation. I started off my lazy Sunday by casting off a puerperium cardigan (pictures soon!), then meeting friends for brunch at Milk & Honey Cafe, my favorite brunch spot in Chicago. Something about that place reminds me of Madison -- maybe it's the low-key vibe?
I love that color on the yarn you just bought. I jsut finished The Age of Steam and Brass shawl in a very similar color. And I bought a pumpkin coloway at a recent festival. I may have to pick up knitscene now.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Geghamabak
Geghamabak (; formerly, Kayabash, Ghayabagh, and Quşabulaq) is a small village in the Gegharkunik Province of Armenia.
See also
Gegharkunik Province
References
Category:Populated places in Gegharkunik Province
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c" %>
<%@ taglib uri="http://www.springframework.org/security/tags" prefix="sec" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>Home Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3>Home Page</h3>
<p>
Hello <b><c:out value="${pageContext.request.remoteUser}"/></b><br>
Roles: <b><sec:authentication property="principal.authorities" /></b>
</p>
<form action="logout" method="post">
<input type="submit" value="Logout" />
<input type="hidden" name="${_csrf.parameterName}" value="${_csrf.token}"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Embattled DR Congo opposition leader Moise Katumbi, who last month quit the country ostensibly for medical treatment, was sentenced to three years in jail Wednesday over a real estate dispute.
Katumbi, a football magnate, was seen as the leading challenger to President Joseph Kabila in elections due to be held this year, but the sentence effectively makes him ineligible to stand.
A three-judge tribunal in Lubumbashi, the Democratic Republic of Congo’s second biggest city in the southeast of the country, rendered the decision against Katumbi on a day marked by twists and turns in the case.
The court found Katumbi guilty of fraud over a Greek national’s allegations that he forged and presented false documents in the acquisition of a property the Greek national said he would eventually inherit.
Katumbi was sentenced to three years in jail and ordered to pay $1 million in damages to the plaintiff, as well as a fine of 900,000 Congolese francs ($940).
The public prosecutor had been seeking a five-year jail term and a loss of Katumbi’s political rights for five years after serving his jail term.
The verdict elicited a certain amount of confusion and criticism in the hours after it was announced, however.
According to an AFP journalist at the courthouse, one of the three judges apparently refused to sign onto the judgement before it was rendered.
But by the end of the day, the journalist saw the judgement come back signed by all three judges.
The case had taken an even stranger turn that morning when a newspaper in the capital Kinshasa announced the three-year jail term before the court had made its judgement public.
Katumbi to appeal
Katumbi’s legal team, which had called into question the tribunal’s competence, immediately denounced the verdict and said it planned to appeal.
The sentence will be suspended pending the appeal’s final outcome.
Katumbi was an ally of Kabila for a decade but quit the ruling party in September over the president’s plans to split several provinces, including Katanga, which is the size of Spain, into four separate entities.
With political tensions soaring over expectations that Kabila wants to extend his rule despite being barred from a third term, Katumbi has left the country as he faces charges of undermining state security.
Katumbi, 51, is the wealthy owner of the prestigious Tout-Puissant Mazembe football club, three-time winner of the African Champions League.
He quit the country on May 20, a day after the government announced he would be tried for endangering state security.
He flew to South Africa, ostensibly for medical treatment, and subsequently settled in London.
Katumbi announced in May that he planned to stand in the election due later this year, but was swiftly hit with an investigation into claims he hired foreign mercenaries.
A few weeks ago, DRC released former US soldier Darryl Lewis after he was accused of being part of a network of armed agents infiltrating the country, allegations dismissed by the US embassy in Kinshasa as lies.
The ex-corporal was one of four members of Katumbi’s entourage arrested in Lubumbashi on April 24, a day after an opposition protest involving Katumbi’s supporters.
Opposition parties in the country said earlier this month they had forged an alliance to demand that Kabila quit when his term expires in December.
About
East Africa Daily is the leading East Africa regional digital News and Information provider.
We offer a collective coverage and expert analysis of of Political, Social and Economic issues in each East African community State in a context of 'Fast-tracking regional Integration'.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
import subprocess
def installCertBot():
cmd = []
cmd.append("yum")
cmd.append("-y")
cmd.append("install")
cmd.append("certbot")
res = subprocess.call(cmd)
installCertBot()
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
<?php
abstract class HelpdeskService implements RemoteService {
public abstract function getDate();
public abstract function getAppData();
public abstract function getMessage($msg);
public abstract function getEnquiryById($id);
public abstract function getEnquiries();
public abstract function createEnquiryMessage($message);
public abstract function getEnquiriesPagePerPage($page, $perPage);
public abstract function getEnquiriesPage($page);
public abstract function createEnquiry($enquiry);
public abstract function isUserAuthenticated();
public abstract function getEnquiryMessages($enquiryId);
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Carmarthen Bank
Carmarthen Bank was a bank established and formerly operated in the county of Carmarthenshire, Wales during the 19th century. It became bankrupt in 1832 and its name was then adopted by another Carmarthenshire-based bank.
History
This bank was established in Carmarthen by the partnership known as Waters, Jones & Co., and probably developed from one or more earlier banks operated under the name of Waters and variously referred to in the London Directory, for the years 1811–1816, as Waters; Waters & Co.; R. & R. Waters; and Thomas Waters & Sons.
During the Panic of 1825, the Bank of England suspended cash payments due to frequent provincial bank failures, leading to a general run on British banks in December 1825. In December, 1825 public meetings were held at the Guildhall, Carmarthen and at Llandeilo, where votes of public confidence were passed in Waters, Jones & Co. and David Morris & Sons. Both enterprises survived the 1825 crisis but, on 19 January 1832, Waters, Jones & Co. suspended all payments. The partners in Carmarthen Bank at this time were John Waters, Arthur Jones and David Jones, all of Carmarthen.
Attempts were made to avoid bankruptcy, and on 7 February 1832, an agreement was drawn up which recited that the accounts had been inspected on 21 January 1832, and that assets were sufficient to meet liabilities. Under this agreement, Waters, Jones & Co. would meet all the assets of Carmarthen Bank under the supervision of inspectors, who were to receive the proceeds of realisation of the assets on trust for the bank’s creditors. This agreement contained a proviso that if the partners of Sir James Esdaile & Co., bankers of Lombard Street, London, and certain other creditors holding nine-tenths of the value of the bank’s debts, did not execute the agreement before 1 May 1832, the agreement would be void and a commission of bankruptcy would be issued against Waters, Jones & Co. Although the partners in the bank, and some of the creditors, signed the agreement, the partners of Sir James Esdaile & Co., who were owed a large amount, did not. A fiat of bankruptcy was issued, and the notes exhibited at the Ivy Bush Hotel, Carmarthen on 11 September 1832, when a first dividend of 5 shillings in the pound was paid.
According to one authority, the liabilities of Waters, Jones & Co. amounted to £300,000, and the failure of the bank was the result of ‘issuing notes to the extent of nearly £100,000 upon unmarketable securities, and making advances in opposition to every principle of common sense and common safety. Money was freely lent, without security, to drovers to enable them to purchase cattle, and the wants of a large agricultural district were soothed in a similarly paternal manner.’ It may be that such harsh criticism was due to the writer being a heavy depositor in the bank.
Successor in name
It was probably after the failure of Carmarthen Bank that David Morris adopted the name, and changed the name of his bank from David Morris & Sons to Carmarthen Bank. David Morris & Sons had been formed from the amalgamation of Morris & Sons, which he had established in Carmarthen, in 1791, and Carmarthen Furnace Bank, which had been established by John Morgan of Furnace House, Carmarthen.
Bank notes
The earliest known bank note for this bank is for £2 and is dated 10 October 1825. Existing specimens of bank notes issued by the bank are for £1, £2, £5, £8, and £50. So far as is known, it is the only bank in England and Wales that issued a bank note for £8
Other Carmarthenshire banks
Other Carmarthenshire banks include: Carmarthen Furnace Bank, Llandovery Bank, Llanelly Bank, and David Morris & Sons.
References
External links
Carmarthenshire Archives Service, Carmarthen Bank Collection
Carmarthen Bank Note specimen
Money and Coins in Wales
BizFace News Forum, Banking Crisis: "Lloyds was a safe bank in 1825", posted 22 October 2008 at 17:35 by Royston
Gaian Economics site
Category:Banks of Wales
Category:Defunct companies of Wales
Category:History of Carmarthenshire
Category:19th-century establishments in Wales
Category:Companies based in Carmarthenshire
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Shurabad, Fars
Shurabad (, also Romanized as Shūrābād; also known as Qal‘eh-ye Shūrābeh) is a village in Now Bandegan Rural District, Now Bandegan District, Fasa County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 252, in 47 families.
References
Category:Populated places in Fasa County
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Thomas Fischbacher <Thomas.Fischbacher@Physik.Uni-Muenchen.DE> writes:
Actually, this brings me to a question I wanted to ask for a long time:
while I never used this so far, I just assumed that OCaml does provide
hash tables where keys are compared w.r.t. "being the same" ('==' , that
is), rather than only hash tables where keys are compared for "being
equal" (say, '=').
Just look at hash.ml:
let find h key =
match h.data.((hash key) mod (Array.length h.data)) with
Empty -> raise Not_found
| Cons(k1, d1, rest1) ->
if compare key k1 = 0 then d1 else
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
So it's structual equality, which is the same as '=' modulo the
float nan issue.
Bye,
Hendrik
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
using haskell pipes-bytestring to iterate a file by line
I am using the pipes library and need to convert a ByteString stream to a stream of lines (i.e. String), using ASCII encoding. I am aware that there are other libraries (Pipes.Text and Pipes.Prelude) that perhaps let me yield lines from a text file more easily, but because of some other code I need to be able to get lines as String from a Producer of ByteString.
More formally, I need to convert a Producer ByteString IO () to a Producer String IO (), which yields lines.
I am sure this must be a one-liner for an experienced Pipes-Programmer, but I so far did not manage to successfully hack through all the FreeT and Lens-trickery in Pipes-ByteString.
Any help is much appreciated!
Stephan
A:
If you need that type signature, then I would suggest this:
import Control.Foldl (mconcat, purely)
import Data.ByteString (ByteString)
import Data.Text (unpack)
import Lens.Family (view)
import Pipes (Producer, (>->))
import Pipes.Group (folds)
import qualified Pipes.Prelude as Pipes
import Pipes.Text (lines)
import Pipes.Text.Encoding (utf8)
import Prelude hiding (lines)
getLines
:: Producer ByteString IO r -> Producer String IO (Producer ByteString IO r)
getLines p = purely folds mconcat (view (utf8 . lines) p) >-> Pipes.map unpack
This works because the type of purely folds mconcat is:
purely folds mconcat
:: (Monad m, Monoid t) => FreeT (Producer t m) r -> Producer t m r
... where t in this case would be Text:
purely folds mconcat
:: Monad m => FreeT (Producer Text m) r -> Producer Text m r
Any time you want to reduce each Producer sub-group of a FreeT-delimited stream you probably want to use purely folds. Then it's just a matter of picking the right Fold to reduce the sub-group with. In this case, you just want to concatenate all the Text chunks within a group, so you pass in mconcat. I generally don't recommend doing this since it will break on extremely long lines, but you specified that you needed this behavior.
The reason this is verbose is because the pipes ecosystem promotes Text over String and also tries to encourage handling arbitrarily long lines. If you were not constrained by your other code then the more idiomatic approach would just be:
view (utf8 . lines)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<section xmlns="https://code.dccouncil.us/schemas/dc-library" xmlns:codified="https://code.dccouncil.us/schemas/codified" xmlns:codify="https://code.dccouncil.us/schemas/codify" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" containing-doc="D.C. Code">
<num>11-744</num>
<heading>Judicial conference.</heading>
<text>The chief judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals shall summon biennially or annually the active associate judges of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and the active judges and magistrate judges of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia to a conference at a time and place that the chief judge designates, for the purpose of advising as to means of improving the administration of justice within the District of Columbia. The chief judge shall preside at such conference which shall be known as the Judicial Conference of the District of Columbia. Every judge and magistrate judge summoned shall attend, and, unless excused by the chief judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, shall remain throughout the conference. The District of Columbia Court of Appeals shall provide by its rules for representation of and active participation by members of the District of Columbia Bar and other persons active in the legal profession at such conference.</text>
<annotations>
<annotation doc="Pub. L. 94-193" type="History">Dec. 31, 1975, 89 Stat. 1102, Pub. L. 94-193, § 1(a)</annotation>
<annotation doc="Pub. L. 103-266" type="History">June 13, 1994, Pub. L. 103-266, § 1(b)(8), 108 Stat. 713</annotation>
<annotation doc="Pub. L. 112-229" type="History">Dec. 12, 2012, 126 Stat. 1611, Pub. L. 112-229, § 2(a)</annotation>
<annotation type="Effect of Amendments">The 2012 amendment by Pub. L. 112-229, in the first sentence, substituted “biennially or annually” for “annually” and added “and magistrate judges”; and in the third sentence, substituted “Court of Appeals” for “Courts of Appeals” and added “and magistrate judge”.</annotation>
<annotation type="Prior Codifications">1973 Ed., § 11-744.</annotation>
<annotation type="Prior Codifications">1981 Ed., § 11-744.</annotation>
<annotation type="Cross References">Superior Court, family division, exclusive jurisdiction, see <cite path="§11-1101">§ 11-1101</cite>.</annotation>
<annotation type="Cross References">Court administration, chief judges, responsibilities, see <cite path="§11-1702">§ 11-1702</cite>.</annotation>
</annotations>
</section>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
sf equivalent of R maptools package's SpatialLinesMidPoints
I've been moving most of my workflow to using the sf package in R, and I'm trying to find the equivalent to the maptools package SpatialLinesMidPoints function - I've used this function frequently over the years and had modified to get line endpoints as well (here).
Is there an equivalent function using sf package? I've looked at st_cast and st_line_sample, but want to explicitly get midpoints of lines. I'm guessing perhaps I can make use of either st_cast or st_line_sample with slight modification to get just midpoints but struggling a bit with approach.
Just to be explicit, I'm looking for equivalent of doing:
library(spData)
library(maptools)
library(sf)
seine <- as(seine, 'Spatial')
seine_midpoints <- SpatialLinesMidPoints(seine)
# To verify:
plot(seine, axes=T)
plot(seine_midpoints, add=T, col='red')
A:
Looks like maptools:::getMidpoint, which underpins maptools::SpatialLinesMidPoints, can be applied to a LINESTRING geometry set without too much modification, e.g.
st_line_midpoints <- function(sf_lines = NULL) {
g <- st_geometry(sf_lines)
g_mids <- lapply(g, function(x) {
coords <- as.matrix(x)
# this is just a copypaste of View(maptools:::getMidpoints):
get_mids <- function (coords) {
dist <- sqrt((diff(coords[, 1])^2 + (diff(coords[, 2]))^2))
dist_mid <- sum(dist)/2
dist_cum <- c(0, cumsum(dist))
end_index <- which(dist_cum > dist_mid)[1]
start_index <- end_index - 1
start <- coords[start_index, ]
end <- coords[end_index, ]
dist_remaining <- dist_mid - dist_cum[start_index]
mid <- start + (end - start) * (dist_remaining/dist[start_index])
return(mid)
}
mids <- st_point(get_mids(coords))
})
out <- st_sfc(g_mids, crs = st_crs(sf_lines))
out <- st_sf(out)
}
So,
seine_sf <- st_as_sf(seine)
seine_sf_mids <- st_line_midpoints(seine_sf)
plot(seine_sf)
plot(seine_sf_mids, add = TRUE)
Looks ok for sfc_LINESTRING, but the function would need some tweaks to handle sfc_MULTILINESTRING.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
java hibernate - unneeded saving of a method return value because it starts with get..()
I have created a
String getDisplayString();
method in a class which is a hibernate entity.
When I run the code there is an exception that tells me that I have to have a
setDisplayString()
Though there is no Member called DisplayString. No, to solve it quickly I havve created a set method that does nothing. it runs - but it saves a culmumn named DisplayString with the result of the getDisplayString() method (though not a member).
How do I make a getDisplayString() method and let Hibernate not use it?
A:
If class is mapped with annotations, you need to mark your get method as @Transient.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
<Application x:Class="StylingIntroSample.App"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
StartupUri="Window1.xaml"
>
<Application.Resources>
</Application.Resources>
</Application>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Lampaden
Lampaden is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The village is over a thousand years old and acquired grazing rights in the year 1036. The area was already populated in Celtic and Roman times.
During World War II, the only two operational V3 cannons used to bombard Luxembourg were installed in a wooded ravine of the Ruwer River at Lampaden about southeast of Trier. The village was heavily damaged in early March 1945 during a German counterattack.
References
Category:Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Category:Trier-Saarburg
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Q:
How to set up tortoisegit to not require password using ssh
I am having trouble getting git/tortoisegit to use my supplied ssh key (created using PuttyGen). In the command prompt I get a permission denied error, and in the TortoiseGit UI I get prompted for a password. I tried this SO question, but as stated, I created with PuttyGen, have Pageant running with my keys loaded, and am configured to use TortoisePlink.
I then found this SO question, and tried to use the ssh in the git directory, the TortoisePlink in my TortoiseHG (used for Bitbucket/Mercurial), and as stated, had already tried the local TortoisePlink in TortoiseGit.
Oh, and I did set up my ppk in my Git account, as well as, in the Git->Remote section of TortoiseGit
So, what am I missing?
A:
Check what your origin url is.
Right click on your project folder
TortoiseGit -> Settings -> Choose Git -> Remote and select the origin entry.
Check that the url starts with ssh:// and that your private key is loaded.
If the url starts with https:// then it will ask you for your password every time.
Hope this helps.
A:
I could not make this work with github/tortoisegit either. Using git from the command line on linux worked fine. I then resorted to using my username/password as described here:
http://www.programmoria.com/2012/02/saving-tortoisegit-password.html
and elsewhere. It is not a real solution (sorry) but a workaround that achieves the same thing: automatic authentication without having to enter your username/password. The _netrc file is as secure/insecure as the private key that would also be stored somewhere on your computer so I consider it an acceptable solution. Comments on this are welcomed of course.
A:
Some Git servers are somewhat counterintuitive (IMHO) when it comes to authentication. For instance, Github docs say:
All connections must be made as the "git" user.
So, instead of trying to connect to ssh://<yourname>@github.com..., you have to connect to ssh://git@github.com....
I am not asked for a password any more and TortoiseGit now shows Success after completing a Push operation.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Effect of duration of feed withdrawal and transportation time on muscle characteristics and quality in Friesian-Holstein calves.
Twenty-week-old Friesian-Holstein calves were used to assess the influences of the duration of feed withdrawal before transport (1 or 11 h) and of transport time (1 or 11 h) on carcass and muscle characteristics and meat sensory qualities. One hundred twelve calves were used for live weight and carcass measurements, following a 2 x 2 factorial design (28 replicates). Twelve calves were randomly selected in each treatment group to examine muscle characteristics and sensory quality of longissimus lumborum (LL) and semimembranosus (SM). Long transport (11 h) increased loss in live weight (P < .001) and dressing percentage (P < .001). Feed withdrawal for 11 h also increased dressing percentage (P < .001). Long transport resulted in decreased liver weight (P < .05), glycolytic potential (P < .01), and pH at 4 h postmortem (P < .05) in the LL. Drip loss, compositional traits, cooking loss, and sarcomere length in the LL, as well as drip loss, pH values, compositional traits, cooking loss, and sarcomere length in the SM, were unaffected by the treatments. However, long transport decreased tenderness score in the LL (P < .05) and SM (P < .01). It also increased myofibrillar resistance (P < .001) in the latter muscle. The results demonstrate an unfavorable effect of long transport on the sensory quality of veal. This effect cannot be explained on the basis of differences in pH values and(or) compositional characteristics.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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"Hey!" "Hey, is anyone there?" "Look, I need some help in here!" "All right, look." "I know you're probably panicking right now, but there is no time for that." "You need to focus." "I'm sure you're wondering who tied you to the desk." "Look, the truth is, it was you." "I mean, me." "I did it 'cause I needed you to get this message." "It would take too long to give you the full explanation, and you wouldn't remember it anyway, so you're just going to have to trust me on this." "Now, you'll find a knife taped to the underside of your chair." "Find it, and cut yourself loose." "Now, I need you to listen." "It is vitally important that you find this woman." "I don't know where she is, but you have to find her." "She can help." "Check the mess hall, or maybe they took her to the Bridge, I don't know." "You just have to keep looking." "Don't worry about anything else." "And for God's sake, don't trust anyone." "Just find her and do it fast, because if you don't, hundreds of people are going to die, including you." "Katie?" "Rodney!" "Hey, what are you doing here?" "Well, I heard you were back, and I hadn't seen you for a while so..." "Yeah, I know." "We have this whole new mainland to explore, and I've been bringing back samples all week." "So I see." "Anything interesting?" "Well, it's all pretty similar to what we found back on Lantea." " We found a few new species." " Mmm." "Oh, which reminds me, I've got a surprise for you." "I found this guy hiding in some shrubbery." "What is that?" "Well, it doesn't have a name yet, but I'm thinking of calling it" "Rodneyana villosa." "After you." " Really?" "What..." "You can do that?" " Yeah." "Be careful." "The bristles will pierce skin." "Oh." "Anyway, look, I wondered if I could, you know, tear you away from all of this long enough to have some lunch." " I would..." "I would love to..." " Oh." "...but I think I'm coming down with something." "I have a headache, and I've had a few dizzy spells, so I was thinking of going down to the infirmary." "Oh..." "Well, I'll come with you." "No, Rodney, you don't have to do that." "I know how much you hate being around sick people." "Oh..." "No, really, it's fine." " That is so sweet." "Thanks." " After you." "Dr. Brown." "I see you've brought my number one patient." "What?" "Oh, no, we're not here for me this time." "I'm here for her." " Yeah." " Oh, okay." "Well, what can I do for you?" "Well, I've got this really bad headache that won't go away, and I..." "I feel kind of dizzy." " When did you first notice it?" " Sometime this morning." "Why?" "Well, because you're the fourth person to come in here with those exact symptoms, and the second person from the botany department." " Gerald?" "Hey." " Who's that?" "Gerald Baxter." "He's on my team." "You've met him before." "He's got the bug collection." "Oh." "Sure, right, yeah." "I remember now." "Well, I'm going to need to take some blood." "You, too, Doctor." " What?" " Lf there is something going around, you might have been exposed to it as well." "Sorry." "Major Dorsey and his team just returned from M6R-214." "They examined the debris field above the planet and found the parts from one, possibly two, Replicator ships." "It was just a matter of time before the Wraith got organized" " and started hitting back." " I suppose." "They did defeat the Ancients, after all." "The Replicators may look like the Ancients, and they may use the same technology, but they're going to be a lot tougher to put down." "Colonel Carter, come in, please." "Go ahead, Doctor." "I've got a situation developing." "Be advised I've imposed a quarantine on the entire infirmary level." "What's going on?" "Eleven patients have shown up here in the last hour complaining of headache and dizziness." "Eight of them are from the survey teams that just got back from the mainland." "Any idea what's wrong with them?" "I ran some blood tests, and found a bacteria I've never seen before." "I'm checking it against the Ancient database." " What do you want us to do?" " Well, the first thing we need to do is isolate everyone that went to the mainland, and have them report to Dr. Neves in the auxiliary med lab for testing." "Will do." "Keep us posted." "More test results." "You and I are both infected." "So's Dr. McKay." "The good news is the most advanced case is still only showing mild, flu-like symptoms." " Maybe it won't get any worse than that." " Yeah, let's hope so." "Hello?" "Hey." "Hey, wake up." "What are you doing here?" "I don't know." "What are you doing?" "You're not a soldier." "If you say so." " You should come with me." "It's safe." " No, slow down." "What's going on here?" "It's the soldiers." "They're after us." "If they catch us, they'll take us away." "Take us where?" "What soldiers?" "What is this place?" "Will you shut up?" "The soldiers will hear us." "What the hell is going on here?" "Why can't I remember anything?" "I don't know." "No one can." "No one can." " You've seen others?" " Yes, one or two others." " Apart from the soldiers." " What about her?" "Was she there?" " No." " I have to find her." " Why?" " I don't know." "It's important." "Look, the soldiers probably have her by now, okay?" " Well, can we ask them?" " Are you crazy?" "If the soldiers see you, they shoot you, they take you away." "Again with the taking away." "Look, you should come hide with me." "It's safe." " I can't, I have to keep looking." " Fine, suit yourself." "If you get yourself killed, I don't care." "It started suddenly, and then it just..." "Just stopped." " Okay, well, I appreciate you telling me." " Aren't you going to do anything?" "To be honest, I don't see how it's relevant." "Well, it's a new symptom." "I thought it might be important." "I don't see how a tingling sensation in your knees relates to this condition, especially since you're the only one experiencing it." "Yeah, but so far." "I'm just saying, we don't know anything about this disease." "Look, the best thing for you to do right now is try to relax, okay?" "And let me do my work." " Here you go." " Thank you." "What did Dr. Keller say?" "Oh, she's going to take it into consideration, thanked me for my input and..." "How you doing?" "Thanked me for my input and..." "How you doing?" "I'm okay." "Well, Dr. Keller's got her team working pretty hard." "I'm sure they're trying a bunch of stuff." "I'm sure they'll come up with a way to beat this thing in no time." " Seriously, are you okay?" " It's..." "My headache." "It's getting worse." "All right, look, is there anything I can do?" "Could you ask the nurse to bring me some tea?" "Well, what's wrong with this one?" "Oh, yeah." "Right." "Marie?" "What's..." "What's going on?" "I don't know." "I just got really dizzy." "Are you telling us that the infection has breached hazmat protocol?" "I'm not entirely sure." "It's possible she could have been previously exposed, but that would mean it's already spread much farther among the general population than we thought." "I've got off-duty medical personnel conducting random blood tests around the city just to get a sense of where we're at." "Have we confirmed it came from the mainland?" "Well, the plant and soil samples brought back by the botany department were negative, but it still seems like the most likely point of origin." "What about the database?" "I haven't found a match yet, but I'm still looking." "There is one more thing." "Since we have no idea what this disease does, or how it's spread, or even if our containment measures are having any effect," "I recommend we suspend all Gate travel immediately." "Thank you, Doctor." "Hey." "How you feeling?" "I don't know." "Oh." "Well, they brought dinner." "This Salisbury steak's actually quite good." "Oh, and by the way, I asked Dr. Keller about your friend Dr. Baxter." "She says he's asleep, but apparently the fever's down." " Who?" " Dr. Baxter." "That's his name, right, the guy on your team?" "Katie?" "Where am I?" "What do you mean?" "You're in the infirmary." "I brought you here, remember?" "Who are you?" "Hey!" "Hold it right there." "I don't want to cause any trouble." "I just..." "Yeah, put him with the others." "Go on, get him out of here." "Come on." "Yes, sir." "Well, what's the word?" "Well, the random test results came back." "Six different people working in six different areas of the city, all positive." "That doesn't sound very promising." "Well, it's either a statistical miracle, or the entire base has been exposed." "We're running more tests to confirm it, but it doesn't look good." "I don't know about you, but I feel fine." "Well, me, too." "And that's the problem." "If there is a delay before the first symptoms appear, it could've spread anywhere before we even knew what was happening." "I've informed Stargate Command that we're suspending Gate operations." "Colonel Carter, this is Dr. Keller." " Go ahead." " I'm sending you scans on Katie Brown as well three other patients who are beginning to show signs of amnesia." "All of them show large concentrations of affected cells in the medial temporal lobe." "It looks like the bacteria is causing these cells to produce a hormone that interferes with the brain's ability to access episodic memory." "How bad are we talking?" "Well, rate of deterioration seems to vary from patient to patient, but in all cases, it looks like it's progressive, meaning the longer they go without treatment, the worse it gets." "Pretty soon, they won't be able to remember their own names." "You said the first symptoms were headaches and dizziness." "Yeah, that's right." "How long after they appeared before the first signs of memory loss?" "Again, it seems to vary, but you're looking at an average of about six hours." "What about you, Doc?" "Showing any signs?" "Yeah, the headache started half an hour ago." "All right, keep searching the database." "I think it's our best bet to find a solution." "I'd love to, but if we're right about these numbers," "I'm about to get overrun with a lot of new patients." "It's already pretty crowded in here." "Mess hall." "We can clear it out and make a temporary ward." "Yeah, that's a good idea." "At the very least, it'll consolidate everyone in one place for treatment." "Do it." " Are you all right?" " Yeah." "Where am I?" "We were hoping you could tell us." "Who are all you people?" " We don't know." " None of us can remember anything." "What's happening out there?" "What did you see?" "Nothing." "It was just..." "Empty hallways." "How did I get here?" " The soldiers brought you." " Why?" "They bring everyone here." "They say it's for our own protection." "Don't waste your time." "It won't open." "Why are they doing this to us?" "Look, why can't anyone remember?" "My..." "The computer." "Where's my computer?" "It wasn't with you when they brought you here." "Why?" "I have to find someone." "It's a woman." "Teyla." "Do you know who that is?" "Does anyone here know Teyla?" "Anyone?" "I thought this city had some sort of automatic lockdown" " to prevent stuff like this." " It does." "Oh, yeah?" "What happened?" "You're asking me?" "You got a headache?" "Yeah, I guess it was just a matter of time, huh?" " John?" " I'm fine." "Hey." "How you feeling?" "I am fine." " Any symptoms?" " No, none yet." "Me neither." " What is it?" " How do they know we're all infected?" "My blood wasn't part of the sample that was tested." "Nor was mine." "Even so, it is likely we were exposed." "So?" "Being exposed doesn't mean you've got it." "Maybe it doesn't affect everybody the same way." "And all I know is I feel great." "So do I." "Perhaps you should make Dr. Keller aware of this." "Yeah." "Yeah." "Excuse me." "Dr. Keller." " I need to talk to you." " I'm a little busy right now." "I'm not sick." "Well, if you're lucky enough not to be exposed," " you just blew it by coming in here." " No, I know I've been exposed." "People I've been working with all day have been getting sick, but I'm not feeling anything." "Neither is Teyla." "You think you might have some kind of immunity?" " You're the doctor." " Okay." "Well, I'm going to need a sample of your blood." "Take as much as you need." " What are you doing?" " I have to remember somehow." "I already feel certain things slipping away." " All right, now what are you doing?" " Getting out of here." "All right, everyone!" "Listen up!" "I need to escape as quickly as possible." "Does anyone know how I can do that?" "You can't just leave." " Why not?" " What about the soldiers?" "We're just going to have to deal with them." "I'm sorry, call me crazy, but I don't exactly trust them." "That doesn't mean we should be running loose." "We have no idea what's out there." "Look, something caused this to happen, all right?" "And we're not going to figure it out from in here." "Somewhere out there, there is a woman that..." "A woman named..." " Teyla." " Teyla, right, thank you." " I think she knows something." " What?" "I don't know." "We got to get out there and find out." " I think we should listen to him." " Why?" "Well, it makes sense." "Why haven't the soldiers told us what's happened?" "Why haven't there been any announcements, or any help on the way?" "Maybe they don't know any more than we do." "We need a plan." " They let you out?" " Well, the second set of random blood tests just came back, all positive." "Didn't see much point in quarantining the infirmary anymore." " You showing any signs?" " Headache." "Yeah, same here." "Five bucks says you start losing your memories first." "Rodney..." "All right, we've got food, water and blankets." "We don't have enough beds, but we're just going to have to make do." "We may need to think about ordering all nonessential personnel to report to the mess hall." "I mean, they're going to wind up there anyways, and this way, we won't have people with no memories" " wandering the hallways." " That's what I'm worried about." "I'll send Lorne and a team out, make sure those orders are followed." "These are from Dr. Neves." "They're stimulants." "He thinks they may slow the effects of the memory loss." "I mean, it's just a stopgap, but at least it may buy us a few hours." "Do we know what's in these?" "Because I'm allergic to a lot of..." "Just take it." "Hand these out to Lorne and his men." "One more thing." "I've ordered Dr. Zelenka to remove the Gate's main control crystal." "No matter what happens, we cannot risk spreading this disease elsewhere in the galaxy, or to Earth." "What happens when we all start losing our memory?" "Dr. Keller will come up with something before that happens." "Hey." "I thought we were moving everyone to the mess hall." "He's our most advanced case." "His vitals are too unstable." "What can I do for you?" "I was just wondering if you found anything." "What do you mean?" "I'm not showing any sign of the disease, remember?" "Oh, well, it's possible you could have some sort of natural immunity." "Doc..." "Stay here." "I'm going to take a sample of your blood." "Doc." "You've already done that." "It's happening to me, isn't it?" "Doctor, he's convulsing!" "Okay, give him..." "Midazolam, four milligrams." "He's in v-fib." "I need a crash cart." "Charge it to 200." "Clear." "Charge it to 300." "Clear." "McKAY:" "Go, go!" "Stop!" "Stop!" "This way!" " Okay, I think we're clear." " Oh, thank God." "My lungs were about to give out." " So, what next?" " I don't know." "How do we find her?" " Who?" " Teyla." "The one we just risked our lives for." "Right, right." "I don't know." "All right, we'll just have to search room by room." "I mean, how big could this place possibly be?" " Where are you taking us?" " I already told you." "The mess hall." " I don't want to go there." " Just relax." "I know you're scared, but you're just going to have to trust me." "It's for your own good." "So much for coming quietly." "Hey." "Mess hall's this way." "Right." "Don't look at me that way." "It's easy to get turned around in this place." "Give me that respirator." "Got it." "Major Lorne's picking up some more stragglers." "We're starting to get a little resistance." "Yeah, they're starting to lose their memories." "They probably can't understand why there's a bunch of soldiers after them." "That's why I told him to take his men to the armory and equip them with stunners." "I'm not sure I like the idea of us shooting at our own people." "Well, we may not have a choice." "Yeah, I suppose you're right." "Pretty soon, there's going to be some panicked, confused people out there." "Okay, carry on." "What?" "Come with me." "You might want to go easy on that stuff, Major." "Sir, we need to delay this thing as much as possible." "If we all go, there's no coming back." "Yeah, I know." "That's what I want to talk to you about." "I got an idea." " Didn't we come this way before?" " No." "Are you sure?" "No." "I have an idea." "What are you doing?" "If we come back here, we'll know we've been this way before." "You're presuming of course that we remember that we're the ones who put it there in the first place." "I know you're out there." "Drop your weapons and come out slowly." "Little guy with glasses." " What are you doing?" " Hey, I know him." "Don't shoot." "I don't have any weapons." "Who are you?" "We were captured by the soldiers." "We escaped." "Really?" "Wait a second." "What is that?" " I found it." " Let me see." " What is it?" " I don't know," " but something tells me it's important." " Why?" "I don't know." " Hey, how did you know to do that?" " I don't know." "I just did." " Well, that's her." "Teyla." " You know her?" "Well, not exactly." "We're looking for her." "We think she can help us." "Huh." "But it says, "Find her. "" "How are we going to do that?" "This is what I wanted to show you." "This is the bacteria that is causing our disease?" "Not exactly, but it's very similar." "And you found this in the database?" "And you found this in the database?" "I stopped looking in the database." "I knew there was a reason why" "Teyla and Ronon are the only people who've tested negative so far, and we don't have a lot of information on the Satedans, so I started looking through Dr. Beckett's records on the Athosians." "This is a blood sample taken from a 10-year-old boy." "He was suffering from something called..." "Uh..." "I wrote it down." "Kirsan fever?" "Yeah, that's it." "It is a common childhood ailment throughout the galaxy." " I had it when I was eight." " I had it when I was 10." "But this cannot be the same disease." "Kirsan fever does not affect adults," " nor does it cause memory loss." " Well, that may be true, but the structure of the bacteria is too similar to ignore, and they have to be related somehow." "Wait a minute." "Maybe they are the same." "That would explain why the sensors didn't identify it as a threat." " How is that possible?" " Well, think about it." "I mean, this planet didn't have a stargate until we came here." "Maybe when the Ancients were first scouting this place, they accidentally brought this Kirsan fever with them." "It got trapped here, and over the course of 10,000 years, it mutated to cause the symptoms we're now experiencing." "That would also explain why you and Ronon aren't affected." "You have antibodies built up from when you were young." "Well, if they have the antibodies, then..." "It would take months to reverse-engineer a cure." "I mean, I'm not even sure it's possible." "The sap of the enchuri plant." "My people have used it for generations to combat Kirsan fever." "It is highly effective and not much is needed." " Let's go get some." " Take a Jumper." "Wait a minute." "You disabled the Gate, remember?" "You ordered Dr. Zelenka to take the control crystal." "Where did he put it?" "Zelenka, this is Sheppard." "Come in." "Check out the rooms down there and there." "I want this section cleared out in 10 minutes." "Lorne, come in." " Yes, sir." "Go ahead." "Have you seen Zelenka?" "As a matter of fact, I have." " Did you bring him to the mess hall?" " Sorry, sir, but he gave us the slip." "Must have heard us coming." "Cracked one of my people over the head with a metal rod and disappeared down a service hatch before I could get a shot off." "There's no telling where he is now." "Zelenka, respond." "Zelenka, come in." "Radek, we are not trying to hurt you." "We need your help." "Okay, this is pointless." "Look, we don't even know if he still has a radio, and even if we find him, chances are he's not going to remember what he did with the control crystal." "Let's face it, we're screwed." "There's gotta be some way out of this." "What about the Jumpers?" "They got DHDs." "That doesn't matter." "Without the control crystal, the gate can't establish a stable wormhole." "We're not going anywhere." "I'm missing something." "I can't concentrate." "What about the mainland?" "Ronon is right." "The enchuri plant is abundant on many worlds." "It may be here as well." "All right." "Assuming we can find the stuff, how are we going to distribute it?" "I'll figure something out." "I'll stay with Rodney." "Do you know what to look for?" "Grows like a weed on Sateda." "It's right there." "You can fly this thing." "It's in your blood." "Literally." "Oh." "Wait a second." "What am I doing?" "You said the quickest way to spread the cure was to aerosolize it and distribute it through the ventilation system." "You are currently attempting to override base protocol for temperature, humidity and air pressure." "Right." "Right, okay, it's easy." "Just a simple matter of accessing the root directory and..." " Come on!" " Rodney." "No, no, no, no." "I should be able to do this in my sleep." "Oh, God." " It's happening to me, too, isn't it?" " You have to remain calm." "No, no, no." "You don't understand." "My memory was lousy to start with." "I mean, with people's names, birthdays..." "I once forgot Mother's Day five years in a row." "What is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter?" "Well, that's pi." "It's 3.14159265, etcetera, etcetera." "That doesn't count, that's easy." "You are a scientist, Rodney." "That is what you care about." "That is what you will hang on to the longest." "Right." "Right, so..." "Wait a minute." "Doesn't that make me a really bad person?" "It makes you the type of person who is going to save all our lives." "Oh, okay." "What is this place?" "McKAY:" "I don't know." " Looks like they left in a hurry." " She's not here." "Let's..." "Down here!" "This way!" "Quiet!" "Go, go." "All right, everybody, spread out." "They got to be in here somewhere." "Sir!" "Found 'em." "Good." "Let's go." "Let's move out, come on." "Can we get out of here, please?" " What is it?" " I have an idea." "Come on." "Let's go." "Wait a minute." " What is this place?" " The mainland." "What are we doing here?" "I told you already." "We need to get that plant." "Something seems fishy." "Never gets old." "Sorry, buddy." "You're just going to slow me down." " How's it coming, Rodney?" " I'm just about finished." "I think." "What was that?" "I will go see." "Keep working." "Don't move!" "Major Lorne." "It's me, Teyla." "You shouldn't be out here." "Major, it's me." "Everyone's been ordered back to the mess hall." " But Dr. McKay and I..." " Put your hands on your head." "Slowly." "Teyla?" "Oh, God." "All right, let's get her up." "Come on." "All right." "Look, I know you're probably panicking right now, but there is no time for that." "You need to focus." "I'm sure you're wondering who tied you to the desk." "You're awake." " Major Lorne, you must set me free..." " Save it." "You're not going anywhere till I get some answers." "I need to know what you've done to my people." "What I've done?" "You believe I'm behind this?" "Is it a drug?" "Some kind of bioweapon?" "Major, they're sick." "You as well." "The entire base is infected with a disease." "Everyone except you." "Yes." "I'm immune to its effects." "Isn't that convenient?" "How many of those have you taken?" "Why don't you just let me worry about that, okay?" "It's the pills." "They're what's making you act like this." "They're confusing you." "They're making you unstable." "Making me unstable?" "Well, I'm not the one who unleashed a disease on my people, okay?" "Quit stalling." "I want to know what you were doing in the hall." " Rodney!" " Teyla." "Yes." "It's good to see you." "Colonel Carter, Dr. Zelenka, you as well." "How did you find me?" "Well, we were having trouble finding you by ourselves, so we followed him." " Did you finish your work?" " What do you mean?" "Can you disarm the force shield?" "I don't know." "Quickly." "Don't move." "Drop it." "Now back away." "Now." "Tell me." "Who the hell are you?" "I know you don't remember everything." "You have no idea what's going on." "You're confused." "Maybe even a little scared." "I know I would be." "But you have to trust me." "We're friends." "The things we've been through together," "I don't care what anyone says, no disease can wipe that away." "Not completely." "Okay, deep down, you know I'm telling the truth." " Now, give me the gun." " Oh, nice try." "For all I know, you're the one who tied me up." "Fine." "Then shoot me, and you'll be all alone in the middle of a dark forest with no idea who you are, where you're going, or what you're going to do next." "How could I possibly make it any worse?" "That's a good point." "Here." "Sit." "Are you sure you wouldn't rather do it?" " I do not know how." " Oh, and I do?" "Yes." "You created the override program." "You said you were almost finished." "Oh, then it should be easy." "Rodney, listen to me." "You must do this." "It is our only chance." "The knowledge is inside you." "You just have to find it." " Wow." " He did it." "When I said I was almost finished, I guess I wasn't kidding." "Now what?" "Well, now we just have to hope that Colonel Sheppard and Ronon completed their side of the mission." "Right." "Right." " Who?" " Who?" " What is it?" " A ship." "Headed for the bay doors on the roof." " Have they identified themselves?" " No, sir." " It could be help." " It could also be some kind of an attack." "Get in touch with the others." "Tell them to meet me at the Jumper Bay." " Nice flying." " Thanks." "Come on, help me with this stuff." "We got to get this to Teyla right away." "Who?" "Come on." "Hands in the air." "Now." "Listen, Lieutenant, this is medicine." "We need to deliver it." "I said hands in the air." "Let's take them to the brig." "You're making a mistake." "There are sick people who need that." " You sure you know what you're doing?" " What the hell is going on here?" "Sir, we caught these men trying to infiltrate the base." "Lorne, you have got to listen to me." "Everybody on this base is going to die if you don't." " And who are you?" " Look in your pocket." " What?" " Just look in your vest pocket." "You took a picture of him just in case it came to this." "I was there." "He's telling the truth." "This is our commanding officer." "That's right." "I am your commanding officer." "So, you should do what I say." "Yes, sir." "What are your orders?" " Do what he says." " Gun." "Follow me." "Colonel, you're awake." "Mmm-hmm." "What happened?" "Teyla distributed the plant through the ventilation system." "Knocked you out for a bit." "How long have I been asleep?" " About a day." " A day?" "Hit some people harder than others." "How are you feeling, John?" "How's your memory?" "Oh, pretty good, I think." "I mean, things are a little fuzzy." "If I forget your birthday next year..." "I'll forgive you." "When you are feeling well enough," "Major Lorne wishes to speak with you." "He feels badly about what happened." "It wasn't his fault." "Just glad he still had the photo I gave him." "That was good thinking, by the way." "Yes." "If the distribution of the cure had been delayed any longer, many more people would have died." "What do you mean?" "Where's McKay?" "You should get some sleep." "It's okay." "I'm fine." "I can let you know when she wakes up." "I'll stay." "Okay." "She's not giving up, you know." "She's a fighter." "Katie?" "Doctor?" "She's moving her fingers." "Katie?" "Katie!" "Hey." "Where am I?" "You're in the infirmary." "You're safe." "Do you remember anything?" "Rodney?" " It's good to see you." " Yeah." "Yeah, it's good to see you, too."
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Q:
How do I convert a char * string into a pointer to pointer array and assign pointer values to each index?
I have a char * that is a long string and I want to create a pointer to a pointer(or pointer array). The char ** is set with the correct memory allocated and I'm trying to parse each word from the from the original string into a char * and place it in the char **.
For example
char * text = "fus roh dah
char **newtext = (...size allocated)
So I'd want to have:
char * t1 = "fus", t2 = "roh", t3 = "dah";
newtext[0] = t1;
newtext[1] = t2;
newtext[2] = t3;
I've tried breaking the original up and making the whitespace into '\0' but I'm still having trouble getting the char * allocated and placed into char**
A:
Assuming that you know the number of words, it is trivial:
char **newtext = malloc(3 * sizeof(char *)); // allocation for 3 char *
// Don't: char * pointing to non modifiable string litterals
// char * t1 = "fus", t2 = "roh", t3 = "dah";
char t1[] = "fus", t2[] = "roh", t3[] = "dah"; // create non const arrays
/* Alternatively
char text[] = "fus roh dah"; // ok non const char array
char *t1, *t2, *t3;
t1 = text;
text[3] = '\0';
t2 = text + 4;
texts[7] = '\0';
t3 = text[8];
*/
newtext[0] = t1;
newtext[1] = t2;
newtext[2] = t2;
|
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Renal lesions in Cockayne syndrome.
Two siblings with typical features of the Cockayne syndrome were studied at autopsy. Many glomeruli revealed a paucity of capillary loops and had thickened capillary walls. Some glomeruli with advanced lesions showed collapse of the glomerular tufts or complete hyalinization. Atrophy of tubules and interstitial fibrosis were also observed. There were no significant arteriosclerotic changes in the vessels. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated thickened glomerular basement membranes with bends and folds. These histopathological findings are different to those previously reported with the exception of the 1966 report by Ohno and Hirooka.
|
{
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|
SEOUL, South Korea — When the armored train carrying Kim Jong-un back from his summit meeting with President Trump in Vietnam reached Pyongyang Station at 3:08 a.m. Tuesday, throngs of flower-waving North Koreans greeted their leader with “boundless emotions and excitement,” the country’s state-run media said.
But Mr. Kim returned home empty-handed — without relief from international sanctions — prompting the question of what he will do next: Particularly, will he resume his nuclear and missile brinkmanship to reassert his leverage?
The revelation on Wednesday that North Korea had started rebuilding the partly dismantled facilities at Tongchang-ri, where the country tests technologies for its intercontinental ballistic missiles, raised the specter that Mr. Kim was returning to his provocative behavior.
But experts on North Korea say Mr. Kim may be boxed in: He returned home without sanctions relief amid strong signs that the North Korean economy is continuing to contract. The deepening economic trouble may force the country to return to the negotiating table.
|
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1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a mobile harbor crane for the combined handling of containers and bulk materials, having an undercarriage and an upper carriage, which is mounted rotatably on the base frame of the undercarriage and on which a tower with a boom that can be pivoted about a horizontal axis is arranged.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the standard version, mobile harbor cranes of the type described above are designed for quays that allow relatively high axle loads of about 60 t/axle and surface loads of about 50 to 60 t/sq m under supporting plates provided.
For specific customers, the axle loads or surface loads can be reduced, if appropriate, by using additional axles and larger supporting plates.
In many parts of the world, however, the above measures on existing mobile harbor cranes are not technically feasible or adequate because the quays are extremely old. Even the construction of more modem quays, where standard concrete components used for building road bridges are generally employed, often allows only relatively low axle and surface loads.
It is the object of the present invention to design a mobile harbor crane for combined handling of containers and bulk materials in such a way that the mobile handling apparatus can be used with significantly reduced supporting loads for loading and unloading ships, even in seaports and inland harbors where the quays are not capable of taking the supporting loads of standard mobile harbor cranes.
To achieve the object, four support beams are connected pivotally to the base frame of the undercarriage, symmetrically to the longitudinal and transverse axes of the vehicle, in such a way that they can each be pivoted about vertical axes. The support beams are provided at their free ends with vertically acting leveling cylinders, by means of which the support beams are supported on the wheels of a plurality of traveling gear assemblies via balancers for uniform distribution of the supporting forces.
The mobile harbor crane according to the invention provides a new type of handling apparatus that is extremely mobile and flexible in application. There are no additional costs compared with a mobile harbor crane adapted specifically to customer requirements. Nevertheless, the balancer system ensures a uniform axle load matched to permitted quay loads and does so both in the transportation position and in the working position of the machine. Additional enlarged supporting plates are no longer required since the pedestal-like base frame of the undercarriage serves as a mounting for the four supporting beams, which transmit the supporting forces of the mobile harbor crane into the traveling gear assemblies via the balancers. At the same time, the traveling gear has a minimum support base during the transportation of the machine and a maximum support base when being used for work because the supporting beams can be pivoted into the working and transportation positions.
In a further refinement of the invention, it is envisaged that between the base frame and the balancer of each traveling gear assembly there is a coupling rod that forms a parallelogram linkage with the support beam and by means of which the traveling gear assembly can be adjusted parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle in any pivoted position of the support beams. During and after the pivoting of the support beams, the coupling rods ensure that the wheels of all the traveling gear assemblies adopt a basic position in which they point in the same direction, namely in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, irrespective of the size of the pivoting angle of the support beams.
To obtain stable conditions in the working position and in the transportation position, provision is made, according to a further feature of the invention, for the support beams to be capable of being fixed both in their extended working position and in their retracted transportation position by means of telescoping locking devices, which are arranged between the base frame and the free end of the support beams.
The support beams are adjusted with means belonging to the traveling gear itself since, according to another feature of the invention, it is proposed that to adjust the support beams between the transportation position and the working position, the axles of the traveling gear assemblies, which axles are pivotable through xc2x190xc2x0, can be adjusted under computer control and in a monitored manner on a common steering column, and the pivoting movements of the support beams can be performed by actuating the traveling gear drives. The position of the axles during this process is monitored by means of angular resolvers and pivoting takes place automatically in such a way that all the axles turn in the direction of the center of the machine (center of the rotary joint), for example. In this way, the support beams can be pivoted without additional hydraulic cylinders or similar devices.
The position of the axles (together with the wheels) is controlled by detectors of a control unit so that the alignment of all the wheels corresponds to the direction the crane will be moved. For example, if the crane moves straight ahead, all axles are oriented in parallel. To follow a curve, the axles are oriented so that the wheels follow an arc.
Since quays are often only relatively narrow and, after subtracting the necessary truck lane from the width of the quay, leave insufficient standing room to set up a standard-type mobile harbor crane with the required load capacity, the vehicular crane according to the invention offers, according to another feature of the invention, a free space in the longitudinal direction of the mobile harbor crane, between the traveling gear assemblies of the latter, to allow transportation vehicles to drive under the mobile harbor crane.
Because the mobile harbor crane according to the invention no longer requires separate support, the traveling gear that simultaneously serves as a support must be appropriately vibration-damped. To achieve this, the proposal is made, according to another feature of the invention, that the traveling gear assemblies of the mobile harbor crane have tires and, to damp vibration of the machine, the tires of the wheels are about 75% full of water. The vibration-damping effect of this measure is desired particularly when the machine is in the working position. Antifreeze is added to the water in the tires if required.
The invention provides a flexible and mobile handling apparatus that can be used cost-effectively and hence economically even on narrow quays where the subgrade is not very strong.
An exemplary embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the drawing and is described below.
Other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood, however, that the drawings are designed solely for purposes of illustration and not as a definition of the limits of the invention, for which reference should be made to the appended claims. It should be further understood that the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale and that, unless otherwise indicated, they are merely intended to conceptually illustrate the structures and procedures described herein.
|
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For salon straightness that lasts twice as long, contains breakthrough Cera-Heat straightening technology Uses a supercharged heating system with ultra fast heat recovery for constant high heat Ionic steam enhances the hair condition and eliminates frizz for a high shine finish Retractable de-tangling fins give a professional combing effect for extra-effective straightening Up to 230°C with ultra-fast heat recovery for constant high heat and ceramic-titanium plates for ultimate smoothness
bought these for for my daughter, had them a year the light turns on but they don't heat..sending them back monday.. got mine in argos for £34.00 when they did work they were great.. hopefully they can fix
|
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Hastings Keith
Hastings Keith (November 22, 1915 – July 19, 2005) was a United States Representative from Massachusetts.
Keith was born in Brockton, Massachusetts on November 22, 1915. He graduated from Brockton High School, Deerfield Academy, and the University of Vermont in 1938. He performed graduate work at Harvard University. He was a member of the faculty of the Boston University Evening College of Commerce.
In 1933, he was a student in the Citizens Military Training Camps. He served as battery officer in Massachusetts National Guard. During the Second World War served in the United States Army with eighteen months overseas service in Europe. Keith was a graduate of the Command and General Staff School, and was a colonel in the US Army Reserve. He was a salesman and later district manager for the Equitable Life Assurance Society in Boston. He was a member of the Massachusetts Senate, a partner in a general insurance firm in Brockton and was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Congress in 1956.
He was elected as a Republican to the Eighty-sixth and to the six succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1973). On April 19, 1974 President Nixon appointed Hastings Keith of Massachusetts as a Member of the Defense Manpower Commission. He was not a candidate for reelection in 1972 to the Ninety-third Congress, but was a candidate for nomination in 1992 to the One Hundred Third Congress until he withdrew from the race. He died in Brockton on July 19, 2005. He was buried at Union Cemetery in Brockton.
References
External links
Official Biography
Category:1915 births
Category:2005 deaths
Category:University of Vermont alumni
Category:Harvard University alumni
Category:Boston University faculty
Category:American Congregationalists
Category:Massachusetts state senators
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
Category:Deerfield Academy alumni
Category:Politicians from Brockton, Massachusetts
Category:Military personnel from Massachusetts
Category:Massachusetts Republicans
Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:American military personnel of World War II
Category:20th-century American politicians
|
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|
Q:
Reading data from a text file into a 2D array and getting out of bounds exception
I've been having trouble with reading data in from a text file to a 2D array. I am not too sure what the issue with the out of bounds exception is because I thought I initialized it correctly but I am not sure.
Here is my code.
String [][] f_team = new String [20][6]; //20 and 6
int cnt = 0;
int cnt2 = 0;
String line = "";
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
loadData();
}
public void loadData()
{
try {
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(getAssets().open("team.txt")));
while(cnt<=20) {
line = br.readLine();
f_team[cnt][cnt2] = line;
cnt2 = cnt2 + 1;
if (cnt2 == 5) {
cnt = cnt + 1;
cnt2 = 0;
}
}
br.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
Here is my logcat for the error:
05-16 17:33:29.119 26312-26312/com.jmac.jmac.footy E/AndroidRuntime: FATAL EXCEPTION: main
Process: com.jmac.jmac.footy, PID: 26312
java.lang.RuntimeException: Unable to start activity ComponentInfo{com.jmac.jmac.footy/com.jmac.jmac.footy.Pitch}: java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: length=20; index=20
at android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2693)
at android.app.ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2758)
at android.app.ActivityThread.access$900(ActivityThread.java:177)
at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:1448)
at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:102)
at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:145)
at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5942)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:372)
at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:1399)
at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:1194)
Caused by: java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: length=20; index=20
at com.jmac.jmac.footy.Pitch.loadData(Pitch.java:82)
at com.jmac.jmac.footy.Pitch.onCreate(Pitch.java:74)
at android.app.Activity.performCreate(Activity.java:6289)
at android.app.Instrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(Instrumentation.java:1119)
at android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2646)
at android.app.ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2758)
at android.app.ActivityThread.access$900(ActivityThread.java:177)
at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:1448)
at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:102)
at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:145)
at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5942)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:372)
at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:1399)
at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:1194)
A:
If your array has size 20, you can only access index [0;19]
you are accessing index 20 in your while clause
while(cnt<=20)
you have to put:
while(cnt<20)
see https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/arrays.html
|
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Housing for the Elderly: The Handbook for Managers
It can be the oral history that you extract by tape recorder from a parent or a ... writing a memoir became ... 10 Ways to Tell if Your Story Should be a Memoir or a Novel ... 10 Ways to Tell if Your Story Should be a Memoir or a ... Parenting Today airs Sunday mornings on a variety of local iHeart Radio stations, including 98.7 WMZQ, HOT 99.5, 97.1 WASH-FM, DC101 and BIG 100.3. Following this code, children (especially the first son or daughter) were socialized to provide material and emotional support for one another at an early age.
Are both major-party candidates in this election driven by shame? By Richard Taite on October 07, 2016 in Ending Addiction for Good If you treat young people with respect and give them good information, the likelihood is greater that they will make healthy choices. By Sharon Praissman on October 07, 2016 in Beyond the Egg Timer A guest post from one of the authors of the recent parenting book The Danish Way, which is full of fascinating parenting from the country that’s been ranked happiest in the world portraitofacreative.com. And I hear, especially from patients, about the dark side of parenting an adult child. One patient I'll call Diana has a number of challenges in her daily life -- an ailing husband, a toddler, a disabled child and a demanding home-based business. Her situation is complicated by an elderly widowed mother who lives nearby and who calls multiple times a day, not with offers of help or support, but with demands of her own as well as unsolicited advice and opinions on every aspect of Diana's life http://portraitofacreative.com/books/passages-in-caregiving-turning-chaos-into-confidence.
Here's the archetypical description of these kinds of toxic parents: Imagine yourself being present at one of your kids' sports activities , cited: download pdf. It's important to learn how to be there for your parent, but also prioritize your own sanity and emotional health. Aging and illness can worsen a person's negative personality traits, says clinical psychologist Mary A. Languirand on AgingCare.com, pointing out that major changes and fear of the future are usually the driving factors behind the bitterness download pdf. Reading how this storm was weak and how those people who lost homes at the beach can afford to rebuild seemed to really set me off pdf. In order to realistically analyze parent-child relationships we need to distinguish between the exercise of power through legitimate and necessary authority from the illegitimate exercise of power ref.: http://portraitofacreative.com/books/inexpensive-gift-ideas. The higher glands and nerves that allow that spiritual light to flood in will be closed down and you'll be blind to your beautiful power within. On the other hand, if you want to create a healthy spiritual life you need to regularly download a diverse range of real foods straight from nature ref.: read for free. What are Family and Relationship Services? Family and Relationship Services provide services to vulnerable and disadvantaged families and children by providing assistance with adult relationships, counselling for children, education and broader parenting support , source: http://amazonie-decouverte.com/?lib/now-that-they-are-grown-successfully-parenting-your-adult-children. You can play games, get excited about a great new TV show or book. Let them tell you stories of their past, when they were a newlywed or when they were children , cited: download pdf. If we are single, our responsibility is to our own parents; but if we are married, our responsibility is not only to our parents, but to our in-laws as well. It is true that when we marry, we marry a family. Part of becoming one in marriage involves the sharing of all things, and that includes our parents. The great Bible story of Ruth and Naomi illustrates for us a tender example of honoring one's mother-in-law epub.
Of all families with children, single-parent families constitute 24 percent of all white families, 35 percent of all Hispanic families, and 63 percent of all black families. Click here to see breakdown of single parent groups by race, sex of householder, and marital status ref.: http://portraitofacreative.com/books/rescuing-ruby-how-i-rescued-my-father-from-greedy-cousins-thieving-attorneys-and-the-florida. They used a semi-structured interview guide that combined open-ended and closed-ended questions about the care needed and received by the aging parents or parent, the nature of family tensions or conflicts, and levels of emotional closeness among family members. Most interviews occurred in the respondents' homes and averaged 2 hours in length. The G1 and G2 members of all the families in the caregiving study live within 75 miles of Los Angeles , cited: http://www.spectrum613.com/lib/21-st-century-essential-guide-to-hud-programs-and-housing-grants-volume-two-major-programs. Poetic Representation The new way of presenting research findings using poetry. Poetic writing is often ‘striking and emotive’, and hence it offers a better way to evocatively represent qualitative data. Poetic expressions have recently become popularised as an effective way to represent the voices of marginalised people. Positivism An approach to research that believes social science research methods should be scientific in the same way as the physical sciences such as physics or chemistry read here. When children move from infancy into toddlerhood, the parent-child relationship begins to change its focus , cited: http://portraitofacreative.com/books/nursing-home-diary-a-lesson-in-survival-what-to-look-for-what-to-look-out-for. This sleeping arrangement has been going on since the birth of the boy even when there was a father living there. This boy has an older sister (age 12) who, until a year ago, also slept in the same bed with the mother and son. The daughter now sleeps either on a matress on the floor of the mother's room or with her grand mother , cited: read epub. This forces the child to make difficult decisions. How can he take his father's side when his mother needs him, or how can he defend his mother when his father is constantly feeding him negative or demeaning thoughts about her http://portraitofacreative.com/books/checklists-for-life-helping-seniors-plan-and-navigate-the-challenges-of-aging? You can keep kids safe by understanding the potential for back-over injuries in your driveway. Graduating students look forward to their after-grad party since the first day of 12th grade download. Teenagers feel that there is no need to limit the use of their social media networking, but on the other hand parents should feel the need to limit their use and also keep track of their teen’s social networking epub. Please watch and share. (if the email link does not work, copy and paste my email into your program) There is much information on this website for grandparents raising grandchildren or other relatives parenting someone else's child. You will find personal comments and stories from grandparents themselves. You will find information from the various states and Canada , e.g. download pdf. Findings suggest socioemotional regulation in late life involves actions on the part of both older adults and their social partners. The Baby Boomers intergenerational relationships. Middle aged couples exchanges of support with aging parents: Patterns and association with marital satisfaction. L. 2012 Parent/child and intergenerational relationships across adulthood. Fincham (Eds.), Family theories: A content-based approach. (in press) Fingerman, K download.
|
{
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}
|
5:44 PM,
Sep. 19, 2013
Starbucks announced it will no longer welcome guns inside its cafes following the Washington Navy Yard shootings that left 13 dead.
Written by
Robert Farago
In an open letter published on Starbucks website and published in newspaper ads, the coffee chain's CEO, Howard Schultz, "respectful(ly) requests that customers no longer bring firearms into our stores or outdoor seating areas." It's a "request" because "a ban would potentially require our partners to confront armed customers, and that is not a role I am comfortable asking Starbucks partners to take on."
Yet that's exactly what his "partners" are doing right now, well, not exactly. The gun-wielding folks his employees have to confront aren't "customers," they're armed robbers.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Block user from entering letters
I have a menu that switch the options by pressing the UpArrow and the DownArrow, i want to prevent the user from entering letters or numbers or any key that print something on the screen.
I was thinking to set the cursor position at the end of the text and than print a white space but it prints the letter after the white space, maybe if there's an event that occurs after the letter is printed on screen.
Any ideas?
A:
You can use Console.ReadKey(intercept: true) to get a key without echoing it to the console.
|
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|
Can't find what you are looking for in your area? See more ads from nearby cities.
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Very beautiful dolls, never been played with, have no need for them, need them out of storage containers have someone enjoy them all bought new, for over 20.00 each, selling all for one price 75.00 that is only $3.00 each.
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These are nice collectible vintage from the Bloom County Comic Series by Berke Breathed. Made by "Dakin" in 1985. They are in good condition.
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Goody Two Shoes doll 1965
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|
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|
This proposal aims to understand the changes in visual processing that occur when subjects shift between alert and non-alert waking states. While great advances have been made in understanding central mechanisms of visual perception of alert, attentive subjects, there is little understanding of cortical processes that come into play when alertness wanes. The awake, non-alert state is not equivalent to anesthesia, or to sleep states. When non-alert, we are capable of perception, but our perceptual capacities differ. It is commonly believed that accidents happen when we are not alert, but the extent to which early thalamic or visual cortical mechanisms may be responsible for this (as opposed to higher cognitive processes) is an open question. This proposal relies on a unique model system that is very well-suited to address this question: the awake rabbit, an animal who's inner mental life transparently and frequently shifts between alert and nonalert EEG-defined states, and who's stable eyes and diffident nature make it an ideal subject for these experiments. The proposed research will examine how changes in the brain state of awake subjects influence the multiple, sequential stages of information processing that occur within the visual thalamocortical, intracortical, and cortical output networks. The experiments will compare state dependent changes in the visual response properties of excitatory and inhibitory neurons at the input layer and within several output systems of the cortex and will investigate the underlying mechanisms leading to these changes, at the subthreshold and spiking level. This work will lead to a better understanding of cortical mechanisms of visual processing in a dynamic, awake brain. From a health perspective, these studies will have an important impact on our understanding of how alertness/vigilance deficits can impact visual perception and performance, and will provide the basis for future clinical studies of human mental health and behavioral disorders.
|
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}
|
It’s been an intense 10 months since the FCC approved its latest Open Internet rules (aka Net Neutrality).
On the wired side, we’ve seen the unbundling of content, as channels such as HBO (via HBO Now) and ESPN (via Sling TV) have split from cable to go “over-the-top” with direct-to consumer offerings. These are a direct result of the clear FCC rules prohibiting broadband providers from throttling, degrading, or otherwise fucking with this internet traffic. This is clearly pro-consumer, as people can now buy the channels they want unbundled from the crap they don’t, and it’s pro-innovation, in that even the smallest video startup is now competing on even footing with the big guys — I can launch a video service tomorrow that competes head-on with HBO or ESPN, and both of us have exactly the same distribution, without having to cut a deal with the cable company.
On the wireless side, it’s been much more of a circus, as wireless providers experiment with a variety of so-called “zero-rating” plans. Zero-rating is the practice of selectively exempting certain content from wireless data caps. Zero-rating isn’t monolithic — there are many ways one can do it, which are varying degrees of bad — which is why the FCC didn’t explicitly rule on zero-rating, but rather left it up for review on a case-by-case basis.
The two cases that are happening right now are T-Mobile’s Binge-On, which exempts certain video providers from data caps (and throttles the speed of all video), and Facebook’s Free Basics (formerly Internet.org), which offers free access to Facebook and partner content to mobile users in India and Africa.
Both have been controversial, and Free Basics wildly so.
The question that we’ve been wrestling with is: if you believe that exemptions from data caps are pro-consumer (and this is not a given), then to what extent to these programs enable or limit open competition? To what extent are they “open” or “neutral”? To what extent are the underlying platforms controlling access, playing favorites, and limiting competition?
Looking at it that way, then Free Basics is really, really, really bad, and Binge-on is just kind of bad.
With Binge On, any “qualifying provider” can join the program and have their video content exempted from participating users’ data caps (here are the exact terms). So, you still need to jump through a hoop to get outside of the cap, but theoretically anyone can do it; you don’t need to cut a special deal with T-Mobile. Then, T-Mobile also throttles download speeds of all video for participating customers (regardless of whether the source is a Binge-on partner). While this is sucky and disingenuous, and clearly violates the FCC open internet rules, it doesn’t have as huge a direct impact on competition & innovation as Free Basics does.
The question Binge-on raises is: are data caps necessary at all, and what impact does throttling video have on video innovation and investment in network capacity. Those are valid points which are central to the theory of the virtuous cycle of investment in content and infrastructure and the reason for the FCC’s ban on throttling by content provider or by class of content (in this case, video).
Free Basics, on the other hand, is creating a Facebook-controlled walled-garden — a modern-day “AOL on the Internet” — where partners must both be approved on a one-by-one basis, and must also submit to having their content completely proxied and remixed through Facebook’s platform. This post — Free Basics is a Nightmare on the Internet — has a very detailed breakdown of the issues with Free Basics.
For the hundreds of millions of users who join the “internet” via Free Basics, they won’t be joining the real internet, they’ll be joining “Facebooknet” — a limited, controlled version of the internet that lives inside of Facebook. This is clearly not a charitable program offering access to millions of unconnected users, but rather a brilliantly evil user acquisition and business development strategy.
So, the question then becomes, what would be a better way to deliver internet access to the hundreds of millions of people who will be coming online in the next decade? How can we ensure that they get connected, and also ensure that they benefit from the diversity, openness and innovation of the real internet? How can we design access programs that are pro-consumer, pro-competition and pro-innovation?
I won’t go into all the details here, but there are a few ideas, including:
Related are the points that internet access in India is already growing very quickly without Free Basics (India grew from 300M to 400M mobile users in 2014) and that smartphone purchase is actually the most expensive part of getting online, not data access.
So, I suppose that the “network level” innovation that’s happening here is good in that it’s teasing out all the possible schemes and giving us a real close look at the details of each. My view is that, despite its warts, T-Mobile’s Binge-On is closer to the spirit of bringing users the whole internet as quickly and cheaply as possible, while Free Basics is closer to a geniusly evil world domination scheme.
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The physiologic basis for clearance measurements in hepatology.
Three hepatic clearance regimes (flow-limited, general, and enzyme-limited) can be defined from a model of hepatic perfusion-elimination relationships. Substances that can be used for clearance measurements can thus be classified into three categories according to the relation between their kinetic elimination constants (Vmax, Km) and hepatic blood flow. The pathophysiologic and clinical importance of the clearance regimes is discussed with special emphasis on the effect of changes in hepatic blood flow and liver function. The criteria for choosing test substances within each regime are stated. This choice depends on the object of study for a clearance measurement (blood flow, drug elimination, liver function). Only the enzyme-limited clearance regime is suited for direct assessment of quantitative liver function ('true clearance'), while the other regimes depend more or less on blood flow.
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X17 photographers snapped Fergie arriving at a baby shower at the Hotel Bel-Air in Brentwood on Saturday, but it turns out it wasn't for her! It was actually a bash for Oliver Hudson's pregnant wife Erinn Bartlett, but we're guessing Fergie will be next...
The 38-year-old singer showed off her bump in a colorful dress and heels, and she's clearly not having any of the same issues as Kim Kardashian when it comes to her feet ... or her g-l-a-m-o-r-o-u-s style. Sorry Kimmy!
In other news, Fergie recently revealed that hubby Josh Duhamel has been "amazing" when it comes to pampering her. "He’s so nice and wonderful and he sings and talks to my belly all the time. He’s very complimentary. I’m very lucky that he is really good to me,” she told Us Weekly. “He’s going to be an amazing father. He’s just got natural parenting instincts and he wanted to knock me up from our first date! He is ready!”
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Cats do not have the same homing instinct that dogs do. Cats can easily get lost in unfamiliar surroundings. They expand their outdoor territory slowly over time... time that they don't have in a campground. Read the many sad tales in RV forums of those who have stayed beyond their scheduled time at a campground, fruitlessly hoping "kitty" will come home. While you may think they are trained to stay around the trailer, all it takes is a fast squirrel or bird to trigger their instinct to chase... chase so focused on the target that they aren't keeping track of their surroundings.
Ours are literally house cats 100% of the time. They DO get to spend time outdoors, but in a folding cage. I don't recommend a pet door in an Airstream.
I am hopelessly aware of cat's and their limitations...thanx for letting others know.
Unfortunately, I was forgetting that most people on the Forum are fairly "mobile"...and was thinking about it for those, like me, who are living full-time in their RV.
"Bear" is my HOME....and my new kitty will be trained to be indoors for the most part...but, will be allowed to go out and chase butterflies once in a while. I will have a 'cat door' on my 10 x 10 shed too...to allow her the chance to escape. She will also be trained to 1. come like a dog when called, 2. not eat plants; 3, not scratch the furniture; 5, not get up on the table/counters, and to snuggle with me.
AND NO, I don't believe "CAT WASTE" WOULD HURT THE BLACKWATER HOLDING TANK ANYMORE THAN HUMAN WASTE WOULD. I'd be interested in hearing any experiences on this otherwise. I think RV holding tanks are limited only by what is 'biodegradable" or not.
A cat door can be purchased at any hardware store, and I am just installing it where it won't have to go through the 'fuselage' of the rig.
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(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a home security system that monitors the inside of a facility, and especially relates to a home security system that detects any occurrence of alarming situations and captures the images within a house or a facility by a camera.
(2) Description of the Related Art
So far, a home security system for monitoring the inside of a house has been proposed (see Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. H10-271572 as reference).
The conventional home security system mentioned above includes a plurality of sensors that detect any intruder breaking in, a plurality of cameras that are installed within a house, and a control unit that controls the cameras according to the result of detection by the sensors.
For example, when one of the aforementioned sensors detects an intruder breaking in, the control unit makes a camera that is fixedly associated with the sensor to capture the image, and sends the captured image data to an external home care service center via communication lines.
However, in the conventional home security system, each of the sensors and cameras are always associated with each other according to certain relationships, and the locations for capturing images cannot be varied nor the number be increased or decreased according to the level and condition of monitoring.
For instance, when the conventional home security system is installed in a house, and a sensor that detects an intruder breaking in from an entrance hall and a camera that captures the image of the entrance hall area are fixedly associated with each other, then when the sensor detects an intruder breaking in, the control unit chooses, among a plurality of cameras, the camera that is associated with the sensor to be the only camera to capture the image. As a result, even when the user, meaning the resident of the house, desires to have sufficient monitoring for going out, only one camera that is fixedly associated with a certain sensor captures images in the conventional home security system, and cannot make other cameras capture images. On the other hand, even when the user is at home and feeling a light monitoring is sufficient, in the conventional home security system, all the cameras that are fixedly associated with a certain sensor are going to capture images.
Now, in consideration of the foregoing problems, the object of the present invention is to provide a home security system that allows to vary as well as increase and decrease the locations of capturing images according to the level and condition of monitoring.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is the home security system that monitors an inside of a facility and comprises: a plurality of detection units operable to detect an alarming situation in different locations inside the facility; a plurality of image capturing units operable to capture an image in different locations inside the facility; an association memory unit operable to memorize associations between a plurality of the detection units and a plurality of the image capturing units; an updating unit operable to update the associations memorized in the association memory unit; and a control unit operable to, when one of a plurality of the detection units detects an alarming situation, have the image capturing unit which is associated with the detection unit that detects the alarming situation capture an image based on the associations memorized in the association memory unit.
Accordingly, since the updating unit updates said associations, it becomes possible to vary as well as increase and decrease the locations of capturing images according to the level and condition of monitoring.
Also, in the home security system, a plurality of the detection units, a plurality of the image capturing units and the control unit may communicate each other via an electric power line.
Therefore, when configuring the system in an already constructed house, a plurality of the detection units, a plurality of the image capturing units and the control unit can be connected using electric power lines that are already established in the house. As a result, not only that the system can be configured easily, but the detection units and the image capturing units can be added quite easily.
The home security system further comprises an image display unit, wherein the image capturing unit sends image data that indicates content of the captured image to the image display unit, and the image display unit displays the image captured by the image capturing unit based on the image data.
Accordingly, since the image captured by the capturing unit is displayed on the image display unit, the state of alarm situations can be confirmed easily by viewing the images.
Also, the home security system may further comprise a server that communicates with the image display unit and provides an image via a communication line, wherein the image display unit sends the image data obtained from the image capturing unit to the server, and the server provides the image based on the image data to a device that accesses the server via the communication line.
Accordingly, since the server provides the images captured by the image capturing unit via communication lines, the user is able to confirm the images captured by the image capturing units even from a place where he/she has gone by accessing the server using personal computers etc.
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Turkish police clashed with protesters in Diyarbakir on Wednesday, using tear gas and water cannon to prevent them demonstrating against the detention of the Kurdish-majority city's co-mayors.
Gultan Kisanak and Firat Anli, members of the Democratic Regions party (DBP), were taken into custody on Tuesday night in a surprise move against the leaders of a city which has been hit by the renewed fighting between Turkish security forces and members of the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).
The two were detained as part of a "terrorism" probe, security officials said. The Diyarbakir prosecutor said in a statement that Kisanak and Anli were accused of having links to the PKK and "inciting violence".
Hundreds of protesters tried to march to the town hall in Diyarbakir, the largest city in Kurdish-majority southeastern Turkey, some throwing rocks at police, an AFP correspondent said.
Officers responded using batons, tear gas and water cannon to repel the protesters, the correspondent said.
"The pressure will not intimidate us," demonstrators chanted.
The Diyarbakir governor's office had warned that any planned demonstrations on Wednesday were "unlawful" and would not be allowed, saying that since 15 August, public gatherings and meetings were banned in the city.
Other rallies were planned elsewhere in Turkey including Istanbul.
Idris Baluken, a member of the pro-Kurdish People's Democracy Party (HDP), called on Twitter for protests to continue against the government.
.@idrisbaluken: Sadece bir protesto gösterisi yapıp evlere dönülmeyecek. Halkımız direnişte kararlıdır. — HDP (@HDPgenelmerkezi) October 26, 2016
"They have cut the internet. They are that scared. Use whatever tactic you want. The resistance will continue uninterrupted," he said.
"It won't be just a protest and then a return home. Our public is determined to resist."
The prosecutor said Kisanak was accused of being a member of the PKK, while both individuals had made speeches in support of the rebel group.
They are also alleged to have allowed the use of municipal vehicles for the "funerals of terrorist members", the prosecutor added, referring to the PKK.
The PKK is proscribed as a terrorist organisation by Turkey as well as the European Union and US.
More than 40,000 people have been killed since it first launched an insurgency in the southeast in 1984.
A two-and-a-half-year ceasefire collapsed in July 2015 which led to almost daily attacks by the PKK against security forces while Ankara launched military operations in the southeast to rid urban areas of fighters.
Last month, 24 mayors suspected of links to the PKK were suspended and replaced with officials close to the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) co-founded by President Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
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Gad Rausing
Gad Rausing (19 May 1922 – 28 January 2000) was a Swedish industrialist and archaeologist. Together with his brother Hans he inherited the Swedish packaging company Tetra Pak, founded by their father Ruben Rausing and by 2011 the largest food packaging company in the world by sales. In 1995 Rausing bought out his brother's interest in the company in what was at the time the most extensive private buyout in Europe.
Rausing had a lifelong passion for archaeology and the humanities and was an accomplished scholar, earning his PhD from the University of Lund in 1967 with a dissertation on Scandinavian pre-historic bows and arrow-heads. In addition to his work as deputy managing director at Tetra Pak he was a frequent lecturer at the Institute of Archaeology at Lund University and the author of several books.
Early life
Rausing was born in Bromma, outside of Stockholm, in 1922 as the eldest son of industrialist Ruben Rausing and his wife Elisabeth (née Varenius). He had two younger brothers, Hans and Sven.
Career
Rausing studied chemistry at the University of Lund and began his career as the head of the research laboratory at Åkerlund & Rausing, his father's company, where he was in charge of the team developing suitable materials for the newly invented tetrahedron package. The tetrahedron subsequently became the central product of Tetra Pak, which was founded in 1951 as a subsidiary to Åkerlund & Rausing.
Rausing joined Tetra Pak as deputy managing director in 1954. Over the years the company evolved from a small family business with six full-time employees, in 1954, into a multi-national corporation with over 20,000 employees (2011), a development much of which has been credited to the leadership of Rausing and his brother throughout the 1960s and 1970s. The great success of the business was largely the result of their development of aseptic packaging technology, developed in the 1950s and early 1960s and later called the most important food packaging innovation of the 20th century.
Rausing had a parallel career as a scholar in pre-historic Scandinavian archaeology and was a Reader at the Institute of Archaeology at Lund University. Asked how he could uphold a position in senior management of a global corporation and do archaeological research at the same time, he stated "a fair number of left-over hours in airports and planes" as his key to finding the time.
Patronage
Rausing's passion for the humanities led to his frequent sponsoring of various research projects, among others the excavation of the 10th Century Viking trading town of Birka outside Stockholm. Rausing's foundation, The Birgit and Gad Rausing Foundation, awards grants to research within the humanities and supports several important institutions, among others the Lund and Oxford universities.
In 2002, the Gad Rausing Prize for Outstanding Humanistic Research was instituted by Rausing's three children in memory of their father at the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, where Gad Rausing was a member during his lifetime. Rausing became Doctor Honoris Causa at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm in 1983.
Gad and Birgit Rausing Library
The Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) library has been renamed as Gad & Birgit Rausing Library to acknowledge the donation provided by the Rausing family to construct the library building. Dennis Jönsson, the CEO of Tetra Pak, inaugurated the library on March 17, 2011, noting that the Rausing family funds were utilized for educational purposes and unveiled a plaque commemorating the Rausing family's donation.
Personal life
Gad Rausing was married to Birgit Rausing and had three children, Finn, Jörn and Kirsten.
Legacy
The Swedish Sea Rescue Society has a class of rescue vessels where the lead ship Gad Rausing was built in 2002 after a large donation from the Tetra Laval group.
References
Selected bibliography
Rausing, Gad, China and Europe: some notes on communications in early times, Lund: Tetra Pak International, 1996
Rausing, Gad, Prehistoric boats and ships of northwestern Europe: some reflections, Malmö: Liber Förlag/Gleerup, 1984
Rausing, Gad, Ecology, economy and man, Malmö: Liber Läromedel/Gleerup, 1981
Rausing, Gad, The bow: some notes on its origin and development, Lund: Gleerups, 1967
Rausing, Gad, Lars Lawskis vapensamling, Norrköping: Norrköpings museum, 1960
External links
Tetra Pak Homepage
The Birgit and Gad Rausing Foundation
The Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquity
Category:1922 births
Category:2000 deaths
Category:Lund University alumni
Category:Swedish businesspeople
Gad
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I am a single mom raising an eight year old boy. We mostly read children's books, romance, mystery, and Christian. We love to review books so if you have one we can review, let us know!
Saturday, March 9, 2013
My Happy Life
My Happy Life by Rose Lagercrantz
This is a chapter book about a girl named Dani that has to go through some tough times. Her mother died when she was younger (although it only touches on that a little), her best friend moves away and she has small daily decisions to make at school. Can Dani stay happy through all of this or will she lose her happiness?
I thought this book was cute. My son and I really enjoyed it and read it all in one sitting. The thing I personally like is that that Dani's dad is a single father. You do not see that much in print so I appreciated that. This book was told by Dani so it is written like a six year old talks. That confused me at times and made it hard to read but my son really got into it. He laughed out loud several times!
Review from my five year old son-"This book is a little bit cool and I really liked Meatball!" (You will have to read the book to see who meatball is!!!)
All in all, it was a cute book and I enjoyed reading it.
***This book was given to me by the publisher for an open and honest review***
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Field of the Invention
This invention relates to temporary roadways, and more particularly to reusable wooden mat units which can be easily transported and interlocked with other like units edge to edge, edge to end, or end to end to form a strong wooden surface suitable for use around oil field drilling sites and for supporting heavy equipment and vehicles.
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How roel_v started their logo design journey
Company name
METRONAMICA
Overview
We are a small company grown from a research institute. We develop and sell a software product that is used by policy makers in government organizations to simulate the effects of proposed policy measures on land use. It answers questions such as “if a road is build from point A to point B, what will that do to the future urban development in the area?”.
Apart from selling this product we also do contract research with our product, sometimes alone but usually in consortia with other researchers from universities and research institutes. Therefore this is another market in which we want to grow the recognition of our brand.
We are just growing from the research phase into the ‘production’ (i.e., have our product used by customers rather than just by ourselves internally) phase and need a logo to bring our product to market.
Tell us a bit about who you are and the people you reach
Government officials, employees of government administrations, scientists/researchers/professors at universities.
Requirements
An important property of the logo is that it should look nice and clear when shrunk to icon-size – 16x16 and 32x32 pixels. So I’m looking for a 2-part logo: a ‘graphic’ part and a ‘text’ part, where the two together form the ‘full’ logo but where the ‘graphic’ can be used alone. Take for example the Adobe logo, it’s the red ‘A’ with ‘Adobe’ written below it, but the ‘A’ can be used on its own.
I’d like to see an icon version (16x16 size) of the logo in the submission.
We’d like a clean, professional look. The software uses graphics in the ‘Windows XP icons style’, i.e. a bit cartoonish, so bright colors in the logo would work well with the rest of the software.
It’s hard to capture all the functionality of the software in one graphical representation, what our software does is bring computer models on urban, rural, environmental and socio-economic issues together in one system and helps policy makers to make decisions. I hope this captures the spirit and image of the product a bit. We tried to combine these things in the navitation bar of our website design, you can have a look at http://www.riks.nl and look at the top of the page to see if you think we succeeded :) Obviously something like this is going to be too crowded for a logo, so feel free to be creative.
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8BitDo is best known for its throwback-style Bluetooth gamepads, but a few months ago, it released DIY modding kits for original NES, SNES and Sega Mega Drive controllers. As the name suggests, some assembly is required. Luckily, it was simpler times back then, before DualShock 4s with thumbsticks and touchpads. All you have to do to make an old controller new again is swap out a single circuit board.
The procedure is at once simple and fiddly. Using the screwdriver included in the kit, it took me all of 30 seconds to take apart an original Super Famicom controller and remove the old circuit board. Positioning 8BitDo's replacement green wafer wasn't any more difficult, but it did take me about 15 minutes to figure out why the two halves of the controller were unwilling to fit snuggly back together. Turned out one of the wires that links the main circuit board to the trigger pieces was getting caught on a bit of plastic.
I was hesitant to prod and pull at this wire too much in case I tore it from its solder point, and nervousness isn't unwarranted here. The modding process isn't complicated, but the components are delicate -- too delicate, perhaps. The only opening in the upcycled controller is where the old cable used to be, and that's not big enough for any kind of charging standard like micro-USB. Instead, you get what looks like a really old Nokia charging port: a hole with a thin pin in its center. I could picture myself wrecking it in one clumsy movement. And I did, in a way.
I hadn't quite fitted this charging port into the controller correctly. It was poking out at an odd angle, so I took it apart again, and snapped it clean off as I was trying to reposition it. In hindsight, I think I damaged it during the initial installation as I couldn't get the controller to charge, hence opening it back up again to check out the port.
Playing Operation with the Mega Drive controller was much easier. There's just one circuit board, with a solid micro-USB slot soldered straight on to it and no trigger pads flopping around. The cable you get with the Mega Drive kit is much longer, too, though you have to jam it deep into the hole where the original tether used to be to get a solid enough connection to charge it. The only problem I had with this kit was the first controller that arrived from eBay was a fake, with a much smaller circuit board and not enough space for the 8BitDo replacement.
An original Mega Drive controller (left) next to the smaller circuit board from a fake pad (right)
Once I had them up and running -- 8BitDo sent me another SNES kit after I broke the first, and I bought another, legitimate, Mega Drive controller -- both worked without issue. I had to double-check the instructions a few times because you turn them on with different button combinations depending on what you want to connect them to. Both paired instantly with my Switch and MacBook and were very responsive, which is to say there's no noticeable lag between input and action.
On the Switch, I messed around with a few of the old NES games you can now play with the online subscription. And on my laptop, I made a start on Castlevania: Aria of Sorrow for the Game Boy Advance (run through OpenEmu).
The SNES controller is much easier to use with the Switch since the button layout is Nintendo-ready, but the Mega Drive pad still works fine. OpenEmu identified both controllers as PS4 Dualshocks, but button mapping works as it should.
These old controllers might not be as well-built or ergonomic as modern ones, but when the screen is fast filling up in Dr. Mario, I'm not paying a great deal of attention to what pad I'm using. In that sense, they are all about that old-school feel and aesthetic. 8BitDo's kits simply make them viable options for your modern systems: Windows or Mac PCs, Android devices and the Raspberry Pi. A charge time of half an hour for 10 hours of play isn't too shabby, either.
If you're careful not to break them during assembly, they are perhaps the ultimate fanboy accessory. I mean, does it get any better than playing The Legend of Zelda, on your Switch, with an original, wireless, NES pad? Exactly.
All the DIY kits are available to buy direct from 8BitDo for $20 a piece. There is also an abundance of cheap original controllers on sites like eBay if you don't have any lying around (though beware of fakes from the likes of "SEQA Enterprises"). Still, it might be cheaper to just buy one of 8BitDo's readymade, retro-styled controllers if that sounds like too much effort.
There is an added benefit to repurposing an old pad if you happen to have one, though. If you ever do decide to dust off that retired SNES at some point in the future, a simple circuit board switch will restore it back to its original tethered form.
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Chinese:
譯者: Lilian Chiu
審譯者: Yanyan Hong
為什麼突然到處都是跨性別者？
（笑聲）
身為支持跨性別的行動主義者，
我常被問到這個問題。
別忘了，只有不到 1% 的美國成年人
會公開他們跨性別的身分。
根據「同性戀反詆毀聯盟」
最近的調查，
大約 16% 的非跨性別的美國人
聲稱他們在真實生活中認識跨性別者。
所以，對於剩下的 84% 人而言，
這似乎是個新議題。
但跨性別者其實從很久以前就有了。
非常規性別比你們想像的還要古老，
跨性別者是那遺產的一部分。
從中非、南美，到太平洋島嶼，
到甚至更遠的地方，
都有認可多種性別的族群，
且可追溯至很久以前。
比如，印度和巴基斯坦
所稱的「海吉拉」
在兩千年前的《慾經》中就有提到。
Hungarian:
Fordító: Dóra Bálint
Lektor: Lívia Sági
Miért lettek a transzneműek
hirtelen ilyen sokan?
(Nevetés)
Transz aktivistaként gyakran
találkozom ezzel a kérdéssel.
Ne feledjük, hogy az
amerikai felnőttek alig 1%-a
vallja magát nyíltan traszneműnek.
Egy friss GLAAD felmérés szerint
a nemtransz amerikaiak 16%-a állítja,
hogy ismer transzneműt a való életben.
A többi 84% számára tehát
újnak tűnhet a téma,
ám a transzneműség nem újkeletű.
A gender-nonkonformitás nagyobb múltú,
mint hinnénk, a traszneműek
pedig ennek az örökségnek részei.
Közép-Afrikától Dél-Amerikán át
a Csendes-óceáni-szigetekig
már nagyon régóta léteztek
több nemet elismerő közösségek.
Indiai és pakisztáni hidzsrákról például
már a 2000 éves Kámaszútrában is szó esik.
Turkish:
Çeviri: KUBİLAYHAN DOĞUKAN
Gözden geçirme: Figen Ergürbüz
Nasıl oldu da trans bireyler
bir anda bu kadar çoğaldı?
(Gülüşmeler)
Bir trans aktivist olarak
bu soruyu çokça duyuyorum.
Amerikalı yetişkinlerin
yalnızca yüzde biri kendilerini
açıkça trans olarak kabul ediyor.
Son yapılan GLAAD anketine göre,
trans olmayan Amerikalıların
ortalama %16'sı,
bir trans birey tanıdıklarını belirtiyor.
Geri kalan %84 için ise
bu yeni bir konuymuş gibi görünüyor.
Fakat trans bireyler yeni bir olay değil.
Cinsiyet değişikliği
düşündüğünüzden daha eski
ve trans bireyler bu mirasın bir parçası.
Orta Afrika'dan Güney Amerika'ya
oradan Pasifik Adaları
ve daha ötesinde çoklu cinsiyeti
kabul eden toplumlar var
ve bu eskilere dayanıyor.
Örneğin, Kama Sutra'da Hindistan
ve Pakistan'da hijra denilen
trans bireylerden bahsedilmesi
2000 yıl önceye dayanıyor.
Serbian:
Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća
Lektor: Dragana Savanovic
Zašto odjednom svuda ima
transrodnih ljudi?
(Smeh)
Kao transrodni aktivista,
često čujem ovo pitanje.
Imajte na umu da se manje
od jedan odsto odraslih Amerikanaca
otvoreno identifikuju kao transrodni.
Prema nedavnom istraživanju GLAAD-a,
oko 16% Amerikanaca koji nisu transrodni
tvrdi da poznaju transrodnu osobu
u stvarnom životu.
Dakle, za preostalih 84 posto,
ovo može izgledati kao nova tema.
Ali transrodni ljudi nisu ništa novo.
Rodna raznolikost je starija
nego što mislite,
i transrodni ljudi su deo tog nasleđa.
Od Centralne Afrike i Južne Amerike
do Pacifičkih ostrva i dalje,
bilo je populacija koje priznaju
postojanje više polova,
i to još iz davnina.
Hidžre u Indiji i Pakistanu se, na primer,
pominju još pre 2000 godina u Kama sutri.
Persian:
Translator: Mansoureh Hadavand
Reviewer: Masoud Motamedifar
چرا یه یکباره اینقدر افراد تراجنسیتی
را زیاد میبینیم؟
( خنده حضار )
چون فعال حقوق ترنسها هستم
این سوال زیاد ازمن پرسیده میشود.
یادآوری کنم
که کمتر از یک درصد بزرگسالان آمریکایی
علنا به عنوان ترنس شناخته میشوند.
طبق مطالعات اخیر GLAAD حدود ۱۶درصد از
غیرترنسهای آمریکایی ادعا میکنند
که یک ترنس را
در زندگی واقعی میشناسند.
پس برای ۸۴ درصد باقیمانده ،
ممکن است که موضوع جدیدی به حساب بیاید.
ولی ترنس ها جدید نیستند.
تنوع جنسیت قدیمی تر از
آنی است که فکر میکنید،
و افراد ترنس بخشی از این میراث هستند.
از آفریقای مرکزی تا جنوب آمریکا
جزایر اقیانوس آرام و دورتر از آن،
مردمانی زندگی میکنند
که جنسیتهای مختلف را پذیرفتهند
و آنها را به رسمیت میشناسند.
برای مثال در هند و پاکستان،
در حدود ۲۰۰۰ سال قبل
در کتاب کاماسوترا واژه هجرا ذکر شده است.
Korean:
번역: Gichung Lee
검토: DK Kim
트랜스젠더들이 갑자기 도처에
나타나게 된 이유가 뭘까요?
(웃음)
트랜스젠더 인권 운동가로서,
저는 이런 질문을 꽤나 받았습니다.
기억해두세요.
미국 성인 중 1% 미만의 인구가
트랜스젠더로 공식적으로 분류됩니다.
최근 GLAAD의 조사에 따르면
약 16%의 비 트랜스젠더 미국인은
주변의 트랜스젠더를 안다고 합니다.
그렇다면 나머지 84%에게는
아마 새로운 주제일지도 모르겠네요.
하지만 트랜스젠더들은 새롭게
나타난 것이 아닙니다.
타고난 몸과 정신의 성별이 다른 것은
생각보다 오래되었습니다.
그리고 트랜스젠더들은
그 유산의 부분입니다.
중앙 아프리카에서 남미,
태평양의 섬들과 그 너머에 이르기까지
많은 곳에서 다양한
젠더들을 인정해왔습니다.
그리고 그 역사는 꽤 깁니다.
예를 들면 인도와 파키스탄의 히즈라는
2000년전 카마수트라에도
인용되었습니다.
Portuguese:
Tradutor: Maurício Kakuei Tanaka
Revisor: Claudia Sander
Por que os transgêneros
estão, de repente, em toda parte?
(Risos)
Como ativista transgênero,
ouço muito essa pergunta.
Considerem que menos de 1%
dos adultos norte-americanos
identificam-se abertamente
como transgêneros.
Segundo uma pesquisa recente da GLAAD,
cerca de 16% dos norte-americanos
não transgêneros
afirmam conhecer
transgêneros na vida real.
Então, para os outros 84%,
isso pode parecer um assunto novo.
Mas as pessoas transgêneras
não são uma novidade.
A variação de gênero
é mais antiga do que imaginam,
e os transgêneros
fazem parte desse legado.
Da África Central à América do Sul,
às ilhas do Pacífico e além,
há populações que reconhecem
vários gêneros,
e isso ocorre há muito tempo.
A hijra da Índia
e do Paquistão, por exemplo,
já foi citada há 2 mil anos no Kama Sutra.
Italian:
Traduttore: Nicoletta Pedrana
Revisore: Davide Trumino
Perché improvvisamente ci sono
transessuali dappertutto?
(Risate)
In qualità di attivista
transessuale, me lo chiedono spesso.
Tenete presente che meno
dell'uno percento degli adulti americani
si dichiara apertamente come trans.
Per una recente ricerca del GLAAD, circa
il 16 percento degli americani non trans
conferma di conoscere
almeno una persona trans.
Quindi, per il restante 84 per cento,
questo sarebbe un argomento nuovo.
Ma i transessuali non sono una novità.
La varianza di genere
è più vecchia di quanto pensiate.
E i transessuali sono parte
di questa eredità.
Dall'Africa centrale al Sud America,
alle isole del Pacifico ed oltre,
ci sono state popolazioni
che riconoscono il multi-genere,
e da molto tempo.
Gli hijra indiani e pachistani,
per esempio,
sono citati oltre 2.000 anni fa
all'interno del Kama Sutra.
English:
Why are transgender people
suddenly everywhere?
(Laughter)
As a trans activist,
I get this question a lot.
Keep in mind, less than one percent
of American adults
openly identify as trans.
According to a recent GLAAD survey,
about 16 percent of non-trans Americans
claim to know a trans person in real life.
So for the other 84 percent,
this may seem like a new topic.
But trans people are not new.
Gender variance is older than you think,
and trans people are part of that legacy.
From central Africa to South America
to the Pacific Islands and beyond,
there have been populations
who recognize multiple genders,
and they go way back.
The hijra of India
and Pakistan, for example,
have been cited as far back
as 2,000 years ago in the Kama Sutra.
Catalan:
Translator: Judit Fernandez Garcia
Reviewer: Claudia Herreros
Per què les persones transgènere estem
de sobte a tot arreu?
(Riures)
Com a activista trans,
em fan molt aquesta pregunta.
Tingueu en compte, que menys d'1%
dels adults nord-americans
s'identifiquen obertament com a trans.
Segons una recent enquesta de GLAAD,
un 16% dels nord-americans no trans
diu que coneix una persona trans
en la vida real.
Així, per a l’altre 84%, això
pot semblar un tema nou.
Però les persones trans no són noves.
La variació de gènere és més antiga
del que creieu,
i les persones trans
són part d’aquest llegat.
Des de l'Àfrica Central a Sud-amèrica
a les illes del Pacífic i més enllà,
hi ha hagut poblacions que reconeixen
diversos gèneres,
i que es remunten a temps enrere.
Les hijra de l’Índia i el Pakistan,
per exemple,
les citaven fa més de 2.000 anys
al Kama Sutra.
Spanish:
Traductor: Sebastian Betti
Revisor: Gisela Giardino
¿Por qué, de repente, hay personas
transgénero por todas partes?
(Risas)
Como activista trans,
me hacen mucho esta pregunta.
No olviden que menos del 1 %
de los estadounidenses
se identifica abiertamente como trans.
Según una encuesta reciente de la GLAAD,
un 16 % de los estadounidenses no trans
afirman conocer a algún trans
en la vida real.
Con respecto al otro 84 %,
esto puede parecerles algo novedoso,
pero los transexuales no son nada nuevo.
La disforia de género
es más antigua de lo que creen
y los transexuales
son parte de ese legado.
Del centro de África, a Sudamérica,
las islas del Pacífico y más allá,
ha habido pueblos que reconocen
múltiples tipos de género
desde hace tiempo.
Por ejemplo, la hégira de India y Pakistán
ya se mencionó en el Kama Sutra
hace 2000 años.
French:
Traducteur: Morgane Quilfen
Relecteur: abdelkader bendjellal
Pourquoi les transgenres
sont-ils soudainement partout ?
(Rires)
En tant qu'activiste trans,
on me pose beaucoup cette question.
Moins d'un pourcent des adultes américains
s'identifient ouvertement comme trans.
D'après un récent sondage GLAAD,
environ 16% des Américains non trans
affirment connaître une personne trans.
Pour les autres 84%,
ce peut être un nouveau sujet.
Mais les personnes trans,
ce n'est pas nouveau.
La variance de genre
est plus vieille qu'on ne le pense
et les personnes trans
font partie de cet héritage.
De l'Afrique centrale à l'Amérique du Sud,
aux îles du Pacifique et au-delà,
il y a eu des populations
reconnaissant des genres multiples
et elles remontent à longtemps.
Les hijras indiens
et pakistanais, par exemple,
ont été cités il y a 2 000 ans
dans le Kama Sutra.
Vietnamese:
Translator: Diep Duong
Reviewer: Dung Nguyen
Tại sao người chuyển giới
tự nhiên xuất hiện nhiều thế?
(Tiếng cười)
Là nhà hoạt động và là người chuyển giới,
tôi thường bị hỏi thế.
Hãy nhớ rằng, dưới một phần trăm
người Mỹ trưởng thành
công khai là người chuyển giới.
Theo khảo sát GLAAD,
khoảng 16 phần trăm người Mỹ thẳng
nói rằng họ quen
một người chuyển giới.
Vậy cho 84 phần trăm còn lại,
đây có thể là một đề tài mới.
Nhưng người chuyển giới
không hề mới.
Sự đa dạng giới tính
xuất hiện từ lâu hơn bạn tưởng
và người chuyển giới
là một phần của di sản đó.
Từ Trung Phi cho đến Nam Mỹ,
vùng Đảo Thái Bình Dương và hơn thế,
có nhiều nơi
công nhận đa dạng giới tính,
và điều này có từ rất lâu.
Ví dụ, người hijra ở Ấn Độ và Pakistan
đã được nhắc đến
từ 2000 năm trước trong Kama Sutra.
Macedonian:
Translator: Julia Kalaputi
Reviewer: ALEKSANDAR MITEVSKI
Зошто наеднаш има транс луѓе насекаде?
(смеа)
Како активист за транс луѓе,
често го слушам ова прашање.
Запамтете, помалку од 1%
од возрасните Американците
отворено признаваат дека се транс.
Според неодамнешната анкета на ГЛААД
околу 16% од не-транс луѓето во Америка
изјавиле дека запознале транс личност.
За останатите 84%
ова може да е нешто ново.
Но,транс луѓето не се нова работа.
Родовите варијации
датираат од многу поодамна,
а транс луѓето се дел од тоа наследство.
Од Централна Африка до Јужна Америка,
Пацифичките Острови и понатаму,
има народи кои препознаваат
повеќе родови-
и тоа од поодамна.
На пример, Хијрите во Индија и Пакистан,
се спомнуваат пред 2.000 год.
во Кама Сутра.
Romanian:
Traducător: Cristina Georgiana Vieru
Corector: Mirel-Gabriel Alexa
De ce dintr-o dată transsexualii
sunt peste tot?
(Râsete)
Ca activist transsexual,
aud foarte des această întrebare.
Țineți minte, mai puțin
de 1% dintre adulții americani
se declară în mod deschis transsexuali.
Potrivit unui recent sondaj GLAAD, circa
16% dintre americanii non-transsexuali
cunosc măcar o persoană transsexuală.
Pentru ceilalți 84%,
acest lucru poate părea un subiect nou.
Doar că persoanele trans
nu sunt o noutate.
Variația de gen e mai veche decât credeți.
Persoanele trans
fac parte din această moștenire.
Din Africa Centrală în America de Sud,
până pe Insulele Pacificului
și mai departe,
au existat populații care recunosc
multiple identități de gen,
de foarte mult timp.
De exemplu,
Hijra din India și din Pakistan,
a fost citat în urmă cu 2.000 de ani
în Kama Sutra.
Russian:
Переводчик: Nikolai Leushin
Редактор: Natalia Ost
Почему трансгендеры внезапно
оказались везде?
(Смех)
Являясь транс-активистом
я часто слышу этот вопрос.
Заметьте, меньше одного процента
взрослого населения Америки
открыто признают себя трансгендерами.
Согласно недавнему опросу GLAAD —
около 16% не-трансов Америки,
утверждают, что знакомы с трансом.
Для остальных же 84%
это может казаться чем-то новым.
Но трансгендеры это не новость.
История гендерной вариативности
старше, чем вы думаете.
И трансгендеры — часть этой истории.
От Центральной Африки и Южной Америки,
до островов Тихого океана и дальше
существовали группы людей,
признающие многообразие полов,
и уже давно.
Хи́джры Индии и Пакистана, например,
упоминались 2 000 лет назад в Камасутре.
Kurdish:
Translator: awa Hawiz
Reviewer: Daban Q Jaff
بۆچی لەناکاو ڕەگەزگۆڕین
له هەموو شوێنێک بڵابوویەوە؟
(پێکەنین)
وەک چالاکوانێکی ڕەگەزگۆڕاو
ئەم پرسیارەم زۆر لێدەکرێت.
لە بیرت بێت کە کەمتر لە سەدا
یەکی هەرزەکارەکان له ئەمریکادا
بەڕاشکاوی ڕەگەزگۆڕینی
خۆیان ئاشکرا کردووە.
(GLAAD) بە گوێرەی ڕاپرسی
نزیکی له %١٦ ی ڕەگەز نەگۆڕە ئەمریکییەکان
دەڵێن بە لایەنی کەمەوە
کەسێکی ڕەگەزگۆڕاو دەناسن.
بۆیە بۆ سەدا ٨٤ ـەکەیتر
ئەمه لەوانەیه وەک بابەتێکی نوێ دیاربێت.
بەڵام ڕەگەزگۆڕین دیاردەیەکی نوێ نییە.
!جیاوازی ڕەگەز کونترە
لەوەی بیری لێدەکەیتەوه
و ڕەگەزگۆڕەکان بەشێکی ئەم
میراته لە پاش بەجێماوەن.
له ناوەڕاستی ئەفریقا بۆ باشووری ئەمریکا
بۆ دوورگەکانی زەریای هێمن و سەروتریش،
خەڵک لەم شوێنانە ژیاون
بە جۆرەها ڕەگەزی جیاواز ،
ئەمەش بە درێژایی مێژوو قوڵدەبێتەوە.
بۆ نموونە، کۆچکردنی هندی و پاکستانییەکان،
لە کاما سۆترەدا بۆ ٢٠٠٠ ساڵ
پێش ئەمڕۆ دەگەڕێتەوە.
iw:
תרגום: Jenny Rublevsky
עריכה: Nadya Ures
למה טרנסג'נדרים נמצאים לפתע
בכל מקום?
(צחוק)
כפעיל טרנסג'נדר,
שואלים אותי את זה הרבה.
קחו בחשבון, פחות מאחוז אחד
מהמבוגרים האמריקאים
מזדהים בפתיחות כטרנסג'נדרים.
לפי הסקר האחרון של GLADD,
כ 16% מהאמריקאים שאינם טרנסג׳נדרים
טוענים כי הם מכירים אדם טרנסג'נדר.
אז ל-84% האחרים,
זה יכול להיראות כנושא חדש.
אבל טרנסג'נדרים הם לא משהו חדש.
גיוון מגדרי הוא יותר ישן ממה שנדמה לכם,
וטרנסג'נדרים הם חלק מהמורשת הזו.
ממרכז אפריקה, לדרום אמריקה
ועד לאיים באוקיינוס השקט ומעבר לו,
היו אוכלוסיות שהזדהו
כבעלות מגדרים רבים,
וזה הולך שנים רבות אחורה.
קהילה ה"היג'רה" בהודו
ובפקיסטן, למשל,
קיימת כבר מלפני 2000 שנים
בקאמה סוטרה.
Portuguese:
Tradutor: Margarida Ferreira
Revisora: Isabel Vaz Belchior
Porque é que, de repente,
há transexuais por toda a parte?
(Risos)
Enquanto ativista transexual,
fazem-me esta pergunta, com frequência.
Mas, reparem, menos de 1%
dos norte-americanos adultos
se identificam abertamente
como transexuais.
Segundo um estudo recente da GLAAD,
uns 16% dos americanos não transexuais
afirmam conhecer um transexual
na vida real.
Portanto, para os outros 84%
isto pode parecer um tópico novo.
Mas os transsexuais não são novidade.
A variação de género
é mais antiga do que se julga,
e os transexuais fazem parte desse legado.
Da África central à América do Sul,
às ilhas do Pacífico, e não só.
tem havido populações
que reconhecem múltiplos géneros,
já há muito tempo.
Por exemplo, os "hijra"
da Índia e do Paquistão,
foram citados há 2000 anos
no Kama Sutra.
Polish:
Tłumaczenie: Krystian Aparta
Korekta: Joanna Pietrulewicz
Skąd nagle wszędzie ta gadka
o ludziach transpłciowych?
(Śmiech)
Jako aktywista walczę o prawa
takich osób i często to słyszę.
A tylko mniej niż jeden procent
mieszkańców USA
otwarcie określa się
jako osoby transpłciowe.
W ankiecie organizacji LGBT GLAAD
16 procent osób nietranspłciowych
zgłaszało, że znają osobę transpłciową.
Dla pozostałych 84 procent
to rzeczywiście może być nowy temat.
Ale osoby transpłciowe to nie nowość.
Istnienie poza binarnym rozumieniem płci,
także transpłciowość, ma długą historię.
Od Afryki Środkowej po Amerykę Południową,
wyspy Oceanu Spokojnego i nie tylko,
wiele narodów akceptuje
różnorodność płciową,
i dzieje się tak od dawien dawna.
Na przykład o pakistańskich
i indyjskich hidźrach
pisano już 2000 lat temu w Kamasutrze.
Arabic:
المترجم: Nawal Sharabati
المدقّق: Fatima Zahra El Hafa
لماذا يوجد الأشخاص
المتحولون جنسيًا فجأةً في كل مكان؟
(ضحك)
كناشط متحول، أتلقى هذا السؤال كثيرًا.
تذكروا أن أقل من واحد في المائة
من البالغين الأمريكيين
تم تحديدهم علنًا كمتحولين جنسيًا.
حسب دراسة حديثة لتحالف المثليين والمثليات،
فحوالي 16% من الأمريكيين غير المتحولين
يدّعون معرفة شخص متحول جنسيًا
في حياتهم الواقعية.
وعليه قد يبدو هذا موضوعًا جديدًا
بالنسبة إلى 84% الآخرين.
لكن الأشخاص المتحولين جنسيًا ليسوا جددًا.
إن اختلاف الجندر أقدم مما تعتقدون،
ويعد الأشخاص المتحولون جنسيًا جزءًا
من ذلك الإرث.
من أفريقيا الوسطى إلى أمريكا الجنوبية
إلى ما وراء جزر المحيط الهادئ،
وُجد هناك سكان اعتُرف
بانتمائهم لأنواع اجتماعية متعددة،
ويعودون إلى تاريخ سابق قديم.
فالهجرة من الهند وباكستان مثلًا،
استُشهد بها منذ زمنٍ بعيد
قبل 2000 سنة في كاما سوترا.
Chinese:
翻译人员: Carol Wang
校对人员: Yuelong Dai
为何一夜之间到处都是跨性别人？
（笑声）
作为一位跨性别者活动家，
我经常被问到这个问题。
请记住，美国成人中有不足1%
公开承认自己是跨性别人。
据最近的GLAAD调查，
约16%的非跨性别者
声称在现实里认识跨性别人。
因此，对另外84%的人来说，
这是个新话题。
但是，跨性别人并非今天才有，
性别多元化的历史
比你想的要久远，
而跨性别人是
该历史遗产的一部分。
从中非到南美，再一直到
太平洋群岛和更远的地方，
一直有群体承认多性别，
而且，这可以追溯到很久以前。
例如，早在2000年前，
海吉拉（“第三性别”）一词
就出现在印度和
巴基斯坦的《欲经》中。
Hindi:
Translator: Malini Chada
Reviewer: Arvind Patil
क्यों हर जगह दिखाई देते है
लिंगपरिवर्तित लोग ?
(हंसी)
एक कार्यकर्ता होनेसे यह सवाल
मै कई बार सुनती हू
१% से भी कम अमेरिकी वयस्क
बिना झिझक पहचान देते है
अपने लिंग परिवर्तन के बारेमे
GLAAD के अनुसार,१६% गैर-ट्रांस १६%
गैर-ट्रांस अमेरिकियों ने
जीवन में एक ट्रांस व्यक्ति को
जानने का दावा करते है ।
तो अन्य ८४% के लिए,
यह एक नया विषय लग सकता है।
लेकिन ट्रांसजेंडर लोग नये नहीं हैं।
लिंग भिन्नता आपके विचार से पुराना है,
और ट्रांस लोग उस विरासत का हिस्सा हैं।
मध्य अफ्रीका, दक्षिण अमेरिका,
पसिफ़िक द्वीप
और अन्य समाजों ने,
कई लिंगों को पहचाना हैं,
और यह बहुत पहले से है।
भारत और पाकिस्तान में हिजड़ों का जिक्र
२००० साल पहले कामसूत्र में था।
आदिवासी अमरिकी राष्ट्रों के
Ukrainian:
Перекладач: Olesia Luzhbina
Утверджено: Valeriia Makeionok
Чому всюди несподівано з‘явились
трансгендерні люди?
(Сміх)
Будучи трансактивістом
я часто чую це питання.
Зауважте, що менше одного відсотка
дорослих америкаців
відкрито визнають себе
трансгендерними людьми.
Згідно нещодавного опитування від GLAAD,
близько 16% нетрансгендерів Америки
стверджують, що знайомі
з трансгендерною людиною.
Для інших 84%
це може здаватися чимось новим.
Але трансгендерні люди – це не новина.
Історія гендерної варіативності старша,
ніж ви думаєте,
і трансгендерні люди –
частина цієї історії.
Від Африки та Південної Америки,
до островів Тихого океану і далі
існували групи людей, які визнавали
багатоманітність гендерів,
і вже давно.
Хіджри Індії та Пакистану, наприклад,
згадувалися 2000 років тому в Камасутрі.
Japanese:
翻訳: Takeshi Kawashima
校正: Moe Shoji
トランスジェンダーの人々が
突然 世に出てきたのは なんで？
（笑）
トランスの活動家として
この手の質問を多く受けます
自分はトランスだと公表している
アメリカ人の成人は
全体の１%にも満たない数です
GLAADによる最近の調査によれば
非トランスのアメリカ人で
トランスの知り合いがいるのは
約16%だそうです
なので 残りの84%にとっては
馴染みのない話題ですね
でもトランスの人々は
昔からいました
従来の固定観念に合致しない
性の在り方の歴史は
思ったより長く
トランスはその歴史の一部です
中央アフリカから南アメリカ
そして太平洋諸島などでも
複数のジェンダーを
有した人々がいて
その歴史は昔にさかのぼります
インドとパキスタンの
ヒジュラがその一例です
その存在は２千年前に書かれた
カーマ・スートラにも出てきます
Japanese:
ネイティブアメリカンも
類する言葉を持っており
多くに共通するのは
「２つの魂をもつ」という言葉です
性の垣根を越える人々は
共同体の祈祷師や治療師と
見なされましたが
植民地主義の広がりと共に
違う考え方が教えられました
トランスの歴史研究では
トランスの人々と
トランスの在り方を探っています
例えば 南北戦争で戦えるように
男性として戦地に向かった女性たち
戦後 ほとんどが女性として
元の生活に戻りましたが
中には アルバート・キャシアのように
男性として生活を続けた人もいました
アルバートは
最終的に施設に収容され
残りの人生をドレスを着て
過ごすように強いられました
（溜め息）
1895年頃には
両性具有を自称するグループが
The Cercle Hermaphroditosを
組織しました
彼らの目的は社会からの厳しい迫害から
身を守るために団結することでした
この活動で 彼らは最初の
トランス保護団体となりました
20世紀半ばまでに 医学研究者達は
トランスについて医学研究を始めましたが
Hungarian:
Az amerikai őslakos népeknek
is vannak rá saját szavaik,
ám a legtöbb a "kétlelkű" szót használja.
A gender-nonkoformistákat
sámánoknak és gyógyítóknak
tartotta a közösség,
a gyarmatosítás elterjedése azonban
megváltoztatta gondolkodásmódjukat.
A transz történelem kutatása során
a transzneműek mellett
a gyakorlataikat is megvizsgáljuk.
Vegyük például a férfinak öltözött nőket,
akik így részt vehettek a polgárháborúban.
A háború után zömük
nőként élte tovább az életét,
ám néhányan férfiként éltek,
ahogy Albert Cashier is.
Albertet végül elmegyógyintézetbe zárták,
ahol élete végéig
női ruhát kellett viselnie.
(Döbbent sóhajok)
1895 körül egy önmeghatározásuk
szerint 'hermafrodita' csoport
létrehozta a Cercle Hermaphroditost.
Küldetésük a világ ádáz üldöztetése
elleni védelemért való összefogás volt,
így váltak az egyik legelső
transz támogató csoporttá.
A 40-50-es évekre az orvoskutatók
elkezdtek transz orvoslást tanulni
Chinese:
美洲各個原住民族
都有他們自己的用詞，
但大部分都共用
「雙靈」這個綜合用詞。
他們把非常規性別的人
視為是他們部落中的巫師和醫治者，
一直到了殖民主義散播開來之後，
他們才被教導不同的看法。
在研究跨性別歷史時，
我們會探究包括
跨性別者以及改變性別的做法。
比如，女性以男性之姿出現，
才能夠參與美國的內戰。
戰後，這些人多半
以女性的身分繼續過日子，
但，當中有些人，
如阿爾伯特卡西爾，
就繼續使用男性身分。
阿爾伯特最後被關在精神病院，
餘生被迫必須要穿著女裝。
（嘆氣）
1895 年左右，
一群自稱是陰陽人的人
組成了「雌雄同體會」。
他們的使命是要團結起來，
抵抗世界的仇恨迫害。
這麼做，讓他們成為了
最早支持跨性別的團體之一。
到了上世紀四五十年代，
醫學研究者開始研究變性藥物，
Hindi:
लेकिन ज्यादातर "दो-आत्मा" पद
उपयोग करते हैं।
उन्होंने लिंग-भिन्न लोगों को
जादूगर और वैद्य के रूप में देखा था,
और यह तब तक नही बदला जब तक
कलोनीयलिज़म का फैलाव हुअ,
तब उन्का सोच में तबदीली लाया गया।
अब, ट्रांस इतिहास पर शोध करने के लिए,
हम ट्रांस लोगों की और प्रथाओं की
शोध करते हैं।
कुछ महिलाओं को पुरुषों के रूप में
अमेरिकी गृहयुद्ध में लड़ सकी ।
युद्ध के बाद उन्होने महिलाओं जैसे
जीवन शुरू किया,
लेकिन कुछ, जैसे अल्बर्ट कैशियर,
पुरुषों के रूप में अपना जीवन जारी रखा।
अल्बर्ट को अंत में
एक पागलखाने में सीमित रखा गया
और स्रीयों का पोशाक
पहनने के लिए मजबूर किया गया।
(आह)
सन् १८९५ के आसपास, एक स्व-वर्णित,
द्विलिंगी समूह ने
"सर्कल् हर्माफ्रोडिटोस्" का गठन किया।
उनका मिशन दुनिया के कड़ी उत्पीड़न के
खिलाफ एकजुट होना था।
और इस तरह वे बन गए एक मौलिक
ट्रांस सहायता समूह।
१९४० और १९५० के बीच में, शोधकर्ताओं
ने ट्रांस दवा का अध्ययन शुरू किये थे।
Kurdish:
هەر یەک لە نەتەوە ڕەسەنەکانی
ئەمریکا دەربڕینی جیاوازیان هەیە،
بەڵام زۆربەی دەربڕینەکان
بە واتا دوو گیان دێت.
سەیری ڕەگەزگۆڕاوەکان وەک
جادووگەر و تیمارکەر
له کۆمەڵگەکەیاندا سەیر دەکەن.
هەتا پێش داگیر کردنی خاکەکانیان، ئەوان
بەم شێوەیە سەیری
ڕەگەزگۆڕاوەکانیان دەکرد.
ئێستا، له توێژینەوەی
مێژووی ڕەگەزگۆڕەکاندا
ئێمه بەدوای خەڵکی ڕەگەزگۆڕاو
و ڕەفتارەکانیان دەگەڕێین.
بۆ نموونە: ژنان
که وەکو پیاوان دەردەکەون
تاوەکو بتوانن لەشەڕی ناوەخۆ بجەنگن.
لە دوای شەردا، زۆربەیان
ژیان دەکەن وەکو ژنان،
بەڵام هەندێکیان وەک: ئەلبرت کاشیر
بەردەوام دەبن له ڕەفتار کردن وەکو پیاو.
ئەلبرت لە کۆتایدا
ناچارکرا که ببێته پەنابەر
و ناچارکرا تا
کۆتایی ژیانی بەرگی ئافرەتان بپۆشێت.
( هەناسه هەڵدەکێشێت )
لە دەوری( ١٨٩٦) گروپێک
کە وەک نێرەمووک خۆیان دەناساند
کۆڕی نێرەموکەکانیان دامەزراند.
کە ئەرکیان ڕەتکردنەوەی ئەو مامەڵە
خراپانەبوون کە توشیان دەبووەوە.
و بەم کاره بوون بە یەکەم
گرووپی پاڵپشتی هاوڕەگەزەکان.
لە ٤٠ و ٥٠کاندا توێژەرە پزیشکییەکان
تیشکیان خستە سەر دەرمانی هاورەگەزەکان،
French:
Les nations indigènes américaines
ont leurs propres termes
mais la plupart partagent
l'expression générale « bispiritualité ».
Les gens de genre variant
étaient des shamans et guérisseurs
dans leurs communautés
et ce n'est qu'avec le colonialisme
qu'on leur a appris autre chose.
En étudiant l'histoire trans,
nous cherchons des personnes
et des pratiques trans.
Prenez les femmes se faisant
passer pour des hommes
pour se battre durant
la guerre de Sécession.
Après la guerre, la plupart
ont repris leur vie de femmes,
mais certaines, comme Albert Cashier,
ont continué à vivre en tant qu'hommes.
Albert a fini par être
confiné dans un asile
et forcé à porter une robe
pour le reste de sa vie.
(Soupire)
Vers 1895, un groupe de personnes
se disant androgynes
a formé le Cercle Hermaphroditos.
Leur mission était
de s'unir pour la défense
contre la persécution acharnée du monde.
Ce faisant, ils sont devenus l'un
des premiers groupes de soutien trans.
Dans les années 40 et 50,
les chercheurs en médecine
étudiaient la médecine trans
Vietnamese:
Những bộ lạc người da đỏ
đều có thuật ngữ riêng,
nhưng hầu hết,
dùng từ chung "hai linh hồn".
Họ nhìn nhận
người đa giới
như pháp sư và thầy thuốc
trong cộng đồng của họ,
cho đến khi
chủ nghĩa thực dân lan rộng
họ được dạy nghĩ khác đi.
Hiện nay, tìm hiểu
về lịch sử chuyển giới
chúng tôi tìm kiếm cả người chuyển giới
và tập tục chuyển giới.
Ví dụ, một phụ nữ
thể hiện mình là nam
để có thể chiến đấu
trong cuộc nội chiến Mỹ.
Sau chiến tranh, hầu hết họ
lại trở lại làm nữ giới,
nhưng một số người, như Albert Cashier,
tiếp tục sống như nam.
Albert cuối cùng
bị nhốt vào nhà thương điên
và bị bắt mặc váy
cho đến hết phần đời còn lại.
(Tiếng thở dài)
Vào khoảng năm 1895,
một nhóm tự nhận là ái nam ái nữ
lập một nhóm hỗ trợ
người chuyển giới.
Sứ mệnh của họ là đoàn kết
chống lại sự bức hại tàn ác trên thế giới.
Họ là một trong những
nhóm trợ giúp người chuyển giới đầu tiên.
Đến khoảng năm 1940-50, khoa học y tế
bắt đầu nghiên cứu thuốc chuyển giới,
Macedonian:
Домородното население во Америка
иммат свои термини
но, најчестиот е „двоен дух“.
Родовите варијации ги сметаат
за шамани и исцелители
во своите заедници.
Така мислеле до појавата
на колонијализмот,
кога ги учеле поинаку
да гледаат на тоа.
Кога се проучува транс историјата,
се истражуваат транс луѓе
и транс обичаи.
На пример жените кои
се прикажувале како мажи
за да се борат во граѓанската војна
во САД.
По војната, повеќето се вратиле
на улогата жена,
но некои,како Алберт Кешиер,
продолжиле да живеат како мажи.
На крај, Алберт бил приморан на азил
и морал да носи фустан
до крајот на животот.
(воздишка)
Околу 1895, група
на самопрогласени андрогени лица
го основале Кругот на хермафродити.
Нивната мисија била обединување
за одбрана против најострите прогонувања.
На тој начин, станале едни од првите групи
кои ги поддржале транс луѓето.
Кон 40-те и 50-те год.почнуваат медицински
истражувања во транс медицината,
Turkish:
Amerikan yerlisi ulusların
her birinin kendi terimleri var
fakat çoğunlukla genel bir terim
olan "iki-ruh" kullanılır.
Değişken cinsiyetli bireyleri
kendi toplumlarında
şaman ve şifacı olarak görmüş
ve kolonicilik yayılıp
onlara aksini öğretene kadar da
farklı şekilde düşünmemişler.
Trans tarihini araştırırken
hem trans bireyleri
hem de maruz kaldıkları
tutumları inceliyoruz.
Örneğin, erkek gibi görünen kadınlar
Amerika İç Savaşı sırasında
savaşmak üzere orduya alındı.
Savaştan sonra çoğu hayatlarına
kadın olarak devam etti.
Fakat Albert Cashier gibi bazıları
erkek olarak yaşamayı tercih etti.
Nihayetinde Albert
bir akıl hastanesine kapatıldı
ve hayatının geri kalanında
elbise giymeye zorlandı.
(İç çekişler)
1895'lerde kendilerini
çiftcinsiyetli olarak tanımlayan bir grup
Cercle Hermaphroditos'u kurdu.
Misyonları dünyanın acı zulmüne karşı
savunma amacıyla birlik olmaktı.
Ve bunu sağlarken en eski trans destek
gruplarından biri hâline geldiler.
40'larda ve 50’lerde araştırmacılar trans
ilaçları üzerinde çalışmaya başlamışlardı
Portuguese:
Cada nação indígena norte-americana
tem termos próprios,
mas a maioria compartilha
o termo genérico "de dois espíritos".
Pessoas com variantes de gênero
eram vistas como xamãs
e curandeiras nas comunidades
e, só após a disseminação do colonialismo,
os indígenas foram "ensinados"
a pensar de outra forma.
Ao pesquisar a história transgênera,
procuramos tanto pessoas
quanto práticas transgêneras.
Vejam as mulheres
que se apresentavam como homens
para que pudessem lutar
na Guerra Civil dos EUA.
Após a guerra, a maioria
retomou a vida como mulher,
mas algumas, como Albert Cashier,
continuaram a viver como homens.
Albert foi, por fim, confinado a um asilo
e forçado a usar um vestido
para o resto de sua vida.
(Suspiro)
Por volta de 1895, um grupo
de autodenominados andróginos
formou a Cercle Hermaphroditos.
A missão deles era se unir para defesa
contra a amarga perseguição do mundo.
Assim, eles se tornaram um dos primeiros
grupos de apoio transgênero.
Nos anos 40 e 50, pesquisadores médicos
começaram a estudar medicina transgênera,
Arabic:
لدى كل أمة من أمم الأمريكان الأصليين
قواعدها الخاصة،
ولكن يشارك معظمهم المصطلح الشامل "روحان".
ينظرون إلى الأشخاص ذوي الجندر المختلف
كأطباء سحرة (شامان) ومعالجين دينيين
في مجتمعاتهم المحلية،
ولم يكن الأمر كذلك حتى انتشار الاستعمار
حيث تم تعليمهم للتفكير بطريقة أخرى.
الآن، في البحث عن تاريخ المتحولين جنسيًا
نبحثُ في كلٍ من الأشخاص المتحولين
وممارسات المتحولين جنسيًا.
خذوا على سبيل المثال النساء اللواتي
تم تقديمهن كرجال
لكي يتمكن من القتال
في الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية.
بعد الحرب، استأنف معظمهن حياتهن كنساء،
لكن بعضهن مثل ألبرت كاشير
واصلن حياتهن كرجال.
وحجز ألبرت في نهاية المطاف في مصحة عقلية
وأجبر على ارتداء فستان حتى بقية حياته.
(تنهدات)
حوالي عام 1895،
مجموعة من الذين يصفون أنفسهم بثنائيي الجنس
شكّلت منظمة سيركل هيرومافرودتيوس
(Cercle Hermaphroditos).
كانت رسالتهم أن يتحدوا للدفاع
ضد اضطهاد العالم المُر.
وبقيامهم بذلك، أصبحوا إحدى أقدم المجموعات
الداعمة للمتحولين جنسيًا.
بحلول الأربعينيات والخمسينيات
من القرن الماضي، بدأ الباحثون الطبيون
Persian:
بومیهای آمریکایی هرکدام
اصطلاحات خاص خود را دارند،
ولی بیشتراز چترواژه "دو روح"
استفاده میکنند.
آنها افراد با جنسیت مختلف را
همانند جادوگران و شفادهندهگان
جوامعشان میدیدند،
و این روند تا زمان گسترش
استعمارگری ادامه داشت که در آن دوران
یاد گرفتند که باید طور دیگری فکرکنند.
امروزه در تحقیق از تاریخ ترنسها، ما هم
به دنبال افراد ترنس وهم افرادی که
شیوه ترنسها را دارند هستیم
مثلا زنانی که خودشان را مرد معرفی کردند
تا بتوانند درجنگ داخلی آمریکا مبارزه کنند.
بعد ازجنگ اکثرا مانند زن
به زندگیشان ادامه دادند.
ولی برخی از آنها هم، مانند آلبرت کشیر
مثل یک مرد به زندگی ادامه دادند.
آلبرت در نهایت در تیمارستانی بستری شد
و مجبور شد بقیهی عمرش را
پیراهن زنانه بپوشد.
( آه کشیدن)
حدود سال ۱۸۹۵ یک گروه که خود را
خنثی معرفی میکردند
حلقه نروماده را تشکیل دادند.
رسالتشان ایجاد وحدت برای دفاع
در مقابل آزارو اذیت تلخ جهان بود.
با انجام این کار به یکی از اولین
گروههای حمایت از ترنسها تبدیل شدند.
از دههی ۴۰ و ۵۰، پژوهشگران پزشکی
مطالعه درباره درمان ترنسها را شروع کردند
iw:
לעמים ילידים ביבשת אמריקה
יש ביטויים משלהם,
אבל רובם משתמשים במונח
הרחב "שתי - נשמות".
הם ראו אנשים בעלי גיוון - מגדרי
כשאמנים ומרפאים
בקהילות שלהם,
וזה לא קרה עד
להתפשטות הקולוניאליזם
שלימדו אותם לחשוב בצורה אחרת.
כיום, בחקר ההיסטוריה הטרנסית,
אנחנו מחפשים אחר אנשים טרנסים
וגם אחר פעולות של טרנסג'נדרים.
קחו לדוגמה את הנשים
שהציגו את עצמן כגברים
בכדי שיוכלו להילחם במלחמת
האזרחים בארצות הברית.
לאחר המלחמה,רבות חזרו
לחייהן כנשים,
אבל אחרים, כמו אלברט קשיר,
המשיכו לחיות את חייהם כגברים.
אלברט בסופו של דבר
נלקח לבית משוגעים
ובו הוכרח ללבוש שמלה
לשארית חייו.
(אנחה)
ב-1895 לערך, חבורה
של אנדרוגינים
הקימו את מעגל הרמפרודיטוס.
המשימה שלהם הייתה להתאחד
כנגד הרדיפה המרירה של העולם.
ובכך שעשו זאת, הם הפכו לאחת
מקבוצות התמיכה הראשונות בטרנסים.
בשנות ה-40 וה-50, חוקרים רפואיים
החלו לחקור את הרפואה הטרנסג'נדרית,
English:
Indigenous American nations
each have their own terms,
but most share
the umbrella term "two-spirit."
They saw gender-variant people
as shamans and healers
in their communities,
and it wasn't until
the spread of colonialism
that they were taught to think otherwise.
Now, in researching trans history,
we look for both trans people
and trans practices.
Take, for example, the women
who presented as men
so they could fight in the US Civil War.
After the war, most resumed
their lives as women,
but some, like Albert Cashier,
continued to live as men.
Albert was eventually
confined to an asylum
and forced to wear a dress
for the rest of his life.
(Sighs)
Around 1895, a group
of self-described androgynes
formed the Cercle Hermaphroditos.
Their mission was to unite for defense
against the world's bitter persecution.
And in doing that, they became
one of the earliest trans support groups.
By the '40s and '50s, medical researchers
were starting to study trans medicine,
Catalan:
Cada nació indígena americana
té els seus propis termes,
però la majoria comparteix
la idea "dos esperits".
Veien a les persones
amb variants de gènere
com xamans i curanderos
a les seves comunitats,
i no va ser fins
la propagació del colonialisme
que els va ensenyar a pensar el contrari.
En la investigació de la història trans,
busquem tant persones trans com
pràctiques trans.
Per exemple, les dones que es
van presentar com a homes
per poder lluitar
a la Guerra Civil dels EUA.
Després de la guerra, la majoria van
reprendre les seves vides com a dones,
però algunes, com Albert Cashier,
van seguir vivint com a homes.
Finalment, l'Albert va ser confinat
en un asil
i obligat a portar vestit
la resta de la seva vida.
(Sospirs)
Cap el 1895, un grup
autodescrit com a andrògins
van formar el Cercle Hermaphroditos.
La seva missió era unir-se per defensar-se
contra la persecució implacable del món.
I en fer això, es van convertir en un
dels primers grups de suport trans.
Als anys 40 i 50, els investigadors mèdics
començaven a estudiar medicina trans,
Portuguese:
Nações americanas indígenas
têm os seus próprios termos
mas a maioria delas usa o termo
abrangente de "dois espíritos".
Consideram os transexuais
como xamãs e curandeiros
nas suas comunidades,
e foi só depois da colonização
que aprenderam a pensar de outro modo.
Ao investigarmos a história
dos transexuais,
procuramos transexuais
e práticas transexuais.
Pensem nas mulheres
que se apresentavam como homens
para poderem combater
na Guerra Civil dos EUA.
Depois da guerra, a maioria
retomou a sua vida, como mulher
mas algumas, como Albert Cashier,
continuaram a viver como homens.
Albert acabou por ser
internado num asilo
e obrigado a usar vestidos
até ao fim da sua vida.
Por volta de 1895, um grupo
de andróginos — assim se intitulavam —
formou o Círculo Hermafroditos.
Tinham por missão unirem-se para defesa
contra as perseguições brutais do mundo.
Ao fazê-lo, tornaram-se num dos primeiros
grupos de apoio dos transexuais.
Nos anos 40 e 50, investigadores médicos
começaram a estudar medicina transexual,
Italian:
I nativi americani avevano
i loro propri termini,
ma molti condividono
il termine generico "due spiriti".
Vedevano le persone
con varianza di genere
come sciamani e guaritori
per le loro comunità,
e rimase così sino all'arrivo dei coloni
quando gli si insegnò
a pensare in modo diverso.
Oggi, studiando la storia dei trans,
consideriamo sia le persone
che le pratiche trans.
Per esempio, le donne
che si travestivano da uomini
per poter combattere
nella guerra civile americana.
Dopo la guerra, molte sono tornate
a vivere la loro vita da donne,
ma alcune, come Albert Caschier,
continuarono a vivere da uomini.
Alla fine Albert fu confinato
in un manicomio
e costretto a vestirsi da donna
per il resto della sua vita.
(Sospiro)
Nel 1895 circa, un gruppo
che si autodefiniva androgino,
formò il Circolo degli Ermafroditi.
La loro missione era di unirsi contro
le amare persecuzioni del mondo.
e facendolo, diventarono
uno dei primi gruppi di supporto.
Negli anni '40 e '50 i ricercatori
cominciarono a studiare la medicina trans,
Serbian:
Svaka autohtona američka nacija
ima svoje termine,
ali većina deli obuhvatni izraz
„dvostruki duh“.
U rodno drugačijim ljudima su videli
šamane i iscelitelje svoje zajednice,
i tek su sa širenjem kolonijalizma
naučili da misle o tome drugačije.
Kroz istraživanje transrodne istorije,
ujedno tražimo transrodne ljude
i ponašanja vezana za njih.
Uzmimo, recimo, žene
koje su se predstavljale kao muškarci
da bi mogle da se bore
u Američkom građanskom ratu.
Većina je posle rata
nastavila da živi kao žene,
ali su neki, kao što je Albert Kešir,
nastavili kao muškarci.
Albert je na kraju bio zatvoren u azil
i nateran da nosi haljinu do kraja života.
(Uzdiše)
Oko 1895. godine,
grupa samodeklarisanih androgina
formirala je „Krug hermafrodita“.
Njihova misija je bila da se ujedine
radi odbrane od gorkog progona sveta.
Time su postali jedna
od najstarijih trans grupa za podršku.
Do 40-ih i 50-ih su medicinski istraživači
počeli da izučavaju trans medicinu,
Russian:
Коренные американцы
используют другие названия,
но большинство употребляет
выражение «две души».
Гендерно-вариантные люди были
шаманами и целителями племени,
но с распространением колониализма
их научили думать иначе.
Исследуя историю трансгендерности,
мы ищем как личностей, так и
связанные с трансгендерностью события.
Например, женщины,
которые прикидывались мужчинами,
чтобы сражаться во время
Гражданской войны в США.
После войны большинство
вернулось к женской жизни.
Но некоторые, такие как Альберт Кашьер,
продолжили жить как мужчины.
Альберт был помещён
в психиатрическую больницу
и принуждён носить женское платье
до конца своей жизни.
(Вздох)
Около 1895-го года группа
самопровозглашённых андрогинов
основала общество Cercle Hermaphroditos.
Их целью было объединиться
против жестоких гонений по всему миру.
И они стали одной из первых
групп поддержки трансгендеров.
В 40–50-х годах начались исследования
в области трансгендерной медицины,
Korean:
미국 원주민 부족들은 이 개념을
지칭하는 각자의 단어가 있지만
대개는 "두 영혼"이라는
포괄적 용어로 부릅니다.
그들은 다중 성정체성을 가진 사람들을
사회의 샤먼이나 치유자로 보았고
이 믿음은 식민주의가 펴졌을 때까지
계속 되었습니다.
트렌스젠더의 역사를 연구하려면
트랜스젠더들과 트랜스젠더 관습을
모두 살펴보아야 합니다.
한 예로 미국 남북전쟁에 참전하려고
남자처럼 행세한 여자들을 생각해보세요.
전쟁 후에 대부분은
여자의 삶으로 돌아갔지만
알버트 캐쉬어와 같은 일부는
계속 남성으로 살았습니다.
알버트는 결국 정신병원에 감금되어
남은 평생 드레스를
입도록 강요 받았습니다.
(한숨)
1895년에 자칭 양성구유자들의 단체인
세르클 헤르마프로디토스가
만들어졌습니다.
그들의 임무는 전세계의 가혹한 박해에
함께 저항하는 것이었습니다.
그러면서 초기 트랜스젠더
옹호 단체들 중 하나가 되었죠.
40년대와 50년대에 연구자들이
트랜스젠더 의학을 연구하기 시작했는데
Chinese:
美国土著群体
对此也有各自的称呼，
但多数都有“双灵”
这个伞形术语的意思。
他们把多性别人看做
群体里的巫师和治疗师，
直到殖民主义的传播，
他们才被教导改变了想法
（开始排斥跨性别人）。
在研究跨性别历史时，
我们既寻找跨性别人，
也寻找跨性别的相关案例。
例如美国内战时，
那些以男性身份出现的
女性可以参军打仗。
战后，大部分人重新回到
女性身份的生活，
但有些人，像Albert Cashier，
继续过着男人的生活。
但最终，Albert被关进精神病院，
被迫穿着长裙过完余生。
（叹息声）
1895年前后，一个
自称双性人的群体
成立了专门的组织
Cercle Hermaphroditos，
其使命就是，联合起来
抵御对跨性别人的痛苦迫害。
这使他们成为最早的
跨性别支持团体之一。
到了40年代和50年代，医学
研究人员开始研究跨性医学，
Polish:
Każde plemię rdzennych
mieszkańców Ameryk ma inny termin,
odpowiednik wikte, człowieka dwóch dusz.
Ludzie poza binarnym modelem płci
pełnili rolę szamanów i uzdrowicieli,
a takie myślenie zmieniło się
dopiero po wejściu kolonializmu.
W badaniu historii osób transpłciowych
analizujemy zarówno przykłady osób,
jak i transpłciowych zachowań.
Dobrym przykładem są kobiety
wstępujące jako mężczyźni
do wojska w czasach wojny secesyjnej.
Po wojnie większość żyła jako kobiety,
ale niektóre, jak Albert Cashier,
nie wyszły z roli męskiej.
Alberta w końcu uwięziono
w szpitalu psychiatrycznym
i do końca życia zmuszano
do noszenia sukienki.
(Wzdycha)
Około roku 1895 grupa, której członkowie
uważali się za osoby androgyniczne,
utworzyła "Cercle Hermaphroditos".
Ich celem było zjednoczenie się w obronie
przed gorzkim prześladowaniem.
Tak stali się jedną z pierwszych grup
wspierających osoby transpłciowe.
W latach 40. i 50. rozpoczęto badania
nad rozwiązaniami medycznymi,
Ukrainian:
Корінні американці
використовують інші назви,
але більшість
користується виразом «дві душі».
Вони вважали
гендерно-варіативних людей
шаманами і цілителями племені,
але з поширенням колоніалізму
їх навчили думати по-іншому.
Вивчаючи історію трансгендерності,
ми шукаємо людей та події,
які пов'язані з трансгендерністю.
Наприклад, жінки,
які прикидалися чоловіками,
щоб боротися в часи
громадянської війни в США.
Після війни більшість повернулося
до жіночого життя,
але деякі, як Альберт Каш‘єр,
продовжили жити як чоловіки.
Зрештою, Альберт був поміщений
в психіатричну лікарню
і змушений носити жіночу сукню
до кінця життя.
(Зітхання)
Близько 1895-го року,
група самовизначених андроґінів
заснувала спілку Cercle Hermaphroditos.
Їхньою ціллю було об‘єднання
проти жорстоких гонінь по всьому світу.
Вони були однією з перших
груп підтримки трансгендерних людей.
У 40-50-х роках почалися дослідження
в області трансгендерної медицини
Spanish:
Las naciones indígenas americanas
tienen sus términos, pero la mayoría
comparte el término global
"dos espíritus".
Veían a la gente de género variante
como chamanes y curanderos
de sus comunidades
y hasta la extensión del colonialismo
no empezaron a ver las cosas
de otra forma.
Ahora bien, al investigar
la historia trans, buscamos dos cosas:
a los transexuales y sus hábitos.
Por ejemplo, las mujeres que
se hicieron pasar por hombres y luchar
en la Guerra de Secesión de EE.UU.
Después de la guerra, la mayoría
retomó su vida como mujeres,
pero algunas, como Albert Cashier,
siguieron viviendo como hombres.
Al final, Albert se vio
confinado a un manicomio
y obligado a llevar un vestido
durante el resto de su vida.
(Suspiros)
En 1895, un grupo
autodenominado andróginos
fundó el Cercle Hermaphroditos.
Su misión era unirse para defenderse
de la cruel persecución mundial
y al hacerlo, se convirtieron en uno
de los primeros grupos de apoyo trans.
En los años 40 y 50, los investigadores
empezaban a estudiar la medicina trans,
Romanian:
Nativii americani au propriii lor termeni,
dar cei mai mulți împărtășesc
termenul generic „două spirite”.
Persoanele cu variație de gen
erau considerate șamani și vindecători
în comunitățile lor,
pană când,
odată cu răspândirea colonialismului
au fost învățați să gândească altfel.
Cercetând istoria transsexualilor,
considerăm atât persoanele
cât și practicile transsexuale.
De exemplu, femeile
care se deghizau în bărbați
pentru a putea lupta
în războiul civil din SUA.
După război, majoritatea
s-au reîntors la viața lor ca femei,
dar unele, precum Albert Cashier,
și-au continuat viața ca bărbați.
În cele din urmă, Albert a fost
închis într-un azil
și forțat să poarte o rochie
pentru tot restul vieții sale.
(Oftează)
În jurul anului 1895,
un grup auto-denumit androgin
a format Clubul Hermafrodiților.
Erau uniți împotriva persecuțiilor
înverșunate din întreaga lume.
Au devenit unul dintre primele
grupuri de sprijin pentru transsexuali.
În anii 1940 și 1950, cercetătorii
au început să studieze medicina trans,
Chinese:
由其跨性别患者提供研究资助，
如跨性别女士Louise Lawrence，
她曾与那些因在公共场合
穿异性服装被捕的人交往频繁。
她把Alfred Kinsey
这样的性别研究人员
介绍给一个庞大的跨性别群体。
如Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson，
还有著名的Christine Jorgensen，
她因1952年的公开变性
而上了头条新闻。
当跨性别白人这个边缘群体
正形成自己的支持网络时，
许多非白人的跨性别群体
则必须自己开辟道路。
有人一直参加异装走秀，
像Miss Major Griffin-Gracy；
其他还有像被称为"街头异装皇后"
的街头表演艺人，
这些艺人经常
因性取向被警察盯上，
他们发现自己往往处于
LGBT权利运动开创性事件的最前沿。
像1959年库珀咖啡骚乱、
1966年康普顿餐厅骚乱、
以及著名的1969年石墙事件。
Turkish:
fakat bu çalışmalar kadın kıyafeti
giymekten dolayı tutuklu olan kişilerle
geniş kapsamlı yazışmalar yapmış olan
trans kadın Louse Lawrence gibi
trans hastalar tarafından finanse edildi.
Lawrence, Alfred Kinsey
gibi araştırmacıları
muazzam bir trans ağı ile tanıştırdı.
Virgina Prince, Reed Erickson
ve dönüşümünü oldukça
halka açık başlıklarla süsleyen
ünlü Christine Jorgensen gibi
öncüler takip etti.
Fakat kenar mahallelerde oturan
beyaz trans bireyler kendi destek ağlarını
oluştururken diğer trans bireyler
kendi yollarını çizmek zorunda kaldı.
Bayan Griffin-Gracy gibi bazıları
Drag Balls'da sahneye çıktı.
Diğerleri cinsel kimliklerinden dolayı
polis tarafından sürekli hedef alınan
ve kendilerini büyük öneme sahip LGBT
hakları hareketlerinde en ön sırada bulan
"sokak kraliçeleri" olarak
adlandırılan gruptu.
Bu bizi 1959'da Cooper Do-nuts'da,
1966'da Compton's Caeteria'da
ve 1969'da ünlü Stonewall Inn'de
isyana götürdü.
Portuguese:
ajudados pelos seus
pacientes transexuais,
como Louise Lawrence, uma transexual
que se correspondera extensamente
com pessoas que tinham sido presas
por usarem roupas trocadas em público.
Apresentou investigadores sexuais
como Alfred Kinsey
a uma enorme rede de transexuais.
Seguiram-se outras primeiras figuras.
como Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson
e a conhecida Christine Jorgensen,
que foi alvo de cabeçalhos
com a sua transição pública em 1952.
Mas, enquanto os transexuais brancos
formavam as suas redes de apoio,
muitos transexuais de cor
tinham de abrir o seu caminho.
Alguns, como Miss Major Griffin-Gracy.
passeavam de vestido de baile.
Outros eram as chamadas "rainhas da rua"
que eram visadas pela polícia
por causa da expressão do seu género
e se encontravam na linha da frente
de eventos de referência
no movimento pelos direitos dos LGBT.
Isto leva-nos aos motins
em Cooper Do-nuts, em 1959,
na cafetaria Compton's, em 1966
e no famoso [bar] Stonewall Inn, em 1969.
Portuguese:
mas eram auxiliados
por pacientes transgêneros,
como Louise Lawrence,
uma mulher transgênera
que se correspondia amplamente
com pessoas que haviam sido presas
por se travestirem em público.
Ela apresentou pesquisadores
sexuais como Alfred Kinsey
a uma rede transgênera enorme.
Depois viriam outros personagens,
como Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson
e a famosa Christine Jorgensen,
que ganhou as manchetes
com sua transição muito pública em 1952.
Mas, enquanto suburbanos transgêneros
brancos formavam suas redes de apoio,
muitos transgêneros negros
tinham que traçar seu próprio caminho.
Algumas, como a srta. Major Griffin-Gracy,
andavam em bailes de "drag queens".
Outras eram as chamadas "rainhas da rua",
alvos frequentes da polícia
por suas expressões de gênero,
e se encontravam na vanguarda
dos eventos importantes
do movimento pelos direitos LGBT.
Isso nos leva aos tumultos
no café Cooper Do-nuts em 1959,
na cafeteria Compton's em 1966
e à famosa Rebelião de Stonewall em 1969.
Romanian:
fiind asistați de către pacienții trans,
ca Louise Lawrence, o femeie trans
care a corespondat intens
cu oameni arestați pentru că purtaseră
îmbrăcăminte neadecvată în public.
Ea a prezentat cercetătorilor
precum Alfred Kinsey
o rețea extinsă de transsexuali.
Au urmat alți pionieri,
precum Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson
și faimoasa Christine Jorgensen,
care a ținut capul de afiș datorită
tranziției sale publice din 1952.
Dar în timp ce comunitățile albe trans
își formau propriile rețele de sprijin,
multe persoane trans de culoare
trebuiau să-și croiască singure calea.
Unii, precum Miss Major Griffin-Gracy,
mergeau la baluri îmbrăcați în femei.
Alții erau așa-numitele
„reginele străzii”,
care erau vizate de poliție
pentru exprimarea lor liberă
și se aflau în prim-planul
evenimentelor de la începuturile
mișcării pentru drepturile LGBT.
Toate astea ne conduc spre revoltele
de la Cooper Do Nuts din 1959,
de la Compton's Cafeteria din 1966
și din faimosul Stonewall Inn din 1969.
Polish:
w których lekarzom pomagali
transpłciowi pacjenci,
tacy jak Louise Lawrence, transkobieta
prowadząca szeroką korespondencję
z osobami zaaresztowanymi
za publiczny transwestytyzm.
Dzięki niej badacze seksualności
tacy jak Alfred Kinsey
zostali przedstawieni
wielkiej sieci osób transpłciowych.
Szybko pojawiały się inne głosy,
jak Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson
i sławna Christine Jorgensen,
której publiczna tranzycja w roku 1952
trafiła na pierwsze strony gazet.
Ale kiedy w miastach tworzyły się
sieci wsparcia osób transpłciowych,
niebiałe osoby transpłciowe
musiały radzić sobie same.
Niektóre, jak Miss Major Griffin-Gracy,
występowały w balach drag.
Inne, street queens, "królowe ulicy",
często podpadały policji
ze względu na wygląd
i w końcu stanęły na czele
kilku przewrotów, które upostaciowały
ruch walki o prawa LGBT.
Tak dochodzimy do zamieszek
przy Cooper Do-nuts z roku 1959,
przy Compton's Cafeteria w roku 1966
i sławnych zamieszek
przy barze Stonewall Inn w roku 1969.
Catalan:
però amb ajuda
dels seus pacients trans,
com Louise Lawrence, una dona trans que
s'havia relacionat àmpliament
amb persones a qui havien arrestat
per travestir-se de manera pública.
Va presentar investigadors sexuals
com l'Alfred Kinsey
a una xarxa trans massiva.
Van seguir
d'altres figures primerenques,
com Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson i
la famosa Christine Jorgensen,
qui va ser notícia per la seva
transició de gènere molt pública el 1952.
Però mentre els suburbans trans blancs
formaven les seves xarxes de suport,
moltes persones trans de color
havien de traçar el seu propi camí.
Alguns, com Miss Major Griffin-Gracy,
feien festes drag.
Altres eren les anomenades
"reines del carrer",
sovint víctimes de la policia
per expressar el seu gènere,
que acabaren a l'avantguarda
dels esdeveniments fonamentals
del moviment de drets LGBT.
Això ens porta als disturbis
de Cooper Do-nuts el 1959,
Compton's Cafeteria el 1966
i el famós Stonewall Inn el 1969.
Serbian:
ali su im pomagali
njihovi transrodni pacijenti
kao što je Luiza Lorens, transrodna žena
koja se naširoko dopisivala
sa ljudima koji su bili uhapšeni
zbog javnog oblačenja kao suprotan pol.
Upoznala je istraživače seksualnosti
kao što je Alfred Kinsi
sa ogromnom mrežom transrodnih ljudi.
Drugi pioniri će uslediti,
kao što su Virdžinija Prins,
Rid Erikson i čuvena Kristina Jorgensen
koja je dospela na naslovne strane
svojom vrlo javnom
tranzicijom 1952. godine.
Dok su transrodni belci
iz prigradskih mesta
formirali svoje mreže podrške,
mnogi transrodni ljudi drugih boja kože
morali su da utabaju svoj put.
Neki, kao Gđica Mejdžor Grifin-Grejsi,
šetali su se na dreg balovima.
Drugi su bili tzv. „ulične kraljice“,
koje je često ganjala policija
zbog njihovog rodnog izražavanja
i koji su se našli
na čelu značajnih događaja
u pokretu za prava LGBT.
To nas dovodi do nemira
u kafiću Kuper donats 1959. godine,
Komptonove kafeterije 1966.
i čuvenog Stounvola 1969. godine.
Kurdish:
ئەم توێژینەوانە لە لایەن نەخۆشە
هاوڕەگەزەکان پاڵپشتی دەکرا،
وەک: لویز لۆرانس، ژنێکی هاوڕەگەز
کە پەیوەندییەکی باشی هەبوو
لەگەڵ ئەوانەی دەست بەسەرکرابوون
بەهۆی پۆشینی بەرگی ناجۆر بە ئاشکرایی.
توێژینەوەی سێکسیەکانی
ئەلفرید کینزی ناساند بە
تۆڕێک لە هاوڕەگەزبازەکان.
توێژەری تریش وردە وردە پەیدابوون،
وەک: فرجینا پرینس، رید ئەریکسون
کریستین جورجینسنی بەناوبانگ کە
بە ئاشکراکردنی هاوڕەگەزی خۆی لە
ساڵی 1952 سەردێری ڕۆژنامەکانی داگیر کرد.
لە کاتێکدا هاوڕەگەزە سپی پێستەکانی شارەکان
تۆڕێکی پاڵپشتی خۆیان پێک هێنابوو،
هاوڕەگەزەکانیتر دەبوایە
خۆیان ئاگاداری خۆیان بن.
هەندێک کەس وەک شاجوان گریفین گریس
بە کاتێکی قورس تێپەڕین.
ئەوانی تر که پێیان دەوترێت
شاژنی شەقامەکان که
لەلایەن پۆلیسەوە کرابوونە ئامانج
بەهۆی دەڕبڕینی ڕەگەزەکانیان
و لە پێشەنگی ڕووداوە گرنگەکان بوون
لە جوڵانەوەی هاوڕەگەزبازەکان.
ئەمە دەمانباتەوە بۆ پشێوییەکانی ساڵی 1959ی
Cooper Do-nuts،
،کافتریای Comptonله ١٩٦٦
و مەیخانەی Stonewall
بەناوبانگی بەرلین له ١٩٦٩.
Italian:
ma furono aiutati dai loro pazienti trans,
come Louise Lawrence, una donna trans
che ha avuto intensi contatti
con persone arrestate per abbigliamento
non sessualmente appropriato.
Ha presentato a ricercatori
quali Alfred Kinsey
una rete estesa di trans.
Sarebbero seguiti altri pionieri,
come Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson e
la famosa Christine Jorgensen,
che divenne famosa per la sua
transizione pubblica nel 1952.
Ma, mentre la comunità di trans bianche
si creava la propria rete di supporto,
molti gruppi di trans neri
dovevano trovare la propria strada.
Alcuni, come Miss Major Griffin-Gracy,
andavano ai balli vestiti da donna.
Altri erano le cosiddette
"regine delle strade",
erano prese di mira dalla polizia
per la loro espressione di genere
e si ritrovarono in prima linea
negli eventi determinanti
dei movimenti dei diritti LGBT.
Questo ci porta alle rivolte di
Cooper Do-nuts del 1959,
Compton's Cafeteria del 1966
e del famoso Stonewall Inn del 1969.
Russian:
при поддержке трансгендерных пациентов.
Например, Луизы Лоуренс, транс-женщины,
которая вела активную переписку
с людьми, арестованными
за публичный кроссдрессинг.
Она познакомила исследователей,
таких как Альфред Кинси,
с огромным сообществом трансгендеров.
Другими первопроходцами были
Вирджиния Принс, Рид Эриксон
и знаменитая Кристин Йоргенсен,
попавшая в заголовки газет
после операции по коррекции пола в 1952-м.
Пока белые провинциальные трансы
создавали собственные сообщества,
трансгендерам с цветной кожей
приходилось прокладывать свой путь.
Некоторые, как Мисс Мэйор Гриффин-Грэйси,
ходили на нелегальные вечеринки ЛГБТ.
Другие были так называемыми
«уличными королевами»,
которых преследовала полиция
за выражение половой принадлежности
и которые были в центре ключевых событий
движения за права ЛГБТ.
Это подводит нас к беспорядкам
в Cooper Do-nuts в 1959-м,
в Compton's Cafeteria в 1966-м
и к знаменитому бунту
в Stonewall Inn в 1969-м.
Japanese:
その影にはトランスの患者がいました
その１人 トランス女性の
ルイーズ・ローレンスは
公共の場で異性装をして逮捕された人々と
広い繋がりを持っていました
彼女はアルフレッド・キンゼイのような
性科学者を
広大なトランス社会に紹介しました
他の第一人者達も続きました
ヴァージニア・プリンス、リード・エリクソン
有名なクリスティン・ヨルゲンセン
彼女は1952年に性転換を公表し
世間の注目を集めました
しかし 白人のトランスが独自の
援助ネットワークを構築した一方で
多くの有色人種のトランス達は
自ら道を切り開く必要がありました
グリフィン・グレイシー少佐などは
ドラッグボールの道に入りました
他の人はいわゆる
「ストリートクイーン」と呼ばれ
その自由な自己表現から
頻繁に警察の標的になり
さらには LGBTの権利運動において
重要な運動を牽引しました
このような動きは
1959年のクーパー・ドーナツ店
1966年のコンプトンズ・カフェテリア
かの有名な1969年
ストーンウォールの反乱に繋がりました
Hindi:
उनका साहायता उनके ट्रांस मरीज़ करते थे,
जैसे लुईस लॉरेंस, एक ट्रांस महिला,
जिसने बड़े पैमाने पर संपर्क किया था
लोगोसे जो सार्वजनिक परवस्त्रधारण रति
के लिए गिरफ्तार हुए थे।
उन्होने अॅल्फ्रेड किन्से जैसे
यौन शोधकर्ताओं को बड़े
ट्रांस समूदाय से परीचित किया था
वर्जीनिया प्रिंस, रीड एरिकसन
और प्रसिद्ध क्रिस्टीन जोर्गेनसन
भी उन में थे
१९५२ में उनका बहुत ही प्रत्यक्ष
परिवर्तन के लेये सुर्खियां में थी।
जब धनवान श्वेत ट्रांस व्यक्ती
अपने प्रोत्साही समूह बना रहे थे,
कई काले ट्रांस व्यक्तीयों को
अपना रास्ता खुद बनाना पडा था।
जब मिस मेजर ग्रिफिन-ग्रेसी जैसे कुछ लोग,
"ड्रैग बॉल्स्" में हिस्सा ले रहे थे
तब अन्य लोग जिसे "स्ट्रीट क्वीन्स्"
कहते है, उन्हें अक्सर पुलिस
उनके लिंग की
अभिव्यक्ति के लिए निशाना बनाती थी।
और वे एलजीबीटी अधिकारों के
आंदोलन में खुद को निर्णायक घटनाओं
के बीच में अपने आप को पाया।
और अब दंगों के बारे मे . . .
1959 में कूपर डू-नट्स,
1966 में कॉम्पटनस् कैफेटेरिया
और 1969 में प्रसिद्ध स्टोनवॅाल इन।
Ukrainian:
за підтримки трансгендерних пацієнтів.
Наприклад, Луїза Лоренс, трансжінка,
яка активно листувалась
із людьми, заарештованими
за публічний крос-дресинг.
Вона познайомила дослідників,
таких як Альфред Кінсі,
із великою громадою трансгендерів.
Іншими першопрохідцями були
Вірджинія Принс, Рід Еріксон
та знаменита Крістін Йоргенсен,
яка потрапила в заголовки газет після
операції з корекції статі в 1952 році.
Поки білі трангендерні люди
формували свої групи підтримки,
трансгендерам із кольоровою шкірою
доводилося прокладати власний шлях.
Деякі, як Міс Мейор Грифін-Грейсі
відвідували нелегальні ЛГБТ вечірки.
Інші були так званими
«вуличними королевами»,
яких часто переслідувала поліція
за вираження гендерної ідентичності
і які були в центрі головних подій
у русі за права ЛГБТ.
Це приводить нас до повстань
у Cooper Do-nuts у 1959-му,
у Compton’s Cafeteria в 1966-му
та знаменитих бунтів у Stonewall
у 1969-му.
Persian:
اما بیماران ترنسشان هم
از آنها حمایت کردند
مثلا لوییس لورنس، زن ترنسی که
با خیلی از افرادی که بخاطرپوشیدن لباسهای
جنس مخالف در ملاعام دستگیر
شده بودند مکاتبه داشت.
او محققان جنسی مانند آلفرد کینزی را با
شبکهی بزرگی از ترنسها آشنا کرد.
دیگر شخصیتهای پیشروعبارتند از
یرجینیا پرینس، رید اریکسون و
کریستین جورجنسن معروف که با علنی کردن
تغییر جنسیتش در سال ۱۹۵۲سرتیتر خبرها شد.
اگرچه ترنسهای سفیدپوست حومه نشین داشتند
شبکههای حمایتی خودرا تشکیل میدادند
ترنسهای رنگینپوست باید خودشان
مسیرشان را هموار میکردند.
برخی مانند خانم ماجور گریفین گریسی
لباس مردانه پوشیدند.
بقیه به اصطلاح "ملکههای خیابانی" بودند،
که اغلب به خاطر بیان جنسیتشان
هدف پلیس قرار میگرفتند.
و این چنین شد که آنها خود را
در خط مقدم اتفاقات آغازگر
جنبش حقوق دگرباشها یافتند.
این اتفاقات موجب شورش ما در سال ۱۹۵۹
درکوپر دونات
و شورش سال ۱۹۶۶ درکافه تریای کمپتون ،
و شورش معروف مسافرخانهی استون وال
در سال ۱۹۶۹ شد.
English:
but they were aided
by their trans patients,
like Louise Lawrence, a trans woman
who had corresponded extensively
with people who had been arrested
for public cross-dressing.
She introduced sexual researchers
like Alfred Kinsey
to a massive trans network.
Other early figures would follow,
like Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson
and the famous Christine Jorgensen,
who made headlines with
her very public transition in 1952.
But while white trans suburbanites
were forming their own support networks,
many trans people of color
had to carve their own path.
Some, like Miss Major Griffin-Gracy,
walked in drag balls.
Others were the so-called "street queens,"
who were often targeted by police
for their gender expression
and found themselves
on the forefront of seminal events
in the LGBT rights movement.
This brings us to the riots
at Cooper Do-nuts in 1959,
Compton's Cafeteria in 1966
and the famous Stonewall Inn in 1969.
Vietnamese:
họ được hỗ trợ
bởi bệnh nhân chuyển giới,
như Louise Lawrence,
người chuyển giới nữ đã liên lạc mật thiết
với những người bị bắt
vì ăn mặc không phù hợp.
Bà đã giới thiệu nhà nghiên cứu
giới tính như Alfred Kinsey
cho mạng lưới người chuyển giới.
Nhiều người khác đã nối bước
như Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson
và Christine Jorgensen nổi tiếng,
người đã lên báo công khai
quá trình chuyển giới năm 1952.
Nhưng khi người chuyển giới da trắng
ở thành thị lập mạng lưới tương trợ,
nhiều người chuyển giới da màu
phải tự vẽ đường cho mình.
Như Cô MajorGriffin-Gracy đã
dự tiệc hoá trang của người chuyển giới.
Nhiều người được gọi là
"nữ hoàng đường phố",
luôn trong tầm ngắm của
cảnh sát vì thể hiện giới tính của mình
và dẫn đầu
trong các sự kiện quan trọng
trong phong trào
quyền LGBT.
Tiếp đến là bạo loạn
Cooper Do-nuts năm 1959,
Compton's Cafeteria
năm 1966
và bạo loạn ở quán bar nổi tiếng
Stonewall năm 1969.
iw:
אבל הם קיבלו עזרה
ממטופליהם הטרנסג'נדרים,
כמו לואיס לורנס, אישה טרנסית
שהתכתבה בצורה נרחבת
עם אנשים שנאסרו עקב
לבישת בגדי המין הנגדי בציבור.
היא הציגה לחוקרי מיניות
כמו אלפרד קינסלי
את הקהילה הטרנסית העצומה.
עוד דמויות ראשוניות באו לאחר מכן,
כמו וירג'יניה פרינס, ריד אריקסון
וקריסטין יורגנסן המפורסמת,
שהופיעה בכותרות העיתונים
עם התהליך שעברה בשנת 1952.
אך בזמן שתושבי פרברים טרנסים
הקימו את קהילות התמיכה שלהם,
הרבה אנשים טרנסים של צבע
היו צריכים לסלול את דרכם לבד.
חלק, כמו גברת מייג'ור גריפין - גרייסי,
צעדו בנשפים של טרנסים.
אחרים נקראו "מלכות השכונה",
שלעתים קרובות סומנו על ידי המשטרה
עקב ההתבטאות המגדרית שלהם
ומצאו את עצמם בחזית של
אירועים רבי השפעה
של התנועה למען זכויות הלהט"ב.
זה הביא אותנו למהומות
בקופר דו - נאטס ב1959,
בקפיטריה בקמפטון ב1966
ולפונדק סטונוול המפורסם ב1969.
Arabic:
في دراسة المتحولين طبيًا،
وقد ساعدهم مرضاهم المتحولون جنسيًا،
مثل لويس لورانس وهي امرأة متحولة
توافقت على نطاق واسع
مع الأشخاص الذين اعتُقلوا
لارتدائهم ملابس الجنس المغاير علنًا.
قدّمت الباحثين الجنسيين مثل ألفرد كينسي
إلى شبكة كبيرة من المتحولين جنسيًا.
وتلتها شخصيات أخرى،
مثل فيرجينيا برنس وريد إيركسون
وكريستين جورجينسن الشهيرة،
التي تصَدَّر تحولها العلني عناوين الصحف
في عام 1952.
لكن بينما كان سكان الضواحي المتحولين البيض
يشكلون شبكاتهم الداعمة الخاصة
كان على الأشخاص المتحولين الملونين
شق طريقهم الخاص.
بعضهم مثل الآنسة ماجر جريفين جراسي
التي سارت في مشهد دراق جريء.
وكان غيرهم المُسمى "ستريت كوينز"،
الذين تستهدفهم الشرطة أحيانًا
لتعبيراتهم الجندرية
ويجدون أنفسهم في الطليعة لفعاليات مؤثرة
في حركة حقوق المثليين.
يقودنا هذا إلى أعمال الشغب
في مقهى كوبر دونانتس عام 1959،
ومقصف كومبتون عام 1966،
وحانة ستونوول الشهيرة في عام 1969.
Chinese:
但他們有跨性別病人從旁協助，
如跨性別的女子路易絲勞倫斯，
她和因為公開穿著異性服裝
而被逮捕的人保持密切通信。
她將阿爾弗雷德金賽
這類性別研究者
引介給大型的跨性別網絡。
其他早期的知名人物也跟進，
如維吉尼亞普林斯、
里德埃里克森，
及有名的克莉斯汀約根森，
克莉斯汀在 1952 年
公開變性之事也上了頭條。
但雖然郊區的白種跨性別者已經
開始形成他們自己的支持網絡，
卻有許多有色人種的跨性別者
必須要自己開路。
有些人，比如格里芬格雷西小姐少校，
出沒在異裝舞會中。
還有些人則是所謂的「街頭皇后」，
常常因為自己的性別表達
而被警方盯上，
且走在 LGBT 人權運動的
重要活動前線。
這就帶到了 1959 年
庫珀甜甜圈店暴動、
1966 年康普頓餐廳暴動，
以及 1969 年知名的石牆暴動。
Macedonian:
но беа поткрепени од нивните
транс пациенти,
како Луис Лоренс, транс жена
која често комуницирала
со мажи апсени заради јавно
носење на женска облека.
Таа воведе низа сексуални
истражувачи, како Алфред Кинси,
во бројните транс заедници.
Поранешни податоци укажуваат
на лица какао Вирџинија Принс,Рид Ериксон
и познатата Кристина Јоргенсен
која привлече внимание со нејзината
јавна преобразба во 1952 год.
Но, додека белите транс луѓе
формираа свои заедници,
обоените транс луѓе мораа
да се пробиваат.
Некои, како Мис Мејџор Грифин Грејси,
се појавуваа на дрег- забави
Другите т.н. „улични кралици“, често следени
од страна на полицијата заради
нивното родово изразување
завршувале на чело на авангардните настани
на ЛГБТ движењата.
Ова доведе до немирите
кај Купер Донатс во 1959,
кафетеријата на Комптон во 1966
и познатата Стоунвол Ин во 1969 година.
Spanish:
pero contaron con la ayuda
de sus pacientes trans
como Louise Lawrence, una mujer trans
que se correspondía ampliamente
con gente a la que arrestaron
por travestismo público.
Ella introdujo a estudiosos
de la sexualidad como Alfred Kinsey
en una red trans masiva.
Le sucederían otras personalidades
como Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson
y la conocida Christine Jorgensen,
la cual fue noticia
por su notoria transición en 1952.
Pero mientras los suburbios trans blancos
organizaban sus propias redes de apoyo,
muchos transexuales de color
tenían que labrar su propio camino.
Algunos como Miss Major Griffin-Gracy
formaron parte del voguing.
Otros eran los así llamados
"reinas callejeras",
que a menudo, eran el blanco de la policía
debido a su expresión de género
y que se vieron a la vanguardia
de acontecimientos trascendentales
del movimiento por los derechos
del colectivo LGBT.
Esto nos conduce a los disturbios
de Cooper Do-nuts en 1959,
de la cafetería Comptons en 1966
y del conocido Stonewall Inn en 1969.
French:
et ont été aidés par leurs patients trans
tels que Louise Lawrence, une femme trans
qui avait beaucoup correspondu
avec des gens ayant été arrêtés
pour transformisme en public.
Elle a présenté des chercheurs
en sexualité comme Alfred Kinsey
à un énorme réseau trans.
D'autres personnalités ont suivi,
comme Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson
et la célèbre Christine Jorgensen,
qui a fait la une des journaux
avec une transition publique en 1952.
Mais si les banlieusards blancs et trans
formaient leurs réseaux de soutien,
beaucoup de personnes trans de couleur
ont dû voler de leurs propres ailes.
Certains, comme Miss Major Griffin-Gracy,
ont marché dans des bals de drag queens.
D'autres ont été les « queens de rue »,
souvent cibles de la police
pour leur expression de genre
et se trouvées en avant-garde
d'événements majeurs
dans le mouvement des droits LGBT.
Cela nous mène aux émeutes
à Cooper Do-nuts en 1959,
à la cafétéria Compton's en 1966
et le célèbre Stonewall Inn en 1969.
Hungarian:
transz pácienseik segítségével,
akik egyike
egy transz nő, Louise Lawrence volt,
aki hosszasan levelezett azokkal,
akiket a másik nem ruháinak nyilvános
viseléséért tartóztattak le.
Szexuális kutatókat - mint Alfred Kinsey -
ismertetett meg
egy kiterjedt transz hálózattal.
Olyan további alakok követték,
mint Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson
és az a híres Christine Jorgensen,
aki 1952-ben nyilvános átalakulásával
újságok címoldalain szerepelt.
Ám amíg a fehér, transz külvárosiak
létrehozták saját támogató hálózataikat,
addig színesbőrű társaiknak
maguknak kellett utat törniük.
Néhányan, mint Miss Major Griffin-Gracy,
versenyeken léptek fel,
az "utca királynői" azonban gyakran váltak
a rendőrök célpontjává
nemi identitásuk kifejezése miatt,
és az LMBT-jogi mozgalom
legfőbb eseményeinek
frontvonalában tartózkodtak.
Ezzel elérkeztünk a Cooper Do-nutsban
lévő 1959-es,
és a Compton's Cafeteriában kitört
1966-as zavargásokhoz,
illetve a híres,
1969-es Stonewall-lázadáshoz.
Korean:
그들은 루이스 로렌스같은 트랜스젠더
환자들로부터 많은 도움을 받았죠.
그는 공공장소에서 복장 도착으로 수감된
사람들과 광범위하게 교류했죠.
그녀는 알프레드 킨지같은 성연구자들을
거대한 트랜스젠더 네트워크와
연결시켜 주었습니다.
다른 초기 인물들로
버지니아 프린스, 리드 에릭슨 그리고
유명한 크리스틴 요르겐슨 등이 있었는데
크리스틴은 1952년
공식 커밍아웃을 해서 화제가 되었습니다.
도시에 사는 백인 트랜스젠더들이
지원 네트워크를 형성해가는 동안
많은 다른 유색인종 트랜스젠더들도
앞길을 개척해 나갔어요.
일부는 메이저 그리핀 그레이시처럼
여장을 한 채로 걸어 다녔습니다.
다른 이들은 “길거리의 여왕들”
이라고 불렸는데
그들의 젠더 표현 방식으로 인해
종종 경찰에게 요주의 인물이 되었고
성소수자 인권 운동의 중대한 이벤트의
선두에 서게 되었습니다.
1959년 쿠퍼 도넛츠와
1966년 콤튼 카페테리아
1969년 유명한
스톤월 여관 시위 등이죠.
Hindi:
1970 में, सिल्विया रिवेरा
और मार्शा पी जॉनसन,
स्टोनवेल के दो दिग्गज,
"स्टार: स्ट्रीट ट्रांसवेस्टाइट ऐक्शन"
रेवलूशनेरीज़ नामाक समूह को स्थापित किये।
ट्रांस लोगों ने अपनी लड़ाई जारी रखी
कानून के तहत समान उपचार पाने के लिए,
जब की उन्होंने सामना किया अधिक
भेदभाव से,
बेरोज़गारी, गिरफ्तारी,
और बढ़ती एड्स की महामारी।
जब से हमारी अस्तित्व रहि है,
हमको मताघिकार से वंचित
करने का कोशिश किया है
हम अपनी तरीके से
जीने कि हिम्मत की है।
यह तस्वीर १९३३ में बर्लिन में लिया गया था,
इसे इतिहास किताबों में
दिखाया जाता है
नाट्सीज़ ने ऐसे पुस्कों को जलाया
जो वे जर्मन संस्कृति के खिलाफ मानते थे।
लेकिन शायद ही कभी किसी ने उल्लेख किया है
कि इस विशाल ढेर में
यौन अनुसंधान संस्थान के सारे पुस्क
शामिल थे।
यह था अमेरिका में ट्रांस आंदोलन का सारांश,
लेकिन मॅग्नस हर्शफेल्ड और उनके जर्मन् साथी
हमसे कुछ दशक आगे थे।
मॅग्नस हर्शफेल्ड एल॰जी॰बी॰टी॰
लोगों का प्रारंभिक अभिवक्ता थे।
Portuguese:
Em 1970, Sylvia Rivera
e Marsha P. Johnson,
duas veteranas de Stonewall,
fundaram a STAR: Street
Transvestite Action Revolutionaries.
Os transgêneros continuaram a lutar
por igualdade de tratamento perante a lei,
mesmo ao enfrentar índices
mais altos de discriminação,
desemprego, prisões
e a epidemia iminente da AIDS.
Desde que existimos,
os que estão no poder procuraram
privar os transgêneros de seus direitos
por se atreverem a viver
vidas que são nossas.
Este filme, rodado na Berlim de 1933,
ainda é usado, às vezes,
em livros de história
para ilustrar como os nazistas queimaram
obras que consideravam não alemãs.
Mas raramente é mencionado
que, nessa pilha enorme,
também estão obras
do Institute for Sexual Research.
Vejam, acabei de recapitular
o movimento transgênero nos EUA,
mas Magnus Hirschfeld
e seus pares na Alemanha
nos venceram por algumas décadas.
Magnus Hirschfeld era um antigo
defensor das pessoas LGBT.
Escreveu o primeiro
relato extenso sobre transgêneros.
Serbian:
Godine 1970, Silvija Rivera
i Marša P. Džonson,
dva veterana Stounvola, osnovale su STAR,
organizaciju transvestita aktivista
i revolucionara na ulici.
Trans ljudi su nastavili da se bore
za jednak tretman pred zakonom,
čak i kada su se suočavali
sa većim stopama diskriminacije,
nezaposlenosti, hapšenja
i epidemije side koja je bila na pomolu.
Otkako znamo za sebe,
oni na vlasti su nastojali
da oduzmu pravo trans ljudima
jer smo se usudili da živimo svoj život.
Ovaj snimak, zabeležen u Berlinu 1933,
ponekad se koristi u udžbenicima istorije
da bi se ilustrovalo kako su nacisti
palili dela koja nisu smatrana nemačkim.
Ali retko se pominje
da su u toj ogromnoj hrpi obuhvaćena
i dela Instituta
za seksualna istraživanja.
Vidite, upravo sam sumirao
pokret transrodnih u Americi,
ali Magnus Hiršfeld
i njegove kolege u Nemačkoj
pretekle su nas za nekoliko decenija.
Magnus Hiršfeld je bio
rani zastupnik LGBT ljudi.
Persian:
در سال ۱۹۷۰، سیلویا ریورا ومارشا پی جانسون
دو فرد باتجربه از استون وال
STAR رو تاسیس کردند :
جنبش انقلابی دگرپوشان خیابانی
ترنسها به جنگ برای رفتار برابر
تحت نظر قانون ادامه دادند
حتی وقتی با میزان بیشتری از تبعیض،
بیکاری ، بازداشت و همه گیر شدن ایدز
مواجه شدند.
از زمانیکه ما وجود داشتهایم
نظام حاکم درصدد بوده تا ترنسها
رابه جرم اینکه میخواهند
زندگی خودشان را بکنند
ازحقوق خود محروم کند
این تصویر که در سال ۱۹۳۳ در برلین
گرفته شده است، اغلب درمتون تاریخی
ازاین تصویراستفاده میکنند تا نشان دهند
چگونه حزب نازی آثاری راکه
غیرآلمانی میپندارند ازبین میبرند.
اما آنچه که به ندرت به آن اشاره میشود
این است که این آثار شامل
کتابهای موسسه تحقیقات جنسیتی هم میشدند.
میبینید، من فقط درباره جنبش ترنسها
درآمریکا بطور خلاصه حرف میزنم.
اما مگنوس هیرچفلد و هم سنخانش در آلمان
باعث پیروزی ما در چند دهه شدند.
مگنوس هیرچفلد از اولین
طرفداران افراد دگرباش بود.
Korean:
1970년에 실비아 리베라와
마샤 피 존슨
스톤월의 두 용사들이
STAR(길거리 복장도착자
행동 혁명가들)을 설립했습니다.
트랜스젠더들은 법 아래 동등한
대우를 위해 계속 싸워왔고
더 높은 확률의 차별, 실업, 구속,
무시무시한 에이즈 확산에도
불구하고 이를 계속해 왔죠.
우리가 존재한 이래로
권력자들은 트랜스젠더들이
자신의 삶을 살아가려고 하는 데 대해
그 권리를 박탈하려고 해왔습니다.
1933년 베를린에서 찍은 이 영화는
종종 역사책에서
나치가 비독일적이라고 여긴 것들을
어떻게 불태웠는지 보여줍니다.
하지만 거의 언급되지 않는 것은
이 거대한 더미 안에는
성연구소의 연구들도
포함되어 있다는 것입니다.
방금 미국의 트랜스젠더
운동을 살펴보았는데
독일의 마그누스 허쉬펠드와
그의 동료들이
우리보다 몇십년 앞서 갔습니다.
마그누스 허쉬펠드는 초기
성소수자 옹호가였습니다.
Russian:
В 1970-м Сильвия Ривера
и Марша П. Джонсон,
два участника бунта в Stonewall Inn,
образовывали STAR, что значит «Уличная
трансвеститская акция революционеров».
Трансгендеры продолжали бороться
за равенство перед законом,
несмотря на увеличившуюся дискриминацию,
безработицу, аресты
и надвигающуюся эпидемию СПИДа.
Как только мы появились,
те, у кого была власть, стремились
лишить нас права голоса
за то, что мы хотели жить своей жизнью.
Этот кадр из кинохроники,
снятой в Берлине в 1933-м,
иногда используют в учебниках истории,
чтобы показать, как нацисты сжигали труды,
которые они признали антинемецкими.
Но редко упоминается,
что в этой огромной кипе
присутствуют работы
Института сексуальных наук.
Я только что кратко рассказал
о движении трансгендеров в Америке,
но Магнус Хиршфельд
и его коллеги в Германии
опередили нас на несколько десятилетий.
Магнус Хиршфельд одним из первых
начал защищать права ЛГБТ.
Romanian:
În 1970, Sylvia Rivera
și Marsha P. Johnson,
două veterane din Stonewall,
au înființat STAR: Street Transvestite
Action Revolutionaries.
Transexualii au continuat să lupte
pentru un tratament egal conform legii,
chiar dacă se confruntau cu niveluri
ridicate de discriminare,
șomaj, arestări și cu epidemia de SIDA.
În tot acest timp
cei aflați la putere au încercat
să descurajeze persoanele trans
să îndrăznească să trăiască așa cum vor.
Cadrul acestui film,
realizat la Berlin în 1933,
e uneori folosit în manualele de istorie
pentru a ilustra modul în care naziștii
au ars lucrări considerate non-germanice.
Dar nu e menționat faptul
că din această grămadă masivă
făceau parte și lucrări ale
Institutului de Cercetare Sexuală.
Tocmai v-am vorbit
despre mișcarea trans din America,
dar Magnus Hirschfeld
și colegii săi din Germania
ne-au întrecut cu câteva decenii.
Magnus Hirschfeld a fost printre
primii susținători ai drepturilor LGBT.
Hungarian:
1970-ben két stonewalli veterán,
Sylvia Rivera és Marsha P. Johnson,
megalapította az utcai transzvesztita
akció forradalmárok (STAR) szervezetét.
A transzneműek törvényes úton
harcoltak tovább az egyenlő bánásmódért,
annak dacára, hogy nagyobb
mértékű diszkriminációval,
munkanélküliséggel, bebörtönzéssel és
a fenyegető AIDS járvánnyal néztek szembe.
Mióta csak létezünk, a hatalmon lévők
jogfosztottá akarják
tenni a transzneműeket,
amiért merjük a saját életünket élni.
Ez a Berlinben készült állókép 1933-ból
néha előfordul a történelemkönyvekben
annak szemléltetésére, hogy a nácik
németellenesnek mondott műveket égettek.
De amit ritkán említenek
az az, hogy ezek között
a Szexuáltudományi Intézet
művei is szerepeltek.
Az imént az amerikai
transz mozgalomról esett szó,
a német Magnus Hirschfeld
és társai azonban
évtizedekkel megelőztek minket.
Magnus Hirschfeld az LMBT közösség
egyik első szószólója volt.
Arabic:
في عام 1970،
سيلفيا ريفارا ومارشا بي جونسون،
وهما من قدامى المحاربين من ستونوول،
اللتان قامتا بتأسيس منظمة ستار: ستريت
ترانسفيستات أكشن ريفولوشنريز.
يواصل المتحولون جنسيًا الكفاح
من أجل المساواة في المعاملة بموجب القانون،
حتى ولو واجهوا معدلات أعلى من التمييز
والبطالة والاعتقال وظهور وباء الإيدز.
منذ تواجدنا،
حاول أصحاب النفوذ السعي
إلى حرمان الأشخاص المتحولين من حقوقهم
لأننا أردنا أن نحيا حياتنا كما نرضاها.
لا تزال هذه الصورة الحية،
التي حدثت في برلين عام 1933،
تُستخدم أحيانًا في مناهج التاريخ
لشرح كيف قام النازيون بحرق الأعمال
التي اعتبروها غير ألمانية.
ولكن ما يندر ذكره هو أن ما تم احتواؤه
في هذه الكومة الضخمة
هي أعمال من معهد البحوث الجنسية.
لقد قمت للتو بإيجاز حركة المتحولين
في أمريكا،
لكن ماغنوس هيرشفلد وأقرانه في ألمانيا
سبقونا ببضعة عقود.
كان ماغنوس هيرشللد من أوائل المناصرين
لمجتمع المثليين.
Italian:
Nel 1970, Sylvia Rivera
e Marsha P. Johnson,
due veterane di Stonewall,
fondarono la STAR: Street Transvestite
Action Revolutionaries.
I trans continuarono a lottare
secondo il diritto per un trattamento equo
anche se subivano
alti livelli di discriminazione,
disoccupazione, arresti,
e l'incombente epidemia di AIDS.
Fin da quando siamo in giro,
chi è al potere ha sempre cercato
di privare dei diritti la gente trans
perché osa vivere vite che sono nostre.
Il fotogramma di questo film,
girato Berlino nel 1933,
alle volte viene usato nei libri di storia
per illustrare come i Nazisti bruciavano
lavori considerati non germanici.
Ma quello che viene raramente ricordato
è che in questo enorme mucchio
c'erano lavori dell'Istituto
delle Ricerche sul Sesso.
Vedete, vi ho appena parlato
del movimento trans in America,
ma Magnus Hirschfeld
e i suoi colleghi in Germania
ci hanno battuti di alcune decine di anni.
Magnus Hirschfeld era uno dei primi
sostenitori per la difesa dei diritti LGBT
iw:
בשנת 1970, סילביה ריברה
ומרשה פ. ג'ונסון,
שתי ותיקות של סטונוול,
הקימו את סטאר: קבוצת מהפכנים
של טרנסווסטים ברחובות.
טרנסג'נדרים ממשיכים להילחם
למען שוויון זכויות תחת החוק,
אפילו כשהם חווים רמות גבוהות
של אפליה,
אבטלה, מעצרים,
ומגפת האיידס העולמית.
במשך כל קיומנו,
בעלי הכוח חיפשו
להתעמר בטרנסג'נדרים
על כך שהעזו לחיות את החיים שלהם.
התמונה הזו מתוך סרט,
שצולמה בברלין בשנת 1933,
עדיין מוצגת לעתים בספרי היסטוריה
בכדי להציג איך הנאצים שרפו
עבודות שהם החשיבו כלא-גרמניות.
אבל מה שמספרים רק לעתים רחוקות
והוא שזה הכיל ערמה עצומה
של עבודות מהמכון
לחקר המיניות.
רואים, אני הצגתי רק את
התנועה הטרנסית באמריקה,
אבל מגנוס הירשפילד
ועמיתיו בגרמניה
הקדימו אותנו בכמה עשורים.
מגנוס הירשפילד היה
פעיל מוקדם למען הלהט"ב.
Chinese:
1970 年，希薇亞里維拉
和馬爾沙 P. 約翰遜，
石牆暴動的兩位退役活動者，
建立了「STAR」：
街頭跨性別行動革命。
跨性別者持續為了在法律上
取得平等對待而戰，
即使他們面對更多的歧視、
更高的失業率、更多人被逮捕，
以及迫在眉睫的愛滋病流行。
從我們存在以來，
當權者就在想辦法
剝奪跨性別者的公民權，
只因為我們敢過著
屬於我們自己的生活。
這張照片是 1933 年在柏林拍攝的，
有時會被歷史教科書收錄，
用來描繪納粹如何燒毀
他們認為非德國的著作。
但很少會有人提到，
被焚燒掉的還包括大量
來自性別研究中心的著作。
我只是重述了美國的跨性別運動，
但馬格努斯赫希菲爾德
和他在德國的同輩
比我們還早了幾十年。
馬格努斯赫希菲爾德是
LGBT 族群的早期擁護者。
Kurdish:
له ١٩٧٠، سیلفیا رێفیرا و مارشا جونسون،
دوو سەرباز لە ستۆنوۆڵ بوون،
ئەستێرەیان دامەزراند: ستریت
تراسنڤێتی ئاکشن ڕیڤلوشنەریس
هاوڕەگەزبازەکان بەردەوام بوون له تێکۆشان
یەکسان جێبەجێ کردنی یاساکان،
سەڕەرای ئەوەی زیاتر
ڕووبەڕووی جیاکاری دەبوونەوە،
بێئیشی، گرتن، تۆمەت هەڵبەستنی
ئایدز بۆ هاوڕەگەزخوازەکان.
لەوەتەی ئێمە هەین،
دەسەڵاتدارەکان هەموو هەوڵێک دەدەن
بۆ دورخستنەوە و پشتگوێ خستنمان
بەهۆی ئەوەی کە بەم شێوەیە
دەژین کە خۆمان دەمانەوێت.
ئەم وێنه جووڵاوەی ئێستا
لە بەرلین له ١٩٣٣دا گیراوه،
که هەندێک جار له
دەقی مێژوویدا بەکاردێت،
کە نازیەکان چۆن ئەو کارانەیان
دەسوتاندن کە بە نائەڵمانی ئەژمار دەکران.
بەڵام ئەوەی کە باس ناکرێت سوتانی
ئەم توێژینەوە قەبانەیەیە کە لە لایەن
سەنتەری توێژینەوەی
سێکسیەوە ئەنجامدراون.
ئەمە پوختەیەک لە جووڵانەوەی
هاوڕەگەزبازەکانی ئەمریکام باس کرد،
بەڵام، ماگنوس هێرشفیلد
و هاوڕێکانی له ئەڵمانیا
چەند سەدەیەک پێش ئێمە بوون،
ماگنوس هێرشفیلد له داکۆکیکارە
یەکەمەکان بوو بۆ کەسانی هاورەگەزباز.
French:
En 1970, Sylvia Rivera
et Marsha P. Johnson,
deux vétéranes de Stonewall,
ont établi STAR : Street Transvestite
Action Revolutionaries.
Les gens trans ont continué à se battre
pour un traitement égal devant la loi,
même face à des taux plus élevés
de discrimination,
de chômage et d'arrestations
et l'imminente épidémie du SIDA.
Depuis qu'ils sont là,
ceux au pouvoir ont cherché
à priver les trans de leurs droits
pour oser vivre les vies
qui sont les nôtres.
Cette image, prise à Berlin en 1933,
est utilisée dans des manuels d'histoire
pour illustrer comment les nazis ont brûlé
des œuvres considérées anti-allemandes.
Ce que l'on évoque rarement
est que dans cette pile massive,
il y a des œuvres de l'institut
de la recherche sur la sexualité.
Je viens de récapituler
le mouvement trans en Amérique
mais Magnus Hirschfeld
et ses pairs en Allemagne
nous ont devancés de quelques décennies.
Magnus Hirschfeld était un des premiers
défenseurs des droits des gens LGBT.
Spanish:
En 1970, Sylvia Rivera
y Marsha P. Johnson,
dos veteranas de Stonewall,
crearon STAR: Street Transvestite
Action Revolutionaries.
Los transexuales siguieron peleando
por la igualdad de trato ante la ley,
a pesar de enfrentarse
a mayores tasas de discriminación,
desempleo, arrestos
y una epidemia de sida inminente.
Durante todo el tiempo
que llevamos existiendo,
los de arriba han tratado de privar
de sus derechos a los transexuales
por atreverse a vivir sus propias vidas.
Esta imagen, sacada
en Berlín en 1933, todavía
se usa en ocasiones
en los libros de texto de historia
para explicar cómo quemaron los nazis
las obras que no consideran alemanas.
Pero algo de lo que apenas se habla
es que, en este enorme montón,
se incluyen trabajos del
Instituto para la Ciencia Sexual.
Como ven, he recapitulado
el movimiento trans en EE.UU.,
pero Magnus Hirschfeld
y sus compañeros alemanes
se nos adelantaron unas décadas.
Magnus Hirschfeld defendió
desde un primer momento al colectivo LGBT.
Turkish:
1970'de Stonewall'un gazileri
Sylvia Rivera ve Marsha P. Johnson
STAR: Street Transvestite
Action Revolutionaries'i kurdular.
Trans bireyler artan ayrımcılığa,
işsizliğe, göz altına alınmaya
ve yüksek miktarda AIDS salgınıyla
karşı karşıya olmalarına rağmen
yasalar kapsamında
eşitlik için savaşmaya devam ettiler.
Etrafta bulunduğumuz süre boyunca
iktidardaki insanlar bizim olan hayatları
yaşamaya cesaret eden trans insanları
hayatlarından mahrum etmeye çalıştılar.
1933'de Berlin'de çekilen bu sinema filmi
hâlâ tarih ders kitaplarında
Nazilerin Alman olmadıklarını
varsaydıkları eserleri nasıl yaktıklarını
örneklemek için
zaman zaman kullanılıyor.
Ancak nadiren bahsedilen,
bu dev yığına dahil edilenlerin arasında
Cinsel Araştırma Enstitüsü'nün
eserlerinin olmasıdır.
Bakınız, daha az önce Amerika'daki
trans hareketinden bahsettim
fakat Magnus Hirschfeld
ve Almanya'daki arkadaşları
onlarca yıl bizim kazanmamızı sağladı.
Magnus Hirschfels
LGBT toplumunun ilk avukatıydı.
Portuguese:
Em 1970, Sylvia Rivera
e Marsha P. Johnson,
dois veteranos de Stonewall,
fundaram a STAR: Revolucionários
de Ação de Travestis da Rua.
Os transexuais continuaram a lutar
por um tratamento igual, perante a lei,
mesmo quando enfrentavam
taxas mais altas de discriminação,
desemprego, detenções,
e o espectro da epidemia da SIDA.
Desde que nos conhecemos,
os que estão no poder tentaram
privar de direitos os transexuais
por ousarmos viver a vida
que é a nossa.
Este filme feito em Berlim, em 1933,
é usado muitas vezes
nos manuais de História
para ilustrar como os nazis queimaram
obras que consideravam anti alemãs.
Mas o que raras vezes se refere
é que, naquela enorme pilha,
havia obras do Instituto
de Investigação Sexual.
Vejam, eu acabo de resumir
o movimento transexual nos EUA,
mas Magnus Hirschfeld
e os seus pares, na Alemanha
ultrapassaram-nos nalgumas décadas.
Magnus Hirschfeld foi um dos primeiros
defensores das pessoas LGBT.
English:
In 1970, Sylvia Rivera
and Marsha P. Johnson,
two veterans of Stonewall,
established STAR: Street Transvestite
Action Revolutionaries.
Trans people continued to fight
for equal treatment under the law,
even as they faced
higher rates of discrimination,
unemployment, arrests,
and the looming AIDS epidemic.
For as long as we've been around,
those in power have sought
to disenfranchise trans people
for daring to live lives that are ours.
This motion picture still,
taken in Berlin in 1933,
is sometimes used in history textbooks
to illustrate how the Nazis burned works
they considered un-German.
But what's rarely mentioned
is that included in this massive pile
are works from the Institute
for Sexual Research.
See, I just recapped
the trans movement in America,
but Magnus Hirschfeld
and his peers in Germany
had us beat by a few decades.
Magnus Hirschfeld was
an early advocate for LGBT people.
Macedonian:
Во 1970, Силвија Ривера и Марша П. Џонсон,
двете ветаранки на Стоунвол,
ја основаа СТАР: активисти револуционери
на улични травестити.
Транс луѓето продолжија со својата борба
за еднакви права пред законот
иако се соочуваа со уште
поголема дискриминација,
невработеност, притвори
и заканувачката епидемија на СИДА.
Цело време додека нè има,
моќниците ги оневозможуваа
правата на транс луѓето
кои се обидуваа да
го живеат својот живот.
Овие снимки во Берлин во 1933,
понекогаш ги има
во историските читанки
за да се прикаже како германците
палеле книги кои не биле германски.
Но, ретко се спомнува дека
во купиштата книги
биле делата на Институтот
за сексуални истражувања.
Ви дадов кус приказ на транс
движењето во Америка,
но Магнус Хиршфелд
и неговите соработници
беа децении пред нас.
Магнус Хиршфилд е еден од првите
поборници за луѓето од ЛГБТ заедниците.
Ukrainian:
У 1970-му Сильвія Рівера
та Марша П. Джонсон,
учасниці бунту в барі Cтоунволл,
заснували STAR, «Вуличну Акцію
Трансвеститів-Революціонерів».
Трансгендерні люди продовжували боротися
за рівність перед законом,
незважаючи на дискримінацію,
безробіття, арешти та епідемію СНІДу.
Із того часу, як ми з‘явилися,
ті, у кого була влада, намагалися
позбавити прав трансгендерних людей
за те, що ми хотіли жити своїм життям.
Цей кадр із кінофільму,
знятого в Берліні в 1933-му,
іноді використовується
в підручниках з історії,
щоб показати, як нацисти спалювали праці,
які вони признали антинімецькими.
Але рідко згадується,
що в цій величезній купі
були присутні роботи
Інституту сексуальних наук.
Я тільки що коротко розповів про рух
трансгендерних людей в Америці,
але Магнус Хіршфельд
і його колеги в Німеччині
випередили нас на декілька десятиліть.
Магнус Хіршфельд одним із перших
почав захищати права ЛГБТ.
Chinese:
1970年，参加过Stonewall维权运动的
Sylvia Pivera和Marsha P. Johnson
成立了STAR组织：
跨性者行动革命街头组织。
跨性别者继续争取法律平等待遇，
即使他们面临更多歧视、失业、
被捕，
还有艾滋病流行的阴影。
只要我们一直存在，
那些当权者就想方设法
剥夺跨性别者的生活权利，
不让我们过上我们想要的生活。
这部电影1933年拍摄于柏林，
有时还出现在历史教科书中，
告诉人们纳粹是如何烧毁
他们认为没有“德国品质”的作品。
却鲜有提及的是，
这一大堆作品中
还包含性别研究机构的成果。
我剛才回顾的是
美国的跨性别者运动，
而Magnus Hirschfeld
和他的德国同行
则领先我们几十年。
Magnus Hirschfeld是为LGBT
人群争取权益的早期倡导者。
Polish:
W roku 1970, Sylvia Rivera
i Marsha P. Johnson,
dwie weteranki ze Stonewall,
założyły STAR: Street Transvestite
Action Revolutionaries.
Osoby transpłciowe kontynuowały zmagania
o równość w oczach prawa,
pomimo coraz większej dyskryminacji,
zwolnień z pracy, aresztowań
i rozwijającej się epidemii AIDS.
Odkąd istniejemy,
ci u władzy próbowali pozbawić nas
praw obywatelskich
za naszą czelność życia po swojemu.
Ten fotos z filmu nakręconego
w Berlinie w roku 1933
jest czasem wykorzystywany
w podręcznikach do historii,
żeby pokazać, że naziści palili
książki i materiały "nieniemieckie".
Ale rzadko wspomina się, że w tym stosie
są materiały z Instytutu
Nauk Seksuologicznych.
Streściłem historię
ruchu osób transpłciowych w Ameryce,
jednak w Niemczech Magnus Hirschfeld
i jego współpracownicy
wyprzedzili nas o kilkadziesiąt lat.
Magnus Hirschfeld to jeden z pierwszych
działaczy na rzecz praw LGBT.
Japanese:
1970年 シルビア・リベラと
マーシャ・P・ジョンソンという
２人のストーンウォールの活動家が
STAR: Street Transvestite Action
Revolutionaries を設立しました
法の下での平等を求めて
トランスの人々は戦い続けました
それによって
差別に遭う頻度が高まり
解雇や逮捕 エイズの流行に
直面しても負けませんでした
トランスが存在して以来ずっと
権力者達は自分の人生を謳歌する
トランスの人々から
権利を奪おうとしてきました
1933年にベルリンで撮影された
この写真はいまだに
歴史の教科書に登場しては
ナチスが反ドイツ的だと判断した
作品を焼却した証拠だとされます
しかし その資料の中には
あまり知られていないことですが
性科学研究所の資料が
多く含まれていました
私はアメリカにおける
トランスの運動をまとめましたが
ドイツのマグヌス・ヒルシュフェルトらは
何十年も前に
先を行っていたのです
マグヌス・ヒルシュフェルトは
LGBTの道を開いた人物の１人です
Catalan:
El 1970, Sylvia Rivera
i Marsha P. Johnson,
dues veteranes de Stonewall,
van crear STAR: Street Transvestite
Action Revolutionaries.
Les persones trans lluitaven per
un tracte igualitari segons la llei,
fins i tot quan s'enfrontaven
a taxes més altes de discriminació,
atur, detencions
i l'epidèmia de sida que apareixia.
Des que estem en aquest món,
els poderosos han buscat
marginar a les persones trans
per atrevir-nos a viure vides
que són nostres.
Aquesta imatge
feta a Berlín el 1933,
encara s'utilitza de vegades
en els llibres d'història
per il·lustrar com els nazis cremaven
obres que consideraven no alemanyes.
Però el que poc s'esmenta és que
en aquesta gran pila s'inclouen
les obres de
l'Institut d'Investigació Sexual.
Mireu, jo he recapitulat el moviment
trans a Amèrica,
però Magnus Hirschfeld
i els seus companys d'Alemanya
ens guanyen per unes dècades.
Magnus Hirschfeld va ser un dels primers
defensors de les persones LGBT.
Vietnamese:
Năm 1970, Sylvia Rivera
và Marsha P. Johnson,
hai người từng tham gia
vụ Stonewall,
lập nhóm STAR: Những Nhà Cách Mạng
Hành Động Chuyển Giới Đường Phố.
Người chuyển giới tiếp tục đấu tranh
để được bình đẳng trước pháp luật,
cho dù họ vẫn đối diện
với phân biệt đối xử tệ hại,
thất nghiệp, bắt bớ,
và bệnh dịch AIDS tràn lan.
Kể từ khi người chuyển giới hiện diện,
người có thế lực
đã tìm cách tước quyền của chúng tôi
vì đã dám sống
cuộc sống của mình.
Bức hình này
được chụp ở Berlin năm 1933,
đôi khi được sử dụng
trong sách lịch sử
để minh hoạ việc Phát Xít đốt bỏ
những nghiên cứu không phải của Đức.
Nhưng điều ít được nhắc đến
đó là trong đống đổ nát đó
là các nghiên cứu từ
Học viện Nghiên cứu Giới tính.
Các bạn thấy đấy, tôi vừa tóm tắt
phong trào chuyển giới ở Mỹ,
nhưng Magnus Hirschfeld
và đồng nghiệp ở Đức
đã làm trước tôi
hàng thập kỉ.
Magnus Hirschfeld là người
sớm ủng hộ cộng đồng LGBT.
Catalan:
Va escriure el primer llibre
sobre persones trans.
Els va ajudar a obtenir serveis mèdics
i carnets d'identitat.
Va treballar amb la policia de Berlín
per acabar amb la discriminació
de persones LGBT
i les va contractar a l'Institut.
Quan el partit nazi va cremar
la seva biblioteca,
va tenir implicacions terribles
per a la recerca trans de tot el món.
Aquest va ser un intent deliberat
d’eliminar les persones trans,
i no va ser ni el primer ni l’últim.
Així que quan em pregunten
per què les persones trans
de sobte estan a tot arreu,
només vull dir que
hem estat sempre aquí.
Cal explicar aquestes històries,
juntament amb altres innombrables
que el temps ha enterrat.
No només no s'han celebrat les nostres
vides, s'han oblidat les nostres lluites
i, sí, per a alguns, els temes trans
poden semblar nous.
Avui em trobo amb molts
que pensen que el nostre moviment
és només una fase que passarà,
però també sento aliats ben intencionats
que ens demanen tenir paciència,
perquè el nostre moviment
és "encara nou".
Imagineu-vos com canviaria la conversa
si sabéssim el temps que fa que les
persones trans exigeixen igualtat.
Encara estem exagerant?
Italian:
Ha scritto il primo libro
sui transessuali.
Li ha aiutati ad ottenere
aiuti medici e identità.
Lavorava con la polizia di Berlino
per eliminare la discriminazione
verso i LGBT,
e li assumeva nel proprio Istituto.
Per cui, quando i nazisti
hanno bruciato la sua biblioteca,
ci sono state implicazione devastanti
per la ricerca sui trans nel mondo.
Questo è stato un gesto deliberato
per cancellare i trans.
e non era né il primo né l'ultimo.
Per cui quando mi chiedono perché
all'improvviso i trans sono ovunque,
voglio solo dire che
ci siamo sempre stati.
Queste storie devono essere raccontate,
assieme alle altre che sono
già state sepolte dal tempo.
Non solo le nostre vite non sono state
celebrate, ma i nostri sforzi dimenticati
e, si, per alcuni questo rende nuova
la questione dei trans.
Oggi incontro molte persone
che credono che il movimento
sia solo una fase passeggera,
ma sento anche gente di buone intenzioni
che ci dicono di pazientare,
perché il nostro movimento
è "ancora nuovo".
Immaginate come cambierebbe
la conversazione
se sapessero da quanto i trans
stanno chiedendo pari diritti.
Stiamo reagendo in modo esagerato?
Polish:
Napisał pierwszą książkę
o osobach transpłciowych.
Pomagał im otrzymać pomoc medyczną
i odpowiednie dokumenty.
We współpracy z berlińską policją
starał się zakończyć
dyskryminację osób LGBT
i dawał im pracę w Instytucie.
Dlatego zniszczenie jego biblioteki
przez partię nazistowską
miało druzgocące skutki dla światowych
badań nad transpłciowością.
Była to świadoma próba wymazania
transpłciowości z kart historii,
ani pierwsza, ani ostatnia.
Więc kiedy słyszę pytanie,
czemu tak nagle głośno o "tych transach",
mówię, że w rzeczywistości
jesteśmy tu od zawsze.
Trzeba powtarzać te opowieści,
tak jak niezliczone inne,
o których historia zapomniała.
Nasze istnienie nie mogło wybrzmieć,
a nasza walka została zapomniana,
dlatego sprawy osób transpłciowych
mogą wydawać się nowością.
Często spotykam osoby,
które uważają, że nasz ruch
to przejściowa moda, która zniknie,
ale także sojuszników LGBT,
którzy w dobrej wierze radzą cierpliwość,
bo przecież ten ruch
"to nadal coś nowego".
Wyobraźcie sobie,
jak odmieniła by się ta rozmowa,
jeśli mielibyśmy świadomość, jak długo już
osoby transpłciowe żądają równości.
Ciągle byłaby to "przesada"
z naszej strony?
English:
He wrote the first book-length account
of trans individuals.
He helped them obtain
medical services and IDs.
He worked with
the Berlin Police Department
to end discrimination of LGBT people,
and he hired them at the Institute.
So when the Nazi Party burned his library,
it had devastating implications
for trans research around the world.
This was a deliberate attempt
to erase trans people,
and it was neither the first nor the last.
So whenever people ask me
why trans people are suddenly everywhere,
I just want to tell them
that we've been here.
These stories have to be told,
along with the countless others
that have been buried by time.
Not only were our lives not celebrated,
but our struggles have been forgotten
and, yeah, to some people,
that makes trans issues seem new.
Today, I meet a lot of people
who think that our movement
is just a phase that will pass,
but I also hear well-intentioned allies
telling us all to be patient,
because our movement is "still new."
Imagine how the conversation would shift
if we acknowledge just how long
trans people have been demanding equality.
Are we still overreacting?
Spanish:
Escribió el primer relato completo
sobre personas transexuales.
Les ayudó a conseguir
atención médica y documentos de identidad.
Trabajó con el departamento
de policía de Berlín
para acabar con la discriminación
contra el colectivo LGBT
y contrató a gente
de este último en el instituto.
Cuando los nazis quemaron su biblioteca,
esto supuso consecuencias devastadoras
para la investigación trans en el mundo.
Se trataba de un intento deliberado
de hacer desaparecer a los transexuales
y no fue ni el primero ni el último.
Por eso, cuando me preguntan por qué,
de repente, hay transexuales por doquier,
solo les digo que siempre
hemos estado aquí.
Deben contarse estas historias
junto con todas aquellas que
han sido enterradas con el tiempo.
No solo no se celebraron nuestras vidas,
sino que nuestra lucha se ha olvidado
y sí, para alguna gente, eso hace
que los temas trans parezcan algo nuevo.
Hoy día, me encuentro con mucha gente
que cree que nuestro movimiento
solo es una fase que pasará,
pero también oigo a aliados de buena fe
que nos aconsejan tener paciencia
porque nuestro movimiento "aún es nuevo".
Imagínense cómo cambiaría la conversación
si reconociéramos el tiempo que han estado
los transexuales exigiendo igualdad.
¿Seguimos exagerando?
Japanese:
彼はトランスの人々について
初めて著作を書き
トランスの人々が身分証を持ち
医療行為を受ける手助けをしました
マグヌスはベルリン警察と協力し
LGBTへの差別の撤廃に努め
自身の研究所で彼らを雇いました
なので ナチス党が
彼の資料を燃やしたことは
世界的なトランス研究の
大きな後退を意味しました
トランスの人々を消し去ろうという
このような計画的な試みは
かねてから見られたもので
最後でもありませんでした
よく トランスの人々が突然
世に出てきたのは なぜか聞かれますが
私達はずっとここにいたのです
こうした物語は
時間の波に埋もれた数々の物語とともに
語られるべきです
私達の存在が認められないばかりか
苦しみが忘れ去られており
このために トランスにまつわる話題が
目新しく見える人がいるのです
トランスの活動を
ただの流行り物だと考える人に
たくさん会いますが
全く悪意なく 辛抱するようにと
諭してくるアライもいます
この活動は「まだ新しい」から と
どれだけ長い間 トランスの人々が
平等を求めてきたかを認識できたら
対話がどう変わるか想像してください
過剰反応だとお思いですか？
iw:
הוא כתב את הדו"ח הארוך הראשון
על מספר טרנסג'נדרים.
הוא עזר להם לקבל
שירותים רפואיים ותעודות מזהות.
הוא עבד עם משטרת ברלין
בכדי לסיים את האפליה
כנגד להט"בים,
והוא העסיק אותם במכון.
אז ברגע שהמפלגה הנאצית
שרפה את הספרייה שלו,
היו לכך השפעות הרסניות
למחקר הטרנסג'נדרי ברחבי העולם.
זה היה ניסיון מכוון
למחוק אנשים טרנסג'נדרים,
וזה לא היה הראשון או האחרון.
אז בכל פעם שאנשים שואלים אותי
למה טרנסים לפתע נמצאים בכל מקום,
אני רק רוצה לספר להם
שהיינו כאן.
את הסיפורים הללו
צריך לספר,
יחד עם רבים אחרים
שנקברו עם הזמן.
לא רק שלא חגגו את חיינו,
אך המאבקים שלנו נשכחו
וכן, לכמה אנשים
זה נראה שבעיות הטרנסים הן חדשות.
כיום, אני פוגש אנשים רבים
שחושבים שהתנועה שלנו
היא רק שלב שיעבור,
אבל אני גם שומע בני ברית עם כוונות טובות
שאומרים לנו להיות סבלניים,
בגלל שהתנועה שלנו "עדיין חדשה".
דמיינו לכם איך השיחה תשתנה
אם רק נכיר בזמן הארוך הזה
שבו טרנסים דורשים שוויון.
אנחנו עדיין מגזימים?
Arabic:
كتب كتابه الأول الكامل مراعيًا
الأفراد المتحولين.
ساعدهم في الحصول على الخدمات الطبية
والهويات الشخصية.
عمل مع دائرة الشرطة في برلين
لإنهاء التمييز ضد الأشخاص المثليين.
ووظفهم في المعهد.
لذلك، عندما حرق الحزب النازي مكتبته،
كان لهذا آثار مؤلمة على البحوث
بشأن المتحولين حول العالم.
كانت هذه محاولة مقصودة
للقضاء على المتحولين،
ولم تكن الأولى ولا الأخيرة.
فكلما يسألني الناس لماذا يوجد الأشخاص
المتحولون جنسيًا فجأةً في كل مكان؟
أريد فقط أن أخبرهم أننا كنا هنا.
يجبُ رواية هذه القصص،
بجانب القصص الأخرى التي لا تحصى
والتي دُفنت مع مرور الوقت.
لم يقتصر الأمر على عدم الاحتفاء بحياتنا،
ولكن نُسيت صراعاتنا
ونعم، بالنسبة إلى البعض،
تبدو قضايا المتحولين جديدة.
اليوم، أقابلُ الكثير من الناس الذين
يعتقدون أن حركتنا
هي مجرد مرحلة وستختفي،
لكن أسمع أيضًا مناصرين ذوي نوايا حسنة
يخبروننا أن نكون صبورين،
لأن حركتنا لا تزال جديدة.
تخيلوا كيف سيتحول مجرى الحديث
إذا عرفنا فقط كم من الوقت
قد طالب المتحولون جنسيًا بالمساواة.
Russian:
Он написал первый серьёзный труд
о трансгендерах.
Он помогал им получать
медицинские услуги и документы.
Он сотрудничал с полицией Берлина,
желая прекратить дискриминацию
представителей ЛГБТ,
которых он нанимал на работу в институте.
Когда нацисты сожгли его библиотеку —
для мировых исследований трансгендерности
последствия были губительными.
Это была умышленная попытка
избавиться от трансгендеров,
и это был не первый и не последний раз.
И когда меня спрашиавают,
почему трансы внезапно оказались везде,
я всегда отвечаю, что мы здесь уже давно.
Эти истории следует рассказывать,
как и множество других,
которые затерялись во времени.
Наши жизни не ценились,
и наша борьба была забыта.
Поэтому некоторым кажется,
что проблема трансгендеров нова.
Я встречаю многих,
кто думает, что наше движение
является лишь временным этапом.
Но ещё я слышу искренних союзников,
говорящих нам быть терпеливыми,
так как наше движение «всё ещё новое».
Представьте себе, как изменится диалог,
если мы осознаем, насколько давно
трансгендеры требуют равенства.
Мы слишком остро реагируем?
Korean:
그는 처음으로 트랜스젠더 개인들에 대한
책이라고 할 만한 것을 썼습니다.
그들이 의료 서비스와 신분증을
받도록 도와주었죠.
그는 베를린 경찰국과 함께
성소수자들에 대한
차별을 없애기 위해 일했고
그들을 연구소에 고용했습니다.
나치당이 그의 도서관을 불태웠을 때
전세계 트랜스젠더 연구에
큰 타격을 주었죠.
이는 트랜스젠더들을 지워버리려는
고의적인 시도였고
처음도 마지막도 아니었습니다.
그래서 사람들이 갑자기 트랜스젠더들이
도처에 있냐고 물을 때 마다
제가 말하고 싶은 것은
우린 늘 여기 있었다는 것입니다.
이 이야기들이 전해져야 합니다.
시간에 묻힌 다른 많은 것들과 함께요.
우리의 생이 축복받지 못했을 뿐 아니라
우리의 투쟁 또한 잊혀졌습니다.
이런 점이 일부 사람들에게는 트랜스젠더
이슈가 새로운 것처럼 보이게 하겠죠.
오늘날 제가 만나는
많은 사람들은 우리의 운동이
지나갈 유행에 불과하다고 생각합니다.
하지만 우리에게 인내를 가지라고 하는
좋은 의도를 가진 동지들도 있습니다.
왜냐하면 우리의 운동은
“아직도 새로운 것”이기 때문입니다.
대화가 어떻게 바뀔지 상상해 보세요.
우리가 트랜스젠더들이 얼마나 오래
평등을 요구해왔는지를 인정하면요.
우리는 아직도 과민반응하는 것일까요?
Romanian:
A scris prima carte despre transsexuali.
I-a ajutat să obțină
servicii medicale și acte.
A colaborat cu poliția din Berlin
pentru eliminarea discriminării
persoanele LGBT,
pe care le angaja în propriul institut.
Atunci când naziștii i-au ars biblioteca,
s-au produs consecințe devastatoare
privind cercetarea asupra transsexualilor.
A fost un gest deliberat cu scopul
de a elimina transsexualii.
Nu a fost nici primul, nici ultimul.
Atunci când sunt întrebat de ce
dintr-o dată transsexuali sunt peste tot,
le răspund că am fost aici dintotdeauna.
Aceste povești trebuie spuse,
împreună cu cele care au fost deja
îngropate de timp.
Viețile noastre nu au fost respectate
și eforturile noastre au fost uitate
și din cauza asta subiectul legat
de transsexuali poate părea unul nou.
Întâlnesc mulți oameni care cred
că această mișcare
este doar una trecătoare,
dar sunt și oameni cu bune intenții
care ne îndeamnă să avem răbdare
pentru că mișcarea noastră
este „încă nouă”.
Imaginați-vă cum s-ar schimba discuția
dacă ar ști de când transsexualii
luptă pentru a avea drepturi egale.
Reacționăm în mod exagerat?
Ukrainian:
Він написав першу велику роботу
про трансгендерних людей.
Він допомагав їм отримувати
медичні послуги і документи.
Він співпрацював із поліцією Берліну,
щоб зупинити дискримінацію
представників ЛГБТ,
яких він наймав на роботу в Інституті.
Коли нацисти спалили його бібліотеку,
наслідки для світових досліджень
трансгендерності були жахливими.
Це була навмисна спроба
позбутися трансгендерних людей,
і це було не вперше, і не востаннє.
Коли мене запитують, чому трансгендери
несподівано з‘явились усюди,
я завжди відповідаю, що ми тут вже давно.
Ці історії потрібно розповідати,
як і багато інших,
які втратились із часом.
Наші життя не цінилися,
і наша боротьба була забута,
тому людям може здаватися, що проблема
трансгендерних людей нова.
Я зустрічаю багато людей,
які вважають наш рух
лише тимчасовим етапом.
Але також я часто зустрічаю союзників,
які говорять нам бути терплячими,
бо наш рух «все ще новий».
Уявіть, як зміниться діалог,
якщо ми усвідомимо, наскільки давно
трансгендерні люди борються за рівність.
Ми занадто емоційно реагуємо?
Hindi:
उन्होंने ट्रांस व्यक्तियों पर
पहला इतिवृत्त लिखा।
चिकित्सा सेवाएं, आई.डी.
प्राप्त करने में उनकी मदद की।
ओर बर्लिन पुलिस के साथ एलजीबीटी लोगों पर
असहनीयता समाप्त करने के लिए काम किया,
और एलजीबीटी लोगों को
संस्थान में काम दिया।
इसलिए जब नाज़ी पार्टी ने उनका
पुस्तकालय जलाया,
ट्रांस अनुसंधान के लिए इस घटना
विनाशकारी साबित हुए।
यह एक जान-बूझकर किया हुआ प्रयास था
ट्रांस लोगों को मिटाने का
और यह न तो पहला था और न ही आखिरी।
इसलिए जब भी लोग मुझसे पूछते हैं
ट्रांस लोग अचानक हर जगह क्यों हैं,
मैं बताना चाहता हूं कि,
हम यहाँ हमेशा से थे।
इन कहानियों को बताना चाहिये,
अनगिनत दूसरे कहानियों के साथ
जो समय के साथ दफन हो गए हैं।
न केवल हमारे जीवन को कोई प्रामुख्यता
मिलि, हमारे संघर्षों को भी भुलाया गया हैं
और, इसलिए कुछ लोगों कों,
ट्रांस मुद्दे नये लगते हैं।
मैं बहुत से लोगों से मिलता हूं
जो सोचते हैं कि हमारा आंदोलन
बस एक चरण है जो गुजर जाएगा,
और हमारे कुछ सुविचारित सहयोगी हमे
धैर्य रखने के लिए कहते है,
क्योंकि हमारा आंदोलन "अभी भी नया है।"
सोचो यह विचारधारा कैसे
पलठ जायेगी
अगर हम स्वीकार करते हैं कि ट्रांस लोगों
की समानता की मांग बहुत पुरानी हैं।
क्या हमारी सोच अत्यधिक है?
Chinese:
第一部篇幅長如書籍的
跨性別人物報告即出自他。
他協助跨性別者取得
醫療服務以及身分。
他和柏林警局合作推動
終結對 LGBT 族群的歧視，
他還在該中心僱用這些人。
所以，他的圖書館被納粹黨燒毀，
代表著全世界的跨性別研究
受到很大的傷害。
這是刻意在嘗試將跨性別者抹滅，
這不是第一次發生，
也不會是最後一次。
所以，每當有人問我，
為什麼突然間到處都是跨性別者，
我只想告訴他們，
我們一直都在這裡。
這些故事必須被說出來，
還有其他無數被時間
掩捚掉的故事也一樣。
不僅我們的生命沒有被讚頌過，
連我們的掙扎也被遺忘了，
是的，對某些人來說，
跨性別議題因此似乎是新議題。
現今，我遇過的很多人
都認為我們的運動
只是一個階段，將來就會過去，
但我也聽到出於善意的盟友
告訴我們大家都要有耐心，
因為我們的運動「仍然很新」。
想像一下，如果我們能夠承認
跨性別者索求平等已有多長的時間，
談話會有怎麼樣的轉變？
我們的行為仍像反應過度嗎？
Hungarian:
Ő írta az első leghosszabb
beszámolót a transzneműekről.
Orvosi ellátáshoz és személyi
igazolványhoz juttatta őket.
Együtt dolgozott a Berlini Rendőrséggel
az LMBT közösség diszkriminációja ellen,
és alkalmazta őket intézeténél.
Amikor a nácik felégették a könyvtárát,
az nagyban visszavetette a transz
kutatásokat szerte a világon.
A transzneműek eltörlésére irányuló
szándékos merénylet volt,
amely nem az első volt,
de nem is az utolsó.
Így amikor megkérdezik, hogy
miért lettek a transzneműek ilyen sokan,
elmondanám nekik,
hogy mindig jelen voltunk.
El kell mesélni az eddigi,
és a már rég eltemetett
történetek mindegyikét.
Nemcsak hogy nem örültek nekünk,
de a küzdelmeink is feledésbe merültek,
amitől bizony a transz kérdések
sokak számára újnak tűnhetnek.
Sok emberrel találkozom,
akik szerint a mozgalmunk
csak egy rövid életű szeszély,
jószándékú szövetségeseink
pedig türelemre intenek,
mert mozgalmunk "még gyerekcipőben jár."
Képzeljük el, hogy változna a beszélgetés,
ha elismernénk, hogy a transzneműek
milyen régóta követelnek egyenlőséget.
Még így is túlreagáljuk?
Portuguese:
Escreveu o primeiro extenso relato
sobre transexuais.
Ajudou-os a obter cuidados médicos
e bilhetes de identidade.
Colaborou com a polícia de Berlim
para acabar com a discriminação
das pessoas LGBT
e contratava-os para o Instituto.
Quando o Partido Nazi
queimou a biblioteca dele,
isso teve implicações devastadoras
na investigação mundial dos transexuais.
Foi uma tentativa deliberada
de apagar os transexuais
mas não foi a primeira nem a última.
Quando me perguntam porque é que,
surgem transexuais por toda a parte,
eu respondo-lhes que sempre
aqui estivemos.
Estas histórias têm de ser contadas,
junto com todas as outras
que foram sepultadas pelo tempo.
Não só não nos reconhecem,
como as nossas lutas têm sido esquecidas
e, sim, para algumas pessoas
esta questão dos transexuais parece nova.
Hoje, encontro muita gente
que pensa que o nosso movimento
é apenas uma fase que vai passar,
mas também oiço muitos aliados
que nos dizem para termos paciência
porque o nosso movimento
"ainda é recente".
Imaginem como a conversa mudaria
se reconhecêssemos há quanto tempo
os transexuais exigem a igualdade.
Acham que estamos a exagerar?
Serbian:
Napisao je prvi prikaz
o trans osobama u obliku knjige.
Pomagao im je da dobiju
medicinske usluge i lične karte.
Radio je sa policijskom upravom u Berlinu
na okončanju diskriminacije LGBT ljudi,
i zapošljavao ih je na Institutu.
Zato, kada je Nacistička partija
spalila njegovu biblioteku,
to je imalo razorne posledice
za transrodna istraživanja širom sveta.
Ovo je bio nameran pokušaj
da se izbrišu transrodni ljudi,
a nije bio ni prvi ni poslednji.
Tako kad god me ljudi pitaju
zašto su trans ljudi odjednom svuda,
samo hoću da im kažem
da smo uvek bili tu.
Ove priče moraju biti ispričane,
zajedno sa bezbroj drugih
koje su vremenom zakopane.
Ne samo da naši životi nisu slavljeni,
već su naše borbe zaboravljene
i da, zbog toga nekim ljudima
transrodna pitanja deluju novo.
Danas upoznajem mnogo ljudi
koji misle da je naš pokret
samo faza koja će proći,
ali takođe čujem dobronamerne saveznike
koji nam govore da budemo strpljivi,
jer je naš pokret „još uvek nov“.
Zamislite kako bi se razgovor promenio
ako priznamo koliko dugo transrodni ljudi
u stvari zahtevaju ravnopravnost.
Da li i dalje preterujemo?
Chinese:
他第一个用笔对跨性别者个体
进行描述，像写书篇幅一样，
并帮他们获得医疗服务和身份证。
他与柏林警察局合作
结束了人们对LGBT人群的歧视，
而且聘请他们
在他的研究所工作。
因此，当纳粹烧毁他的图书馆时，
它对全世界的跨性别研究
产生了毁灭性的影响。
这是蓄意抹杀跨性别者存在，
不是第一个，也不是最后一个。
因此，每当人们问我，为何
突然间到处都是跨性别者时，
我只想告诉他们，
其实我们一直都在。
必须有人来讲述这些史话，
还有被时间埋葬的
无数其他的史话。
不光我们的生命不被赞美，
我们的斗争也已被遗忘，
是的，对某些人来说，跨性别
话题看起来像新生事物一样。
今天，我遇到的许多人以为
我们的运动只是阶段性的，
很快就会过去，
但也有善意的支持者
告诉我们要耐心些，
因为我们的运动“仍然是新生事物”。
试想一下，如果我们承认
跨性别者要求平等的久远历史，
人们的话风会如何转变。
还认为是我们反应过度吗？
Vietnamese:
Ông viết cuốn sách đầu tiên
về người chuyển giới.
Ông giúp họ lấy thuốc men
và làm giấy tờ tuỳ thân.
Ông làm việc
với sở cảnh sát Berlin
để dừng phân biệt đối xử
với nhóm LGBT,
và thuê họ vào làm ở Học Viện.
Nên việc Phát Xít
đốt thư viện của ông
gây hệ luỵ rất xấu tới nghiên cứu
về người chuyển giới toàn thế giới.
Đây là việc làm có chủ đích
để xoá bỏ người chuyển giới,
không là đầu tiên
cũng chẳng là cuối cùng.
Nên khi ai đó hỏi tôi
tại sao người chuyển giới
tự nhiên có ở khắp nơi,
Tôi chỉ muốn nói rằng
chúng tôi đã ở đây từ lâu.
Những câu chuyện
cần được kể,
cùng với những câu chuyện khác
đã bị chôn vùi bởi thời gian.
Chúng tôi không được hoan nghênh,
và những cuộc đấu tranh cũng bị lãng quên
và nó khiến vấn đề chuyển giới
dường như mới với một số người.
Hôm nay, tôi gặp nhiều người
nghĩ rằng phong trào này
chỉ là một giai đoạn,
rồi sẽ qua,
tôi cũng nghe những đồng minh có thiện chí
nói rằng hãy nhẫn nại,
vì phong trào của chúng tôi
"còn mới".
Cuộc đối thoại này
sẽ thay đổi thế nào
nếu biết rằng người chuyển giới
đã đòi công bằng từ rất lâu.
Liệu chúng tôi vẫn còn bị xem là làm quá?
Turkish:
Trans bireyler için bir kitap
uzunluğunda olan ilk savunmayı yazdı.
Sağlık hizmeti ve kimlik almaları
hususunda yardımcı oldu.
LGBT bireylerine karşı ayrımcılığı
sonlandırmak için
Berlin Emniyeti ile çalışmalar yaptı
ve LGBT bireyleri enstitüde işe aldı.
Nazi Partisi, kütüphanesini yaktığında,
dünya genelinde trans bireylere yönelik
araştırma sonuçlarını yok etti.
Bu, trans bireyleri ortadan kaldırmak
için yapılan kasti bir hareketti
ve ne ilk ne de sondu.
Bu yüzden ne zaman biri bana
trans bireylerin nasıl bir anda
bu kadar çoğaldığını sorsa ona hep
burada olduğumuzu söylemek istiyorum.
Bu hikâyeler zamana gömülen
sayısız diğerleriyle birlikte
anlatılmak zorunda.
Hayatlarımız hatırlanmadığı gibi
çabalarımız da unutuldu
ve evet bazı insanlar için bu,
trans meselesini yeni gibi gösteriyor.
Bugün, direnişimizin gelip geçici
bir hareket olduğunu düşünen
insanlar görüyorum fakat aynı zamanda
hepimizin sabırlı olması gerektiğini
söyleyen iyi niyetli insanlar da var
çünkü direnişimiz henüz "çok yeni".
Hayal edin eğer trans bireylerin
ne kadar uzun zamandır
eşitlik için savaştıklarını anlatsak
sohbet nasıl da değişirdi.
Hâlâ aşırı tepki mi gösteriyoruz?
Kurdish:
و یەکەمین پەرتووکی درێژی
لەسەر ڕەگەزگۆڕاوەکان نووسیوە.
یارمەتیدان بۆ دەسکەوتنی
خزمەتگوزاری پزیشکی و ناسنامه،
لەگەڵ دەزگای پۆلیسی
بەرلین کاری دەکرد بۆ
کۆتایی هێنان بە جیاکردنەوەی
دژی هاورەگەزبازەکان
لە دامەزراوەکان دایمەزراندن.
بۆیه کاتێک نازییەکان
کتێبخانەکەییان سووتاند،
کاریگەری وێرانکەری بۆ توێژینەوەی
هاوڕەگەزبازەکان لە سەرانسەری جیهان هەبوو.
ئەمە هەوڵێکی پلان بۆ دانراوی
لە ناوبردنی هاوڕەگەزبازەکان بوو،
و نە یەکەم و نە کۆتا هەوڵ بوو.
بۆیه کاتێک لێم دەپرسن بۆچی له ناکاو
خەڵکی ڕەگەزگۆڕ له هەموو شوێنێکن؟
من تەنها پێیان دەڵێم
که ئێمه لێره بووین.
ئەم چیڕۆکانه پێویسته
باس بکرێن،
لەگەڵ چەندین چیرۆکی بێشوماریتر
کە بە پێی کات مردوون.
نەک تەنها ژیانمان گرنگی نییە،
بەڵکو تێکۆشانیشمان پشت گوێ خراوە
و بەڵێ، هەندێک خەڵک، کێشەی
ڕەگەزگۆڕاوەکان شتێکی نوێ دیارە.
لە ئێستادا، کۆمەڵێک خەڵک دەبینم
گرنگی بە جووڵانەوەکەمان دەدەن
تەنها دۆخێکه که ئەمەش تێدەپەڕێت
بەڵام گوێبیستی خەڵکانێکیتر دەبم
که پێمان دەڵێن ئارام بگرین،
چونکه جوڵانەوەکەمان تاکو ئێستا نوێیە.
بیهێنە بەرچاوت، که چۆن
وتووێژەکان دەگۆڕین ئەگەر
دانی پێدا بنێین کە تێکۆشانی هاوڕەگەزەکان
بۆ یەکسانی مێژوویەکی درێژی هەیە.
ئایا ئێمە شتەکان گەورە دەکەین؟
Persian:
او اولین داستان افراد ترنس را نوشت.
اوبه آنها کمک کرد تا ازکارت هویت و
خدمات پزشکی برخوردارشوند.
او با دپارتمان پلیس برلین کار میکرد
تا به تبعیض علیه افراد LGBT پایان دهند
و آنها را در موسسه استخدام میکرد.
سوختن کتابخانه او بدست حزب نازی،
ضربه جبرانناپذیری به تحقیقات درمورد
ترنسها در سرتاسر دنیا وارد کرد.
این عمل یک تلاش عامدانه برای
ازمیان برداشتن ترنسها بود،
وهمچنین اولین ویا آخرین
اقدام علیه آنها نبود.
بنابراین هربارکه مردم این سوال را
میپرسند که این همه ترنس کجا بودند،
فقط به آنها میگویم که آنها همینجا بودند.
این داستانها باید با هزاران
داستان نگفته دیگرکه در گذر
زمان دفن شدهاند، شنیده شوند.
نه تنها به زندگی ما بها ندادهاند،
بلکه تلاشهای ما را هم نادیده گرفته شده
که باعث شده به چشم برخی از مردم
مسئله ترنسها مسئله تازه ای بیاید.
امروزه، افراد زیادی را میبینم
که فکر میکنند جنبش ما
صرفا مرحلهای گذرا است،
اما متحدان خیرخواه ما
به ما میگویند که صبور باشید،
زیرا جنبش ما «هنوز نوپاست.»
تصور کنید که چقدرگفتگوی ما تغییر مییافت
اگر که اقرارمیکردیم چه مدت است
که ترنسها به دنبال برابری هستند.
آیا ما بیخودی احساساتی شدهایم؟
Portuguese:
Ajudou-os a obter identidades
e serviços médicos.
Trabalhou com a polícia de Berlim
para acabar com a discriminação dos LGBTs,
e os contratou no instituto.
Quando o Partido Nazista
queimou sua biblioteca,
houve implicações devastadoras
à pesquisa transgênera em todo o mundo.
Foi uma tentativa deliberada
de extinguir as pessoas transgêneras,
e não foi a primeira nem a última.
Sempre que me perguntam por que agora
os transgêneros estão em toda parte,
só quero dizer que sempre estivemos aqui.
Essas histórias devem ser contadas,
junto com inúmeras outras,
enterradas pelo tempo.
Não apenas nossa vida não foi celebrada,
mas nossas lutas foram esquecidas
e, para alguns, isso faz as questões
transgêneras parecerem novas.
Hoje, conheço muitas pessoas
que consideram nosso movimento
apenas uma fase passageira,
mas também ouço aliados bem-intencionados
nos dizendo para sermos pacientes,
porque nosso movimento "ainda é novo".
Imaginem como a conversa mudaria
se soubéssemos há quanto tempo
os transgêneros têm exigido igualdade.
Ainda estamos reagindo com exagero?
Macedonian:
Ја напишал првата
опсежна статија за транс лицата.
Им помогнал да добијат
здравствени услуги и лични карти.
Работел со Полицискиот Оддел во Берлин
против дикриминација на ЛГБТ луѓето
и ги вработувал во Институтот.
Палењето на книгите од страна на нацистите
имаше уништувачки последици за светското
истражување на транс луѓето
Ова беше намерен обид
да се избришат транс луѓето,
и не беше ни прв ни последен обид.
Затоа кога ме прашуваат
зошто наеднаш насекаде има транс луѓе,
сакам да им кажам дека
и претходно бевме тука.
Овие приказни треба да се раскажат
со сите други кои се
закопани низ времето.
Не само што ја немавме радоста на животот
туку и нашите заложби се заборавени
и затоа за некои транс луѓето се новина.
Денес среќавам многумина кои
сметаат дека нашето движење
е само една фаза која ќе заврши,
но слушам и добронамерни приврзаници
кои велат да се стрпиме
зашто нашето движење е сѐ уште „ново“.
Замислете како би се одвивал разговорот
кога би признале дека транс луѓето
долго време се борат за еднаквост.
Дали сѐ уште реагираме со страв?
French:
Il a écrit le premier livre
sur les individus trans.
Il les a aidés à obtenir
des services médicaux et des papiers.
Il a travaillé avec la police de Berlin
pour mettre fin
à la discrimination des gens LGBT
et les a engagés à l'institut.
Quand le parti nazi
a brûlé sa bibliothèque,
cela a eu des implications dévastatrices
pour la recherche trans dans le monde.
C'était une tentative délibérée
d'effacer les personnes trans
et ce n'était ni la première,
ni la dernière.
Quand les gens me demandent pourquoi
les trans sont soudainement partout,
je veux juste leur dire
que nous étions là.
Les histoires doivent être racontées,
avec les innombrables autres
enfouies avec le temps.
Nos vies n'étaient pas célébrées
mais nos luttes ont été oubliées
et oui, pour certains, il semble
que les questions trans sont récentes.
Je rencontre beaucoup de gens
pensant que notre mouvement
n'est qu'une phase qui passera,
mais j'entends aussi
des alliés bien intentionnés
nous dire d'être patients
car notre mouvement « est encore jeune ».
Imaginez comment
la conversation changerait
si nous reconnaissions
depuis combien de temps
les personnes trans réclament l'égalité.
Notre réaction est-elle
toujours excessive ?
Russian:
Следует ли нам продолжать ждать?
Или, может быть, мы, например,
сделаем что-то в связи с убийством
цветных транс-женщин,
чьих убийц так и не осудили?
Условия нашей жизни вас всё ещё не пугают?
(Вздох)
В завершение я хочу, чтобы
трансгендеры поняли, что они не одиноки.
Я вырос, считая своё настоящее «Я»
аномалией, которая умрёт со мной.
Мне вдолбили идею, что я «другой»,
и я купился, потому что не знал
никого похожего на меня.
Наверное, если бы я узнал
о своих предшественниках раньше,
то я бы скорее начал гордиться
своим «Я» и своим окружением.
Потому что я принадлежу к удивительному,
яркому сообществу людей,
которые поддержат тебя,
даже если другие отвернутся,
которые позаботятся о тебе
даже во время борьбы,
которые каким-то образом,
несмотря ни на что
находят причины радоваться друг за друга,
любить друг друга,
смотреть друг другу в глаза и говорить:
Kurdish:
پێویستە چاوەڕێ بکەین؟
یاخود پێویستە، بۆ نمونە،
شتێکیتر سەبارەت بە کوشتنی
ژنە هاورەگەزە ڕەشە پێستەکە
و بکوژەکانی کە هەرگیز یاسایان
لە سەر جێبەجێ ناکرێت؟
ئایا بارودۆخەکەمان هێشتا
بە ئازار دیارە بۆ تۆ؟
(هەناسه هەڵدەکێشێت)
له کۆتایدا، دەمەوێت هاوڕەگەزبازەکان
درک بەوە بکەن که ئەوان تەنها نین.
کاتێک مناڵ بووم بیرم دەکردەوە کە
هەڵەیەک لە من هەیە کە لەگەڵم دەمرێت.
خەڵک بە زۆر ئەم
بیرۆکەیەیان دەخزاندە ناو مێشکم،
و لە مێشکم چەقی چونکە
هیچ کەسێکی وەک خۆمم نەدەناسی.
لەوانەیه ئەگەر باووباپیرم زووتر ناسیبا
کاتی زۆرم لە دۆزینەوەی سەرچاوەی شانازی
بە کەسانی وەک خۆم و
ناسنامەی خۆم بە فیڕۆ نەدەچوو.
چونکە من لە کۆمەڵەیەکی جوان و زیندووم
کە یەکتر بەرزدەکەنەوه
ئەگەرچی خەڵکیتر واناکەن،
ئاگاداری یەکتردەبین کاتێک
تێدەکۆشین یان کێشەیەکمان هەیە،
هەر چۆنێک بێت، سەڕەرایی هەموو شتێک،
هۆکارێک دەدۆزینەوە
تا شانازی بە یەکتر بکەین،
تا یەکترمان خۆشبووێت
بۆ سەیر کردنی چاوی یەکتر و بە یەکتر گوتن
کە تۆ تەنها نیت.
Hungarian:
Várjunk még tovább?
Vagy esetleg tegyünk valamit azokért
a meggyilkolt színesbőrű transz nőkért,
akik gyilkosait
sosem éri el az igazság keze?
Látjátok már, milyen szörnyű a helyzetünk?
(Sóhajtások)
Szeretném, ha transznemű társaim végre
felismernék, hogy nincsenek egyedül.
Abban a hitben nőttem fel, hogy az
azonosságom egy sosem múló rendellenesség.
A másság gondolatát ültették az elmémbe,
én pedig elhittem, mert nem ismertem
senki hozzám hasonlót.
Ha hamarabb megismerem az őseimet,
talán nem telt volna ennyi időbe
rátalálnom az azonosságomból
és közösségemből származó büszkeségre.
Mert egy bámulatos, pezsgő
közösséghez tartozom,
amely felemeli tagjait,
amikor mások lehúzzák őket,
akkor is törődik tagjaival,
amikor ők küszködnek,
amely mindennek dacára
talál okot egymás ünneplésére,
szeretetére,
és szemükbe nézve ezt mondja:
"Nem vagy egyedül.
Turkish:
Beklemeye devam mı etmeliyiz?
Ya da örneğin katledilen trans kadınlar
ve adaletle hiç yüzleşmeyen katilleri için
bir şeyler mi yapmalıyız?
Durumumuz size hâlâ vahim görünmüyor mu?
(İç çekme)
Nihayet, diğer trans bireylerin yalnız
olmadıklarını fark etmelerini istiyorum.
Kişiliğimin benimle ölecek bir aykırılık
olduğunu düşünerek büyüdüm.
İnsanlar ötekileştirme fikrini
aklıma işlediler
ve ben bu fikri kabullendim
çünkü kendim gibi birini tanımıyordum.
Eğer kendi atalarımı daha önce tanısaydım
kişiliğimde ve yaşadığım toplumda
bir gurur kaynağı bulmam
bu kadar uzun sürmezdi belki de.
Çünkü ben diğerleri yapmasa dahi
birbirlerinin moralini düzelten,
çabalarken dahi birbirine göz kulak olan,
her nasılsa bütün olanlara rağmen
birbirlerini kutlamak için
bir yol bulabilen,
birbirlerini sevmek için,
birbirlerinin gözüne bakıp
şunu söylemek için,
"Yalnız değilsin.
Romanian:
Ar trebui să așteptăm în continuare?
Sau ar trebui de exemplu
să facem ceva pentru femeile transsexuale
care sunt ucise
și ai căror criminali
nu sunt niciodată condamnați?
Nu vi se par grave circumstanțele noastre?
(Oftează)
Vreau ca persoanele transsexuale
să realizeze că nu sunt singure.
Am crescut crezând că identitatea mea
e o anomalie care va muri odată cu mine.
Oamenii mi-au băgat în cap
ideea că sunt diferit,
și am crezut-o pentru că nu mai
cunoșteam pe nimeni ca mine.
Dacă i-aș fi cunoscut
mai devreme pe strămoșii mei,
aș fi găsit imediat un motiv de mândrie
pentru identitatea și comunitatea mea.
Pentru că aparțin unei comunități
de oameni extraordinari și vibranți
care se susțin reciproc
chiar și atunci când ceilalți nu o fac,
care au grijă unii de alții
chiar și atunci când le e greu,
care într-un fel sau altul,
în ciuda tuturor,
găsesc mereu un motiv pentru a se distra,
pentru a se iubi,
pentru a se privi în ochi și a spune:
„Nu ești singur.
Chinese:
还觉得我们应该继续等待吗？
或者，比方说，我们是否应该
为那些被杀害、但正义未得伸张的
有色跨性别女士做些什么？
在你看来，我们的处境是否很悲惨？
（叹息）
最后，我想让其他跨性别者
意识到，他们并不孤单。
长大后，我曾以为自己的异常
性别身份秘密会伴我进入坟墓。
人们强行灌输给我
这种‘’异常‘’的观念，
而我一直认为自己是怪胎，
因为我不知道有人和我一样。
要是能早点知道
我的先辈们的话，
或许，我就不会那么久
才找到为自己的性别身份
和跨性别群体而自豪的源泉。
因为，我所属的跨性别群体
积极向上并充满活力，
当其他人贬低我们时，
我们彼此互相鼓励；
即使在我们挣扎的时候，
我们也彼此相互照顾；
不管有多难，
我们依然找到赞美彼此的理由，
找到彼此相爱的理由，
会看着彼此的眼睛，真诚地说：
“你并不孤单，
Serbian:
Treba li da nastavimo da čekamo?
Ili bi trebalo da, na primer,
preduzmemo nešto u vezi sa obojenim
transrodnim ženama koje su ubijene
i čije ubice nikada neće videti pravdu?
Da li vam se sada
naše okolnosti čine strašnim?
(Uzdiše)
Konačno, želim da drugi transrodni ljudi
shvate da nisu sami.
Odrastao sam misleći da je moj identitet
anomalija koja će umreti sa mnom.
Ljudi su mi ubacili u glavu
tu ideju različitosti
i ja sam to usvojio
jer nisam znao nikog sličnog sebi.
Možda mi, da sam ranije znao
za svoje pretke,
ne bi trebalo toliko vremena
da nađem izvor ponosa
u svom identitetu i svojoj zajednici.
Jer pripadam neverovatnoj,
živoj zajednici ljudi
koji se međusobno uzdižu
čak i kada to ne dobijaju od drugih,
koji se brinu jedni o drugima
čak i kada se muče,
koji nekako, uprkos svemu,
i dalje nalaze razlog
da slave jedni druge,
da vole jedni druge,
da pogledaju jedni druge u oči i kažu:
„Nisi sam.
Macedonian:
Дали треба уште да чекаме?
Или треба, на пример
да сториме нешто за обоените
транс жени кои се убивани
и чии злосторници не се казнети?
Дали нашата состојба ви изгледа сериозна?
(воздишка)
На крај,сакам да сфатат останатите
транс луѓе дека не се сами.
Пораснав со мислата дека мојот идентитет
е аномалија која ќе умре со мене.
Луѓето ми ја втиснаа
мислата дека сум различен,
и јас прифатив бидејќи
не познавав никој како мене.
Можеби, ако порано
дознаев за моите претци,
немаше да трае толку долго
за да пронајдам зрак на гордост
во мојот идентитет
и во мојата заедница.
Бидејќи јас сум дел од една чудесна
и енергична зедница на луѓе
кои се крепиме меѓусебе
дури и кога сме отфрлени,
се грижиме еден за друг
дури и кога се бориме.
Покрај сè,
сѐ уште наоѓаме причини
да се почитуваме,
да се сакаме,
да се гледаме во очи
и да си речеме:
„Ти не си сам/а.
Catalan:
Hem de continuar esperant?
O hauríem de fer, per exemple,
alguna cosa per les dones trans de color
que són assassinades
i els seus assassins
mai no arriben a ser jutjats?
Les nostres circumstàncies
ja us semblen prou dures?
(Sospirs)
Finalment, vull que altres persones trans
vegin que no estan soles.
Vaig créixer pensant que la meva identitat
era una anomalia que moria amb mi.
La gent em va ficar al cap aquesta
idea d’alteritat,
i m'ho vaig creure perquè no coneixia
a ningú més com jo.
Potser si hagués conegut els meus
avantpassats abans,
no hauria trigat tant
a trobar una font d’orgull
en la meva identitat
i la meva comunitat.
Perquè pertanyo a una comunitat increïble
i vibrant de persones
que s’animen mútuament fins i tot
quan els altres no ho fan,
que ens cuidem els uns als altres
fins i tot quan patim,
que, de totes maneres, malgrat tot,
trobem motius per celebrar-nos,
per estimar-nos,
per mirar-nos els uns als altres
als ulls i dir:
"No estàs sol.
French:
Devrions-nous continuer à attendre ?
Ou devrions-nous, par exemple,
agir concernant les femmes trans
de couleur qui sont assassinées
et dont les meurtriers
ne sont pas présentés à la justice ?
Nos circonstances
vous semblent-elles urgentes ?
(Soupire)
Finalement, je veux
que les autres personnes trans
réalisent qu'elles ne sont pas seules.
J'ai grandi en pensant que mon identité
était une anomalie qui mourrait avec moi.
Les gens ont forcé cette idée
d'altérité dans mon esprit
et j'y ai adhéré car je ne connaissais
personne comme moi.
Peut-être que si j'avais connu
mes ancêtres plus tôt,
il ne m'aurait pas fallu si longtemps
pour trouver de la fierté
dans mon identité et ma communauté.
J'appartiens à une communauté
merveilleuse et dynamique de gens
qui s'entraident
quand les autres s'y refusent,
qui prennent soin de l'autre
quand nous avons des difficultés,
qui, malgré tout cela,
trouvent des raisons de célébrer l'autre,
d'aimer l'autre,
de regarder l'autres
dans les yeux et de dire :
« Tu n'es pas seul.
Korean:
계속 기다려야 할까요?
아니면 우리가, 예를 들어
살해된 유색인종 트렌스젠더 여성과
처벌받지 않은 살인자에 관해
뭐라도 해야 할까요?
아직도 이런 상황이 여러분께
절박해 보이지 않나요?
(한숨)
마지막으로, 저는 다른 트랜스젠더들이
그들이 혼자가 아님을 알았으면 합니다.
저는 제 정체성이 죽을 때까지 갖고 갈
비정상적인 것이라 생각하며 컸습니다.
사람들은 이 다름의 개념을
제 머리 속에 세뇌시켰고
저는 저와 같은 사람을 몰랐기 때문에
이를 믿었습니다.
제가 제 조상들을 더 일찍 알았더라면
자부심의 근원을 찾는데 이렇게
오래 걸리지는 않았을 것입니다.
제 정체성과 제 커뮤니티에 대한
자부심의 근원 말입니다.
왜냐하면 저는 멋지고 활기찬
커뮤니티에 소속되어 있고
이 커뮤니티는 다른 이들이
그렇지 않을 때도 서로를 지지해주며
우리가 투쟁할 때도
서로를 돌보아줍니다.
다른 모든 것에도 불구하고
서로를 축복하고
서로를 사랑하고
서로의 눈을 보며
이렇게 말할 이유를 찾습니다.
“넌 혼자가 아니야.
Japanese:
まだ待ち続けるべきですか？
もしくは 例えば
殺害された有色人種のトランス女性と
いまだ裁かれぬ殺人者について
何か行動を起こすべきではありませんか？
我々の状況はまだ
差し迫ったものに思えませんか？
（溜め息）
最後に 私はトランスの人々に
１人ではないと気付いてほしいのです
私は自分のアイデンティティは異常で
自分は１人だと思って育ちました
私は周りと違うという考えを
押し付けられ
自分のような人が他にいるとは思わず
受け入れていました
もし もっと早く
先人達のことを知っていれば
自分のアイデンティティと
コミュニティに誇りを持つのに
これほど時間は
かからなかったかもしれません
私は素晴らしく
生き生きとした仲間達に囲まれていて
他人が気にかけてくれない時も
常に互いを高め合えます
壁にぶつかっている時は
助け合うことができます
だからこそ 困難を目の前にしても
どうにか自分達の存在を祝福し
互いを愛し
目を見つめ合って
こう言えるんです
「あなたは１人じゃない」
Arabic:
هل لا نزالُ نبالغ في ردود أفعالنا؟
هل ينبغي علينا مواصلة الانتظار؟
أو هل علينا مثلًا،
أن نقوم بعمل شيء حيال النساء المتحولات
غير البيضاوات اللواتي قُتلن
ولم يحاكم قتلتهن مطلقًا؟
هل تبدو ظروفنا مرعبة بالنسبة إليكم للآن؟
(تنهدات)
أخيرًا، أرغب أن يدرك الأشخاص المتحولون
الآخرون أنهم ليسوا وحيدين.
ترعرت وأنا أفكر بأن هويتي كانت خللًا
وستموت معي.
غرس الناس هذه الفكرة من الاختلاف في ذهني،
وصدقتها لأنني لم أعرف أي شخص آخر مثلي.
ربما لو عرفت أسلافي في وقتٍ أبكر،
لم يكن ليتطلب مني العثور على مصدر كبريائي
وقتًا طويلًا،
في كل من هويتي ومجتمعي.
لأنني أنتمي إلى مجموعة من الناس
الرائعين والنابضين بالحياة
الذين يساندون بعضهم البعض
حتى عندما لا يفعل الآخرون ذلك،
والذين يهتمون ببعضهم البعض،
حتى عندما نعاني،
بطريقة أو بأخرى، رغم كل شيء،
لا نزال نجد سببًا للاحتفاء ببعضنا البعض،
ولنحب بعضنا البعض،
ليحدق أحدنا في عيون الآخر ويقول:
Italian:
Dovremmo continuare ad aspettare?
O dovremmo, ad esempio,
far qualcosa per le donne nere trans
che vengono uccise
e i cui assassini non vengono
mai condannati?
Il nostro contesto vi sembra disastroso?
(Sospiro)
Infine, voglio che la gente trans
si renda conto di non essere sola.
Sono cresciuto credendo
che la mia identità fosse una anomalia,
che sarebbe morta con me.
La gente mi ha inculcato
questa idea del diverso,
e l'ho accettata perché non
conoscevo nessun altro come me.
Se avessi conosciuto prima
i miei antenati,
non ci sarebbe voluto molto
per trovare un motivo di orgoglio
nella mia identità e nella mia comunità.
Perché appartengo a una comunità
di persone incredibili e vitali
che si sostengono a vicenda
quando gli altri non lo fanno,
che si prendono cura l'un l'altro
anche quando lottiamo,
che in qualche modo, a dispetto di tutto,
trovano sempre un motivo per festeggiarsi
per amarsi,
per guadrarsi negli occhi e dire:
"Non sei solo.
Polish:
Mamy czekać dalej?
A może na przykład
powinniśmy zrobić coś w kwestii
tak wielu niebiałych transkobiet
zabijanych przez bezkarnych morderców?
Czy nasza sytuacja nie wydaje się
wystarczająco dramatyczna?
(Wzdycha)
Chciałbym, żeby osoby transpłciowe
zrozumiały, że nie są same.
Dorastając sądziłem, że moja tożsamość
to anomalia i tylko ja taki jestem.
Wpojono mi ideę odmienności
i zaakceptowałem je,
bo nie znałem innych takich jak ja.
Może gdybym wcześniej poznał
historię swoich przodków,
szybciej potrafiłbym poczuć się
dumny z tego, kim jestem,
i ze swojej społeczności.
Należę bowiem do niewiarygodnej,
dynamicznej społeczności osób,
które pokrzepiają się nawzajem,
nawet kiedy każdy inny odmówi pociechy,
które opiekują się sobą nawzajem,
nawet jeśli same mają ciężko,
które jakoś, mimo wszystko,
wciąż znajdują powód,
żeby cieszyć się sobą nawzajem,
kochać się,
spojrzeć w oczy i powiedzieć:
Portuguese:
Devemos continuar à espera?
Ou, por exemplo, devíamos fazer
qualquer coisa
pelas transexuais de cor
que são assassinadas
e cujos assassinos nunca
enfrentam a justiça?
A nossa situação já vos parece dramática?
Por fim, quero que os outros transexuais
percebam que não estão sozinhos.
Cresci a pensar que a minha identidade
era uma anomalia que morreria comigo.
As pessoas enfiaram esta ideia
de estranheza na minha cabeça
e eu assimilei-a porque não conhecia
ninguém como eu.
Talvez se eu tivesse conhecido
mais cedo algum antepassado,
eu não tivesse demorado tanto tempo
a encontrar uma fonte de orgulho
na minha identidade e na minha comunidade.
Eu pertenço a uma comunidade
espantosa e vibrante de pessoas
que se estimulam umas às outras
mesmo quando outros não o fazem,
que se preocupam umas com as outras,
mesmo quando estão a debater-se,
que, de certo modo, apesar de tudo,
ainda encontram justificação
para festejarem em conjunto,
para se amarem,
para se olharem nos olhos e dizerem:
Ukrainian:
Чи нам варто продовжувати чекати?
Чи може ми, наприклад,
зробимо щось у зв'язку з вбивством
кольорових трансжінок,
чиїх вбивць так і не засудили?
Умови нашого життя все ще не лякають вас?
(Зітхання)
Нарешті, я хочу, щоб трансгендерні люди
зрозуміли, що вони не самотні.
Я виріс, вважаючи своє справжнє «Я»
аномалією, яка помре зі мною.
Люди переконували мене, що я «інший»,
а я їм вірив, бо не знав
нікого схожого на мене.
Можливо, якби я дізнався
про своїх попередників раніше,
то я б швидше почав пишатися
своїм «Я» та своїм оточенням.
Тому що я належу до спільноти
чудових, яскравих людей,
які підтримають тебе,
навіть якщо інші відвернуться,
які піклуються про тебе,
навіть під час боротьби,
які, не дивлячись ні на що,
знаходять причини радіти одне за одного,
любити одне одного,
дивитись одне одному в очі і говорити:
«Ти не один.
Persian:
باید باز هم منتظر بمانیم؟
یا باید برای مثال
برای زنان ترنس رنگین پوستی
که کشته شدهاند و قاتلانشان
هرکز مجازات نشدهاند، کاری کنیم؟
شرایط ما به نظرتان ترسناک میآید؟
(آه کشیدن)
درآخر، میخواهم که دیگر ترنسها بدانند
که تنها نیستند.
من با این باور رشد کردم که هویت
نابهنجاری دارم که با من خواهد مرد.
مردم حس متفاوت بودن را به من القا کردند،
و من آن را پذیرفتم چون کس دیگری را
مثل خودم نمیشناختم.
شاید اگر نیاکانم را زودتر شناخته بودم،
آنقدر طول نمیکشید تا درمورد
هویت و جامعهای که به آن
تعلق دارم احساس غرور کنم.
زیرا من به گروهی از افراد
سرزنده و تحسین برانگیزی تعلق دارم
که حتی وقتی بقیه نمیتوانند،
آنها دست همدیگر را میگیرند
که حتی وقتی که با هم کشمکش دارند،
از هم مراقبت میکنند
که علی رغم همه اینها،
باز هم بهانهای برای
گرامی داشتن هم پیدا میکنند
تا همدیگر را دوست بدارند
تا در چشمان هم نگاه کنند و بگویند
«تو تنها نیستی.
English:
Should we continue to wait?
Or should we, for example,
do something about the trans women
of color who are murdered
and whose killers never see justice?
Do our circumstances seem dire to you yet?
(Sighs)
Finally, I want other trans people
to realize they're not alone.
I grew up thinking my identity
was an anomaly that would die with me.
People drilled this idea
of otherness into my mind,
and I bought it because I didn't know
anyone else like me.
Maybe if I had known my ancestors sooner,
it wouldn't have taken me so long
to find a source of pride
in my identity and in my community.
Because I belong to an amazing,
vibrant community of people
that uplift each other
even when others won't,
that take care of each other
even when we are struggling,
that somehow, despite it all,
still find cause to celebrate each other,
to love each other,
to look one another in the eyes and say,
"You are not alone.
Spanish:
¿Deberíamos seguir esperando?
¿O deberíamos, por ejemplo,
hacer algo acerca de las mujeres trans
de color que son asesinadas
y cuyos asesinos nunca
se someten a la justicia?
¿Les parecen ya nefastas
nuestras circunstancias?
(Suspiros)
Por último, me gustaría que otros trans
se dieran cuenta de que no están solos.
Yo me crié pensando que mi identidad
era una anomalía que moriría conmigo.
La gente introdujo
esta otredad en mi cabeza
y yo la compré porque no conocía
a nadie más como yo.
Quizás si hubiese conocido
antes a mis ancestros,
no habría tardado tanto
en encontrar un motivo de orgullo
en mi identidad y en mi comunidad.
Pertenezco a una increíble
y efervescente comunidad de personas
que se ayuda mutuamente incluso
cuando los demás no lo hacen,
que se cuida cuando
las cosas son difíciles
y que, de alguna manera y a pesar de todo,
aún encuentra un motivo
para celebrarse unos a otros,
para amarse mutuamente
y para mirarse a los ojos y decir:
"No estás solo.
Portuguese:
Devemos continuar esperando?
Ou deveríamos, por exemplo,
fazer algo a respeito das mulheres
transgêneras negras assassinadas
cujos assassinos nunca veem a justiça?
Nossas circunstâncias
ainda lhes parecem terríveis?
(Suspiro)
Finalmente, quero que outros transgêneros
percebam que não estão sozinhos.
Cresci pensando que minha identidade
era uma anomalia que morreria comigo.
As pessoas me vendiam
essa ideia de eu ser diferente,
e eu a comprava porque não
conhecia ninguém como eu.
Talvez se eu tivesse conhecido
meus predecessores antes,
não teria levado tanto tempo
para encontrar uma fonte de orgulho
em minha identidade e em minha comunidade.
Porque pertenço a uma comunidade
incrível e vibrante de pessoas
que enaltecem umas às outras
mesmo quando os outros não,
que cuidam umas das outras
mesmo quando estão em dificuldades,
que, de alguma forma, apesar de tudo,
ainda encontram motivo
para celebrar umas às outras,
para amar umas às outras,
para olhar umas às outras
nos olhos e dizer:
Vietnamese:
Liệu chúng tôi có nên tiếp tục chờ?
và chúng tôi có nên,
ví dụ như,
làm gì đó về việc
phụ nữ chuyển giới da màu bị giết hại
mà hung thủ
không sa lưới pháp luật?
Hoàn cảnh này đã
đủ nghiêm trọng chưa?
(Thở dài)
Cuối cùng, tôi muốn người chuyển giới
biết rằng họ không lẻ loi.
Tôi từng nghĩ giới tính mình khác thường
và sẽ giữ bí mật đó đến chết.
Người ta nhồi ý tưởng
về sự khác biệt vào đầu tôi,
tôi tin vì tôi không biết
bất cứ ai giống mình.
Có lẽ nếu biết về
những tiền bối của mình sớm hơn,
tôi sẽ không mất nhiều thời gian
để tìm ra niềm tự hào
về giới tính
và cộng đồng của mình.
Vì tôi thuộc về một cộng đồng
những người nhiệt huyết tuyệt vời
giúp đỡ lẫn nhau
khi người khác quay lưng,
chăm sóc lẫn nhau,
ngay cả khi gặp khó khăn,
và bằng một cách nào đó,
dù còn nhiều khó khăn,
vẫn tìm ra lí do
để tán dương nhau,
yêu thương nhau,
nhìn vào mắt nhau mỗi ngày
và nói:
Chinese:
我們應該要繼續等待嗎？
或者，舉例來說，
我們應該要做點什麼，
為那些被逍遙法外的殺人兇手
所謀害的非白人變性女子討個公道？
你們覺得我們的狀況夠悲慘了嗎？
（嘆氣）
最後，我希望其他跨性別者們
能知道他們並不孤單。
在成長過程中，
我總認為我的身分很反常，
且會跟著我一起死去。
大家把「異類」的想法
灌輸到我腦中，
而我買帳了，因為我當時
不認識其他像我這樣的人。
也許，如果我早點認識我的祖先，
就不用花這麼長的時間，
在我的身分和我的族群中
找到驕傲的來源。
因為我屬於一個充滿生氣的族群，
即使其他人不會鼓舞我們，
我們仍會鼓舞彼此，
即使我們在掙扎時，
我們也會照顧彼此，
儘管在所有這些條件下，
我們仍能以某種方式
找到動機來讚頌彼此，
愛彼此，
看著彼此的雙眼，並說：
「你並不孤單。
Hindi:
क्या हम इंतजार करे ?
या उन निग्रो ट्रांस महिलाओं
के हत्याओ पर या, कुछ करे
कुछ करना चाहिये
जिनके हत्यारों को कभी सज़ा नही मिलेगी?
क्या हमारी परिस्थितियाँ भयावह नही है ?
(आह)
अंत में, मैं चाहता हूं कि अन्य ट्रांस लोग
एहसास करे कि वे अकेले नहीं हैं।
मैं स्वयम को अस्वाभाविक समझकर बड़ा हुआ हू
यह पहचान मेरे साथ ही मर जाएगी।
लोगों ने इस विचार को मेरे मन में डाल दिया,
मान लिया क्योंकि मै
मेरे जैसा कोई और को नही जानता था।
अगर मैंने अपने पूर्वजों को जल्दी ही
जान लिया होता,
मुझे इतनी देर नहीं लगी होगी
मेरी पहचान और
मेरे समुदाय पर गर्व करने में।
क्योंकि मैं हिस्सा हुं एक अद्भुत और
जीवंत समुदाय का
जो एक दूसरे के प्रोत्साहन देते है जब
कोई भी हमे न समझे,
और तब भी एक दूसरे का ख्याल रखते हैं
जब खुद संघर्ष कर रहे हैं,
किसी तरह, यह सब होने के बावजूद,
हम एक दूसरे को खुशी देने
का कारण ढूंढते हैं,
एक दूसरे को प्यार करना,
एक दूसरे की आँखों में देखना और कहना,
"तुम अकेले नही हो।
iw:
אנחנו צריכים להמשיך לחכות?
או שאולי, למשל,
נעשה משהו בנוגע לנשים הטרנסיות שאינן
לבנות שנרצחות
ושרוצחיהן מעולם לא נענשים?
האם הנסיבות שלנו נראות לכם נוראיות כבר?
(אנחה)
לבסוף, אני רוצה שטרנסים
אחרים יבינו שהם לא לבד.
כשגדלתי חשבתי שהזהות שלי
הייתה דבר חריג שימות איתי.
אנשים קדחו את הרעיון הזה
של זרות אל תוך הראש שלי,
וקניתי את זה בגלל שלא הכרתי
אף אחד אחר כמוני.
אולי אם הייתי יודע על אבות אבותיי
מוקדם יותר,
זה לא היה לוקח לי כל כך הרבה זמן
למצוא מקור של גאווה
בזהות שלי ובקהילה שלי.
בגלל שאני שייך לקהילה מדהימה,
ומלאת חיים של אנשים
שמעודדים אחד את השני
גם כשאחרים לא עושים זאת,
שדואגים אחד לשני
אפילו כשאנחנו נאבקים,
שבדרך כלשהי, למרות הכל,
מוצאים סיבה לחגוג אחד את השני,
לאהוב אחד את השני,
להסתכל אחד לשני בעיניים ולהגיד,
"אתה לא לבד.
Portuguese:
"Não estás sozinho.
"Tens-nos a nós.
"E não nos vamos embora".
Obrigado.
(Aplausos)
Ukrainian:
У тебе є ми.
І ми нікуди не зникнемо».
Дякую.
(Оплески)
Catalan:
Ens tens a nosaltres.
I no marxarem enlloc".
Gràcies.
(Aplaudiments)
Vietnamese:
"Bạn không cô đơn.
Bạn có chúng tôi.
Và chúng tôi sẽ luôn ở đây."
Xin cảm ơn.
(Vỗ tay)
Serbian:
Imaš nas.
I ne idemo nigde.“
Hvala.
(Aplauz)
Kurdish:
تۆ ئێمەت هەیه.
و ئێمە بۆهیچ شوێنێک ناڕۆین.
.سوپاس بۆ ئێوە
.(چەپڵەڕێزان)
Macedonian:
Нè имаш нас.
И ние никаде нема да одиме.“
Ви благодарам!
(Аплауз)
Portuguese:
"Você não está só.
Você tem a nós.
E não vamos te abandonar".
Obrigado.
(Aplausos) (Vivas)
Persian:
تو ما را داری.
و ما تو را تنها نمیگذاریم.»
متشکرم.
(تشویق حضار)
Chinese:
你还有我们呢。
我们会一直在这里。”
谢谢。
（掌声）
Korean:
너에겐 우리가 있어.
우리는 항상 여기 있을거야.”
감사합니다.
(박수)
Romanian:
Ne ai pe noi.
Și noi nu plecăm nicăieri.”
Vă mulțumesc!
(Aplauze)
Arabic:
"لست وحدك.
نحن معك.
ولن نذهب إلى أي مكان".
شكرًا لكم.
(تصفيق)
iw:
יש לך אותנו.
ואנחנו לא הולכים לשום מקום."
תודה רבה.
(מחיאות כפיים)
Hungarian:
Itt vagyunk neked.
És nem mozdulunk mellőled."
Köszönöm.
(Taps)
Chinese:
你有我們在。
而且我們哪裡都不去。」
謝謝。
（掌聲）
Polish:
"Nie jesteście sami, nie jesteście same.
Macie nas.
A my będziemy tu zawsze".
Dziękuję.
(Brawa)
Turkish:
Biz varız.
Ve hiçbir yere gitmiyoruz." diyen
kocaman capcanlı bir topluluğa aitim.
Teşekkür ederim.
(Alkış)
Spanish:
Nos tienes a nosotros
y no nos iremos a ninguna parte".
Gracias.
(Aplausos)
Italian:
Tu hai noi.
E noi non andiamo da nessuna parte."
Grazie
(Applausi)
Russian:
«Ты не один.
У тебя есть мы.
И мы не пропадём».
Спасибо.
(Аплодисменты)
French:
Tu nous as, nous.
Nous resterons avec toi. »
Merci.
(Applaudissements)
Hindi:
आप के पास हम हैं।
और हम कहीं नहीं जा रहे हैं। ”
धन्यवाद।
(तालियां)
English:
You have us.
And we're not going anywhere."
Thank you.
(Applause)
Japanese:
「私達がついてるから」
「決して１人にはさせない」と
ありがとうございました
（拍手）
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Family Motto: Spero meliora. (Loosely translated as, "I hope for better things")
And if you don't like bad language, then bugger off.
Beware. Cookies maybe lurking on this site.
I usually post several times a day about differing subjects. Do scroll down
Google analytics
Thursday, 9 January 2014
If only they knew what they had sold and then could deal with a simple enquiry.
Three and a half years ago, myself and Mrs FE, decided we would help our eldest daughter and her soon to be husband, to mount the first rung of the property owning ladder.
One product that caught our eye was named a “helping hand mortgage”, where we as parents would lock away a sum equal to 20% of the value of the property as surety, in return for interest on the sum. This bond was to remain in force for three and a half years after which we would have the money returned to us.
However you try getting the money back when most of the cretins at the bank (Black prancing equine) don’t even seem to know that such a product ever existed.
In October last year Mrs FE phoned them up and after being given the usual “Press 1 if you want to pay us more money”, “Press 2 if you think that we care”, ………….”Press 666 if you think that you might have a chance of speaking to anyone at all”, she was informed that we would receive a letter in due course.
Quick as a flash of light from the reflection off the blade of a wind turbine, nothing, Nada, zilch.
Mrs FE phoned them again on Tuesday only to find that the staff knew even less about this product than in October. She spoke to five different members of staff, before she actually managed to find someone that knew something about the deal. Even then he had to phone three other people before coming back with a definitive answer.
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Q:
(L'Étranger de Camus) The usage of "se" with "laisser + faire"
This question is on "se" in the last sentence of the following quote from L'Étranger by Camus.
Nous nous sommes mis en marche. C’est à ce moment que je me suis aperçu que Pérez claudiquait légèrement. La voiture, peu à peu, prenait de la vitesse et le vieillard perdait du terrain. L’un des hommes qui entouraient la voiture s’était laissé dépasser aussi et marchait maintenant à mon niveau.
From English translations, I understood that one of the men had fallen behind and got level with the narrator.
Questions
(1) Should I understand that "se" refers to the man who fell behind. That is, should I understand the sentence to mean that he "had allowed the passing of himself"?
(2) Should I understand that the implicit subject (agent) of "dépasser" is the car (la voiture) and anything else in the procession between the car and the narrator (moi)?
(3) If we replace "se" with "le," would that be ungrammatical?
My motivation for question (3) comes from considering English sentences like, "He let himself be passed" but "He let her pass him." I think my (English-speaking) mind wants to assimilate "se dépasser" in the quote to "her passing him" because "se" occupies a position like "him" (in being the object of "dépasser") even though "se dépasser" does not have an explicit agent (like "her" in "her passing him").
A:
You are perfectly right about (1) and (2).
To write a similar sentence in active voice you'd use:
Il les avait laissé le dépasser. (He let them pass him.)
“Les” stands for “them” (alternatively you could use “la” for “la voiture”). Le stands for “him” but since “he” and “him” are now respectively the subject of “laisser” and the object of “dépasser” there is no need for a reflexive pronoun. French and English constructions are very similar in this respect.
Note: if you omit the le in the active statement, as your replacement suggested, the reader would be lost as it strongly suggests that the passing/overtaking applies to a third party. In French, the le that stands for the previous subject is generally made explicit. It could be omitted, but only if the situation is very clear to the reader already and the act of passing/overtaking itself is significantly more important than to whom it applies. Also, in any case, if you don't use a reflexive pronoun the auxiliary should be avoir.
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BMW managed to negotiate exemptions in a number of countries, though. I suspect that the fact they didn't manage to do so in enough is why they didn't sell many. That and the fact that they looked stupid
When I first posted in this thread I was of the opinion that helmets will help to protect your head in an accident. However, for experienced riders in certain riding conditions the very low likelihood of an accident occurring means they are not at all essential.
I have now seen some accident data based research that identifies evidence which suggests that wearing a helmet can actually increase the likelihood of head injury. The statistics relating to the number of head injuries when compulsory helmet laws are introduced are especially intriguing....
The effect of enforced helmet laws: less cycling and no effect on the proportion of head injuries"Helmet laws in Australia provided excellent data sets with which to test the effectiveness of cycle helmets because a principal effect of the laws was to increase substantially over a short period of time the proportion of cyclists wearing helmets. This enabled a comparison of a very large number of individuals not wearing and then wearing helmets, eliminating most of the other variables present when comparing different people or dissimilar riding conditions."
"At first, reports suggested that legislation had achieved its aim of reducing head injuries. But the researchers did not take into account the very large decline in cycle use brought about by the laws. Robinson found that although more than 75% of cyclists wore helmets post-law, this was mainly because of the disappearance of formerly bare-headed cyclists rather than because of an increase in the absolute numbers wearing helmets. The main effect of the law was to discourage cycling rather than to encourage cyclists to wear helmets. Although cycle use fell on average by about 30%, head injuries fell by only 13%, so the risk of head injury per cyclist would appear to have increased. Furthermore, the proportional reduction in head injuries for cyclists was very similar to that for unhelmeted pedestrians over the same period."
"In 1999, the Australian Road Accident Prevention Research Unit compared head injury rates of cyclists, pedestrians andother road users. All followed similar declining trends, and the data (see graph above) suggests that there was no enduring benefit at all for cyclists. The report concluded that the law had not been cost-effective."
"New Zealand followed Australia with a mandatory helmet law. This law was also found not to have been cost effective and the head injury rate did not decrease more than for the population at large."
"In Canada, too, in those provinces where helmet laws have been enforced, no benefit is apparent. In British Columbia and Nova Scotia there was no change in the proportion of cyclists suffering head injuries post-law, although cycle use fell markedly. In Alberta, the helmet law reduced cycling by children by around 56% while the absolute number of injuries went up."
This research does not identify the marked reduction in head injury incidence, that you would expect to see when compulsory cycle helmet laws are introduced. Does this mean that helmets are infective in preventing head injuries? Or are their other forces at work?
seems if they are to understand the stats then need a good explanation as to why the steady declines in rates before helmets introduced, and why it stopped? its also very old data so in terms of preventative not sure helmets built using 20 year old technology and materials is comparable. It's such an emotive subject, as indeed it sometimes is for motorcyclists where not mandatory, that an independent definitive view is probably hard to find, what this data does show is that it's grey or foggy. Surprised by reduction in cycling, really people enjoyed cycling before but a need for a helmet stopped them, what else is going on with this ?
exactly, but part of it is understanding what questions asked and how data collected to avoid this, so often these technical bits are conveniently "overlooked", such as a cyclist is anyone owning a bike ? even if not used in a year but who thinks will in future who is then not a cyclist as says wont use as don't have a helmet, not saying this is applicable in the above data just thinking of examples. A cynic may suggest that the trick to the right answer is in asking the right question..........
Why are Dutch cyclists more likely to be injured if they wear helmets?"Although the Netherlands is probably the safest country in the world for cycling, helmet wearing among Dutch cyclists is rare. It has been estimated that only about 0.5 percent of cyclists in the Netherlands are helmeted."
"However, according to Dutch Government data (Rijkswaterstaat, 2008), 13.3 percent of cyclists admitted to hospital were wearing helmets when they were injured. Why does wearing a helmet appear to increase the risk of being injured so substantially?"
"The answer is probably related to another statistic. Of the injured cyclists wearing helmets, 50 percent were riding mountain bikes and 46 percent were riding racing bikes (Rijkswaterstaat, 2008). In other words, most helmeted cyclists in the Netherlands are engaged in a competitive activity, with very few making utility trips on the traditional style of Dutch bicycle."
"Crashing is much more likely when racing than when making ordinary trips about town. Because they are moving at substantially higher speeds almost all the time, racing cyclists are more likely to be in collisions requiring hospital treatment. Similarly, mountain bike riders often undertake tricky manoeuvres on rough ground, and are therefore more prone to falls than is the case for commuters, shoppers and school children riding on ordinary streets."
"Helmet wearers in the Netherlands are doing something different from normal everyday cyclists when they are wearing their helmets, which greatly increases their chances of being hospitalised. Helmet wearing is implicated in behaviour which is far more likely to end up in hospital than the cycling done when not wearing a helmet. However, in a country such as the Netherlands, where cycling is a commonplace everyday way of getting around, it is likely that most of the helmeted leisure time mountain and racing bike riders also ride utility bikes for their everyday journeys and they probably then ride unhelmeted. They choose to wear helmets only when they want to face a higher exposure to risk."
"Although the desire to take heightened risk probably comes before the decision to wear a helmet, it is likely that the act of wearing a helmet reinforces the acceptability of taking risks, leading to the taking of even greater risks. In professional sport, people may use helmets, their skill in bike handling and the protection from immediately available specialist medical care in order to facilitate the highest levels of risk taking."
"Sports cyclists wear helmets in an attempt to limit the consequences of the risks they want to take. However, the much greater representation of these cyclists in the hospital statistics suggests that their attempts to limit risks are inadequate for the risks involved. Indeed, putting their faith in 'technical fixes' such as cycle helmets may encourage many people to take greater risks than they should. In cycle sport internationally, the number of deaths in races has increased markedly since helmet use became mandatory.http://www.cyclehelmets.org/1213.html
Yes I am a helmet advocate, but when on pootling about rides it often stays hung on my sac.
Doesn't that make your saddle slightly redundant?
.....and the saddle bag too?
Can't believe I missed another 7 page helmet thread. Recently went out riding with an Australian - neither of us wearing helmets BTW in the country bike lanes and nature reserves. I asked about the compulsory helmet wearing in Australia and he reckoned it was necessary due to "war on the roads with motorists / general disrespect to cyclists". Pretty sad that an accomplished experienced cyclist MUST wear a helmet due to others' moronic behavior.
_________________Favorite quote on Retrobike: Not worth the petrol to take it to the tip so it's down to the angle grinder to make it small enough to put in the wheely bin.
... Surprised by reduction in cycling, really people enjoyed cycling before but a need for a helmet stopped them, what else is going on with this ?
One report I read suggested that compulsory helmet use put off women and young, fashion conscious people especially, because it messes up their hair. Messed up hair might seem trivial to a middle aged man with hair that is rarely much over half an inch long, but I guess if I'd spent £50.00 on a hair-do, or half an hour styling it to look like I'd just got out of bed, then maybe it would be an issue.
Having to wear a helmet for a 10 minute journey to pop to the shops and then have to carry the thing about is also a nuisance. In addition to giving the impression that cycling is dangerous, the added nuisance of having to wear a helmet is likely to put off casual cyclists that are making short, utility journeys, which can easily be replaced by walking, using public transport or going by car, leaving only the committed bicycle enthusiasts.
I think it's easy to see why compulsory helmet use would reduce the number cyclists quite dramatically, there are plenty of people that use a bike as a cheap, practical way of getting about, so as soon as you make it more expensive, and less practical, they think "sod it, I won't bother".
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This invention relates to nonvolatile memories and methods of forming nonvolatile memories. In particular, this application relates to nonvolatile memory arrays in which floating gate memory cells individually hold one or more bits of data.
Nonvolatile memory systems are used in various applications. Some nonvolatile memory systems are embedded in a larger system such as a personal computer. Other nonvolatile memory systems are removably connected to a host system and may be interchanged between different host systems. Examples of such removable memory systems include memory cards and USB flash drives. Electronic circuit cards, including non-volatile memory cards, have been commercially implemented according to a number of well-known standards. Memory cards are used with personal computers, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), digital still cameras, digital movie cameras, portable audio players and other host electronic devices for the storage of large amounts of data. Such cards usually contain a re-programmable non-volatile semiconductor memory cell array along with a controller that controls and supports operation of the memory cell array and interfaces with a host to which the card is connected. Several of the same type of card may be interchanged in a host card slot designed to accept that type of card. However, the development of the many electronic card standards has created different types of cards that are incompatible with each other in various degrees. A card made according to one standard is usually not useable with a host designed to operate with a card of another standard. Memory card standards include PC Card, CompactFlash™ card (CF™ card), SmartMedia™ card, MultiMediaCard (MMC™), Secure Digital (SD) card, a miniSD™ card, Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), Memory Stick™, Memory Stick Duo card and microSD/TransFlash™ memory module standards. There are several USB flash drive products commercially available from SanDisk Corporation under its trademark “Cruzer®.” USB flash drives are typically larger and shaped differently than the memory cards described above.
Different types of memory array architecture are used in nonvolatile memory systems. In one type of architecture, a NAND array, a series of strings of more than two memory cells, such as 16 or 32, are connected along with one or more select transistors between individual bit lines and a reference potential to form columns of cells. Word lines extend across cells within a large number of these columns. Typically word lines, bit lines and other similar conductive components are formed by patterning a conductive layer using a pattern established by photolithography.
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"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
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Q:
Calculation of $f_{\omega^3}(2)$ in the fast growing hierarchy
How is the number
$$\large f_{\omega^3}(2)$$
in the fast growing hierarchy calculated ?
My only idea is to convert to
$$\large f_{\omega^2 2}(2)$$
but now I have no idea how to continue.
A:
Too large to calculate!
I assume you are referring to the definition on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast-growing_hierarchy
If so, then, as the article points out, $f_{\omega + 1}(64)$ is already larger than Graham's number. $f_{\omega^3}$ is much larger than this.
But perhaps you're asking what an algorithm could be if we have unbounded time and space? Well here's a start:
$f_{\omega^3}(2) = f_{\omega^2 \cdot 2}(2) = f_{\omega^2 + \omega^2}(2) = f_{\omega^2 + \omega \cdot 2}(2) = f_{\omega^2 + \omega + \omega}(2) = f_{\omega^2 + \omega + 2}(2) = f_{\omega^2 + \omega + 1}^2(2) = f_{\omega^2 + \omega + 1}(f_{\omega^2 + \omega + 1}(2)) = f_{\omega^2 + \omega + 1}(f_{\omega^2 + \omega}^2(2)) = f_{\omega^2 + \omega +1}(f_{\omega^2 + \omega}(f_{\omega^2 + \omega}(2))) = f_{\omega^2 + \omega +1}(f_{\omega^2 + \omega}(f_{\omega^2 + 2}(2))) = f_{\omega^2 + \omega +1}(f_{\omega^2 + \omega}(f_{\omega^2 + 1}(f_{\omega^2 + 1}(2)))) = f_{\omega^2 + \omega +1}(f_{\omega^2 + \omega}(f_{\omega^2 + 1}(f_{\omega^2}(f_{\omega^2}(2))))) = f_{\omega^2 + \omega +1}(f_{\omega^2 + \omega}(f_{\omega^2 + 1}(f_{\omega^2}(f_{\omega + \omega}(2))))) = f_{\omega^2 + \omega +1}(f_{\omega^2 + \omega}(f_{\omega^2 + 1}(f_{\omega^2}(f_{\omega + 2}(2))))) = f_{\omega^2 + \omega +1}(f_{\omega^2 + \omega}(f_{\omega^2 + 1}(f_{\omega^2}(f_{\omega + 1}(f_{\omega + 1}(2)))))) = f_{\omega^2 + \omega +1}(f_{\omega^2 + \omega}(f_{\omega^2 + 1}(f_{\omega^2}(f_{\omega + 1}(f_{\omega}(f_{\omega}(2))))))) = f_{\omega^2 + \omega +1}(f_{\omega^2 + \omega}(f_{\omega^2 + 1}(f_{\omega^2}(f_{\omega + 1}(f_{\omega}(8)))))) = f_{\omega^2 + \omega +1}(f_{\omega^2 + \omega}(f_{\omega^2 + 1}(f_{\omega^2}(f_{\omega + 1}(f_8(8)))))) = ...$
At this point I get bored of writing this out by hand, but you get the point, you just keep applying the rules. At some point the numbers will get too large to write down.
Why do you ask about calculating this number?
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Yesterday's Gone (song)
"Yesterday's Gone" is the title of a 1963 hit single by Chad & Jeremy. Although the English duo would have a string of successful records in the United States through the mid-1960s, this song would be their only hit in their native land.
History
The song was written in 1962 by Chad Stuart, who comprised Chad & Jeremy with Jeremy Clyde; it is the first song Stuart ever wrote. Stuart shares the song's writing credit with Wendy Kidd, the manager of a band Stuart belonged to at the time of the song's writing; according to Stuart, Kidd was given the songwriting credit in return for allowing him to compose "Yesterday's Gone" on her piano. Kidd also facilitated Stuart's being hired as a staff writer at Rogers Music, which published "Yesterday's Gone", although the song remained unrecorded until Stuart and Clyde began performing as a duo, eventually recording "Yesterday's Gone" in July 1963 in a session at Abbey Road Studios
produced and arranged by John Barry, who'd discovered Chad & Jeremy at a London club and signed them to Ember Records, a newly formed independent label in which Barry was a partner. According to Chad Stuart, John Barry was unhappy with the duo's first attempts to record their vocal for "Yesterday's Gone": "he told us...we sounded like a locker room full of football players...in the end in desperation he said: 'Whisper it', so we kind of backed off a bit and so that sort of slightly sotto voce sound came about".
Released 27 September 1963, "Yesterday's Gone" entered the UK Top 50 on the chart dated 30 November 1963 and remained on the chart for seven weeks and peaked at No. 37. The follow-up single "Like I Love You Today" was released in January 1964 with no evident reaction. Chad Stuart would recall: "There was just no way a little independent label could compete in those days...John Barry bought himself out of his contract and we were stuck. I think we would've broken up then and there except for the fact that Noel Rogers, who published 'Yesterday's Gone' fenced it off to this other company in America called World Artists". Stuart is referring to the Pittsburgh-based World Artists Records which released "Yesterday's Gone" in the US in March 1964 after label president Lou Guarino heard the single while visiting Great Britain in search of local tracks which World Artists might profitably release, the "British Invasion" of the US music scene then being in full swing. (Yesterday's Gone" had already had one international release: by Australia's Festival Records in February 1964, which was not a success.)
"Yesterday's Gone" wound up being the British duo's only UK hit. It would rise to No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 in July 1964, the first of eleven singles to chart in America. Chad & Jeremy would subsequently place three singles in the US Top 20, but only their one Top Ten hit, "A Summer Song", rivals "Yesterday's Gone" as the duo's signature song.
The American success of "Yesterday's Gone" occasioned a re-release of the track in Australia,
where it charted over the summer of 1964 with a No. 26 peak, and a major label cover in the UK, where in March 1964 Pye Records released a version of "Yesterday's Gone" recorded by the Overlanders with Tony Hatch producing; the Overlanders' version did not chart in the UK but was picked up by Hickory Records for US release in May 1964 and became a regional hit reaching No. 75 that July, marking the only Billboard Hot 100 appearance of the Overlanders which preceded that group's sole charting in their native UK (with the No. 1 "Michelle") by almost two years.
"Yesterday's Gone" has also been recorded by the Boxmasters, the Browns, the Carter Family, Brenda Lee, the Osborne Brothers, Anita Sarawak and Roy Drusky. A mid-1960s recording by the Bee Gees is featured on their 1998 Brilliant From Birth compilation CD. Translated as "Pas Aujourd'hui", "Yesterday's Gone" charted in France at No. 94 in France for Les Missiles (fr) in the autumn of 1964. "Yesterday's Gone" was also rendered in Spanish in 1964 as "En el verano" by Los Hermanos Carrión (es).
References
Category:1963 singles
Category:1964 singles
Category:Chad & Jeremy songs
Category:1963 songs
Category:Songs written by Chad Stuart
Category:Festival Records singles
Category:Ember Records (UK label) singles
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United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
CREWZERS FIRE CREW TRANSPORT, INC.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
UNITED STATES,
Defendant-Appellee.
______________________
2013-5104
______________________
Appeal from the United States Court of Federal
Claims in No. 11-CV-0607, Judge Susan G. Braden.
----------------------
CREWZERS FIRE CREW TRANSPORT, INC.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
UNITED STATES,
Defendant-Appellee.
______________________
2013-5105
______________________
Appeal from the United States Court of Federal
Claims in No. 12-CV-0064, Judge Susan G. Braden.
______________________
2 CREWZERS FIRE CREW TRANSPORT v. US
Decided: February 6, 2014
______________________
CYRUS E. PHILLIPS, IV, Albo & Oblon, L.L.P., of Ar-
lington, Virginia, argued for plaintiff-appellant.
ELLEN M. LYNCH, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litiga-
tion Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of
Justice, of Washington, DC, argued for defendant-
appellee. With her on the brief were STUART F. DELERY,
Assistant Attorney General, JEANNE E. DAVIDSON, Direc-
tor, BRYANT G. SNEE, Deputy Director, and SHELLEY D.
WEGER, Trial Attorney. Of counsel on the brief was AZINE
FARZAMI, Attorney, Office of the General Counsel, General
Law Division, United States Department of Agriculture,
of Washington, DC.
______________________
Before RADER, Chief Judge, CLEVENGER, and REYNA,
Circuit Judges.
REYNA, Circuit Judge.
Crewzers Fire Crew Transport, Inc. (“Crewzers”) ap-
peals from two related decisions of the United States
Court of Federal Claims dismissing its causes of action for
lack of jurisdiction. See Crewzers Fire Crew Transport,
Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 148 (2013) (“Crewzers
I”); Crewzers Fire Crew Transport, Inc. v. United States,
111 Fed. Cl. 267 (2013) (“Crewzers II”). In each decision,
the trial court held that a blanket purchase agreement
(“BPA”) between Crewzers and the United States Forest
Service was not a binding contract invoking jurisdiction
under the Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a). For the rea-
sons below, we affirm.
CREWZERS FIRE CREW TRANSPORT v. US 3
I.
On March 30, 2011, Crewzers became one of several
awardees under a BPA with the Forest Service to provide
crew carrier buses. These buses are heavy duty vehicles
used to transport fire crews to wildfires and other disaster
areas located within regional and national wilderness
zones. Two weeks later, on April 11, 2011, Crewzers was
awarded another multiple-award BPA from the Forest
Service, this time to provide flame retardant tents to
disaster areas as needed. Both BPAs established dispatch
priority lists that ranked each awardee’s available re-
sources (e.g., crew carrier buses or flame retardant tents)
within each of six geographic zones. When an emergency
arose, the Forest Service was to submit an order for the
highest-ranked (i.e., lowest-priced) resource available on
the dispatch priority list within the relevant geographic
zone. Once the Forest Service submitted an order for a
particular resource and the contractor decided to accept
the order, a contract was formed and the contractor was
obligated to provide the requested resource in response to
the identified emergency. These BPAs are thus appropri-
ately characterized as frameworks for future contracts—
“a set of ground rules as it were, and no obligations are
assumed by either party until orders are given by the
Government and accepted by the contractor.” Modern
Sys. Tech. Corp. v. United States, 979 F.2d 200, 204 (Fed.
Cir. 1992) (internal quotations omitted).
According to the agreements, “If a Contractor cannot
be reached or is not able to meet the time and date need-
ed, the dispatcher may proceed with contacting the next
resource on the dispatch priority list.” BPA § D.6.5.1.
The Forest Service was also given the discretion to devi-
ate from these dispatch priority lists as needed to respond
effectively to actual fire conditions. The BPAs explicitly
provided that any such deviations would “not be deemed a
violation of any term or condition of this Agreement.”
BPA § D.6.1.c.
4 CREWZERS FIRE CREW TRANSPORT v. US
Because of the sporadic and unpredictable nature of
wildfires and other emergencies, the Forest Service did
not make any guarantee that it would actually place
orders under these BPAs. By the same token, the terms
of the BPAs required Crewzers to accept orders only to
the extent it was “willing and able[,]” as noted in the
clause below:
This solicitation will result in multiple agree-
ments. The dollar limitation for any individual
order is $150,000.00 Since the needs of the Gov-
ernment and availability of Contractor’s resources
during an emergency cannot be determined in ad-
vance, it is mutually agreed that, upon request of
the Government, the Contractor shall furnish the
resources listed herein to the extent the Contractor
is willing and able at the time of order. Due to the
sporadic occurrence of Incident activity, the
placement of any orders IS NOT GUARANTEED.
BPA § B, Pricing & Estimated Quantity (emphasis add-
ed).
In August 2011, the Forest Service notified Crewzers
that it was terminating its BPA for crew carrier buses
after Crewzers allegedly responded to several orders with
unauthorized vehicles and, in one instance, attempted to
bill the Forest Service at a higher-than-authorized rate.
In November 2011, the Forest Service also terminated
Crewzers’s BPA for flame retardant tents after Crewzers
allegedly provided tents that did not meet the BPA’s
specifications or, in some cases, failed to deliver the tents
on time. Crewzers filed separate suits in the Court of
Federal Claims challenging both terminations and assert-
ing, among other things, that the Forest Service acted in
bad faith. In both suits, Crewzers sought a declaratory
judgment that it was entitled to breach of contract dam-
ages, or alternatively, to reinstatement of the BPAs.
CREWZERS FIRE CREW TRANSPORT v. US 5
On May 31, 2013, the Court of Federal Claims issued
nearly identical opinions in both cases granting the
Government’s motions to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction.
The trial court held that the BPAs between Crewzers and
the Forest Service were not binding contracts because
they lacked “the necessary mutuality of consideration
required for an enforceable contract[.]” Crewzers I, 111
Fed. Cl. at 158; Crewzers II, 111 Fed. Cl. at 276. The trial
court therefore concluded that it lacked jurisdiction under
the Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a).
Crewzers appealed the dismissals to this Court on
July 12, 2013. We have jurisdiction over these appeals,
which were consolidated for argument purposes, pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(3).
II.
To invoke the Court of Federal Claims’s jurisdiction
under the Tucker Act, a contractor must first show that
its claims arose out of a valid contract with the United
States. 1 Therefore, the question here on appeal is wheth-
er Crewzers presented a well-pleaded allegation that the
BPAs between Crewzers and the United States constitut-
ed binding contracts sufficient to establish Tucker Act
jurisdiction—a question of law reviewed de novo. See,
e.g., Ridge Runner Forestry v. Veneman, 287 F.3d 1058,
1061 (Fed. Cir. 2002).
“To be valid and enforceable, a contract must have
both consideration to ensure mutuality of obligation
1 Under the Tucker Act, the Court of Federal
Claims has jurisdiction “to render judgment upon any
claim against the United States founded . . . upon any
express or implied contract with the United States[.]” 28
U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1). The Tucker Act also gives the trial
court jurisdiction over claims or disputes arising under
the Contract Disputes Act. See id. § 1491(a)(2).
6 CREWZERS FIRE CREW TRANSPORT v. US
. . . and sufficient definiteness so as to provide a basis for
determining the existence of a breach and for giving an
appropriate remedy.” Ace-Federal Reporters, Inc. v.
Barram, 226 F.3d 1329, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (internal
quotations omitted) (internal citations omitted). “A
promise or apparent promise is not consideration if by its
terms the promisor or purported promisor reserves a
choice of alternative performances . . . .” Restatement
(Second) of Contracts § 77 (1979).
We hold that Crewzers has failed to present a non-
frivolous allegation that the BPAs at issue here are bind-
ing contracts. These BPAs reflect illusory promises that
do not impose obligations on either party. The Forest
Service is not required under the terms of the BPAs to
place any orders with Crewzers. Likewise, Crewzers
promised only to accept orders to the extent it is “willing
and able[,]” and is thus perfectly free not to accept any
orders at all. “It is axiomatic that a valid contract cannot
be based upon the illusory promise of one party, much less
illusory promises of both parties.” Ridge Runner, 287
F.3d at 1062 (citing Restatement (Second) of Contracts
§ 71(1)).
Our previous decisions in Ridge Runner and Modern
Systems Technology Corporation are instructive on this
issue. See Ridge Runner Forestry v. Veneman, 287 F.3d
1058 (Fed. Cir. 2002); Modern Sys. Tech. Corp. v. United
States, 979 F.2d 200 (Fed. Cir. 1992). In Ridge Runner,
we concluded that a tender agreement issued by the
Forest Service—which contained language nearly identi-
cal to Crewzers’s BPAs—lacked the required mutuality of
obligation to be considered a valid contract. 2 Just like
2 Although the agreement at issue in Ridge Runner
was not labeled a “blanket purchase agreement,” we have
noted in the past that “we should not be blinded by how
CREWZERS FIRE CREW TRANSPORT v. US 7
Crewzers’s BPAs, the agreement in Ridge Runner provid-
ed that, “upon request of the government, the contractor
shall furnish the equipment offered herein to the extent
the contractor is willing and able at the time of order.”
297 F.3d at 1060 (emphasis original). The agreement
further warned that the Forest Service could not “guaran-
tee there will be a need for the equipment offered nor does
it guarantee orders will be placed against the awarded
agreements.” Id. Based on this language, we held that
the tender agreement was not a binding contract:
The Agreements contained no clause limiting the
government’s options for firefighting services; the
government merely “promised” to consider using
Ridge Runner for firefighting services. Also, the
Tender Agreement placed no obligation upon
Ridge Runner. If the government came calling,
Ridge Runner “promised” to provide the requested
equipment only if it was “willing and able.”
Id. at 1062. This same “willing and able” language is
present in Crewzers’s BPAs. Therefore, just as in Ridge
Runner, we must conclude that this language placed no
obligation on Crewzers to accept orders from the Forest
Service and cannot provide the consideration necessary to
create a binding contract. Crewzers has pointed us to
nothing else in the BPAs that would obligate Crewzers to
accept orders from the Forest Service. 3
one labels a contract.” Ace-Federal Reporters, 226 F.3d at
1331.
3 Crewzers argues that Ridge Runner is not control-
ling because the contractor in that case sought money
damages pursuant to a contract claim under the Contract
Disputes Act, whereas Crewzers here is seeking “equita-
ble relief under the Contract Disputes provisions.”
Crewzers’s attempt to distinguish monetary claims from
8 CREWZERS FIRE CREW TRANSPORT v. US
We reached the same conclusion in Modern Systems
with respect to a basic pricing agreement issued by the
United States Postal Service. In Modern Systems, this
Court affirmed “on the basis” of the trial court’s opinion,
which concluded that the basic pricing agreement was not
a binding contract because “the Postal Service is not
obligated to place any orders, and . . . the contractor is not
bound unless it accepts an order. The effect of this . . . is
that the [basic pricing agreement] itself does not create
any enforceable obligations between either party.” Mod-
ern Sys., 979 F.2d at 202. To be sure, we do not rely on
Modern Systems as any form of precedent and, to avoid
confusion as to what constitutes precedent in this Court,
we no longer affirm “on the basis of” a trial court’s opin-
ion. We nevertheless find persuasive, and particularly
applicable here, the reasoning in Modern Systems given
the structure of the agreements in question, which do not
require the Government to order any work from the
contractor even if the need for such work arises, and also
do not require the contractor to accept the work if or-
dered. Id. at 206.
Crewzers argues that our decision in Ace-Federal
Reporters mandates a finding that its BPAs are, in fact,
binding contracts. See Ace-Federal Reporters, Inc. v.
Barram, 226 F.3d 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2000). We disagree.
Ace-Federal Reporters concerned a multiple award sched-
nonmonetary claims brought under the Contract Disputes
Act has no basis in law, as the trial court’s jurisdiction in
both instances depends on the existence of a valid and
enforceable contract between the contractor and the
United States. See 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(2); 41 U.S.C.
§ 7102(a) (providing that the Contract Disputes Act
applies to “any express or implied contract . . . made by an
executive agency” for the procurement of property, ser-
vices, construction, or disposal of personal property).
CREWZERS FIRE CREW TRANSPORT v. US 9
ule contract for transcription and court reporting services.
Under this contract, “as consideration for the contractors’
promises regarding price, availability, delivery, and
quantity, the government promised that it would pur-
chase only from the contractors on the schedule, with few
exceptions” that allowed agencies to deviate from the
schedule only by obtaining a waiver from the General
Services Administration pursuant to 48 C.F.R. § 8.404-3
(1999). 4 Id. at 1332-33 & n.2. We held that the Govern-
ment’s promise provided sufficient consideration because
of the “substantial business value” in limiting the compe-
tition pool to “between two and five authorized sources in
each of the designated geographic regions,” instead of the
“18,000 other transcription services” available. Id. at
1332.
In contrast, there is no language in the BPAs at issue
here that requires the Forest Service to purchase re-
sources only from the contractors on the BPAs’ dispatch
priority lists, much less to purchase under specific terms,
i.e., value and quantity. The BPAs explicitly provided
that “the number of fire orders in process and actual fire
conditions at the time of dispatch may require a deviation
from normal procedures in order to respond effectively to
such conditions.” BPA § D.6.1.c. Furthermore, “[a]ny
such deviation will be within the discretion of [the] Gov-
ernment, and will not be deemed a violation of any term or
condition of this Agreement.” Id. (emphasis added). This
nearly unfettered discretion to vary from normal proce-
4 This schedule contract was thus akin to—
although not exactly the same as—a requirements con-
tract. Under a requirements contract, the buyer agrees to
exclusively use the seller for all of its needs, and the seller
has the legal obligation to fulfill those needs. See Torncel-
lo v. United States, 231 Ct. Cl. 20, 681 F.2d 756, 768-69
(1982).
10 CREWZERS FIRE CREW TRANSPORT v. US
dures is much different from the defined, limited excep-
tions available to the Government in Ace-Federal Report-
ers.
Nor is there any language that requires Crewzers to
ensure the availability of the requested resources. Under
the terms of the BPAs, Crewzers is required to respond to
an order only if “willing and able[.]” The BPAs also do not
impose any penalties on Crewzers for failing to maintain
the availability of its resources. As provided in the BPAs,
“If a Contractor cannot be reached or is not able to meet
the time and date needed, the dispatcher may proceed
with contacting the next resource on the dispatch priority
list.” BPA § D.6.5.1. Unlike the schedule contract in Ace-
Federal Reporters, Crewzers’s BPAs do not impose any
binding obligations on the parties and cannot be used to
invoke Tucker Act jurisdiction. We therefore affirm the
decision of the Court of Federal Claims dismissing
Crewzers’s suits for lack of jurisdiction.
III.
We have considered the parties’ other arguments, but
they do not affect the outcome of our decision. We there-
fore affirm the decision of the Court of Federal Claims.
AFFIRMED
COSTS
Each side shall bear its own costs.
|
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mrspoonsi (2955715) writes "The European Commission is to open a formal investigation into Apple, Starbucks and Fiat in relation to tax arrangements with three EU countries. The firms' arrangements with Ireland, the Netherlands and Luxembourg will be investigated. Announcing the move, tax commissioner Algirdas Semeta said that 'fair tax competition is essential.' Last year, a US Senate investigation accused Ireland of giving special tax treatment to Apple. The European Commission will look at whether the companies' tax affairs breach EU rules on state aid. Competition Commissioner Joaquin Almunia said: 'In the current context of tight public budgets, it is particularly important that large multinationals pay their fair share of taxes.' Countries in Europe cannot allow certain firms to pay less tax than they should, Mr Almunia added."
Because its much much much larger than the other two companies mentioned, and the fact that Apple is directly named is of more interest to us tech geeks here on Slashdot than either Starbucks or Fiat...
Because this is a tech website and the other ones listed aren't tech companies? Because Apple in many ways are rapidly approaching monopoly positions in manufacturing and some tech development?Because why not, people will complain anyway?
Everyone has been doing it because they know the apple name gets attention. Same with the chinese labour. All tech companies have their hands dirty but apple got singled out. Apple has improved while others haven't I'm sure all of china's work force is happy that a minuscule number of them have an improved work life.
The European Commission raised pressure on Ireland, the Netherlands and Luxembourg over their corporatetax practices, saying it was investigating deals the countries have cut with Apple, Starbucks and Fiat.
The EU is looking at whether the countries' tax treatment of multinationals, which help to attract investment and jobs that might otherwise go to where the companies' customers are based, represent unfair state aid.
I see that you don't fully understand what the EU is.
The EU IS their member states. The European Commision is put in place by the govenrments of the states of the EU and the EU council is no more and no less than the very PMs and presidents of these very same EU countries. The laws and rules proposed y the EU commision are actualy drafted and proposed by the EU States' parliaments. The only directly elected organ of the EU is the EU parliament, the rest is nothing more and nothing less than an extension o
You're assuming that what's happening in Ireland is a tax loophole and is not, instead, the system working exactly as they intend it to. If there were loopholes, they would have fixed them by now. No, this is the system working exactly as intended.
Or, when you declare various expenses when filing your taxes to reduce your tax burden, do you consider those deductions to be tax loopholes as well?
System working as intended. This investigation will result in nothing other than a handful of politicians getting t
Back in the eighties Ireland was quite poor and had high unemployment and was trying to develop US foreign direct investment with the help of the US. The loophole that Apple is taking advantage of is that according to US tax law you pay tax where the company is headquartered and with Irish tax law you pay tax where the company is managed from. So Apple ends up paying tax to neither country. I wouldn't be surprised if that Irish tax law was introduced back then in the eighties and the Irish and the Americans
no, the job of the competition commissioner is to stifle competition amongst EU member states so the EU as a whole benefits. His job is to encourage competition amongst companies operating here.
Big difference between a company and a country, especially when those countries are supposed to be part of a single federal superstate (whoops, might have given away a secret known only to the EU commission there!)
It has nothing to do with creating a "superstate", it's merely to level the playing field for free trade. That's a point many people seem to miss - even if one country left the EU with the intention of setting up trade deals to get the benefits of trading without the "superstate" it would still have to accept all this stuff. The only difference would be that it no longer has any say in it.
One of the current political issues over Mr Junker is that he is one of these federalists.
No, one of the current political issues is that Cameron is crapping his pants over the UKIP. So much that he attacks the more democratic election of the president of the European Council now after the election instead of back when Juncker was nominated as candidate by the European People's Party - which either means he doesn't understand how democracy works, or was betting everything on the Party of European Socialists winning.
Of course UKIP got the majority vote in the UK EU elections, and so did the Front Nationale in the French. I think the Golden Dawn got a large vote in the Greek.
So if democracy is listening to the people, then it makes sense to get a different, reformist candidate. Though, I guess the established groupings that currently favour the EPP will get Juncker in, next time round things probably be very different, with an outright majority of nationalistic parties.... which isn't something we really want.
They're very diligent about keeping tax costs low and manufacturing costs very low. They use marketing and image to keep prices high. They pump as much money out of the middle class and as little as possible into the (world) lower class.
Nominally, that's supposed to be how businesses work, but in that same nominal world, competition is supposed to bring prices down. Apple is the clearest example of how marketing and branding are tools to keep that from happening.
but in that same nominal world, competition is supposed to bring prices down.
Yes, but it also brings purchasing power down, so there's an abundance of crap that only a minority can afford, and workers have to struggle ever harder to survive. Although his rants about revolution are without evidential basis, Marx's predictions about capitalism have mostly turned out correct.
Anyone who finds their life getting easier - hell, anyone like me with the luxury of being able to post on/. on a weekday morning/afternoon - is part of a tiny minority. We could pretend that hard work got us
But it also brings effective purchasing power up by bringing costs down, which in a healthy and competitive market results in prices falling still farther. No, what reduces purchasing power is the decreasing share of profits being given to the worker. Worker productivity has increased, but worker compensation in real money (adjusted for inflation) or as a share of profit has decreased for many decades running.
Anyone who finds their life getting easier - hell, anyone like me with the luxury of being able to post on/. on a weekday morning/afternoon - is part of a tiny minority.
Here's what brings down purchasing power: six billion more people who can do your job. Supply and demand applied to labor completely explains what has happened to the developed world over the past fifty or so years. You don't need a 19th century kook to think this through.
It's a straightforward manipulation of demand to increase demand for your particular labor.
My point is "supply and demand" is insufficient explanation to what happened to the developed world.
And you have yet to make your point.
I used the word "rose" to mean an increase from previous levels.
And you would be in error to make that claim. It is rather the relative lack of interference (even including the effects of protectionism and the modern social state) from modern governments that is unusual compared to the historical record.
I pointed out that kook is the one who popularized the idea of manipulating markets.
And I noted markets were manipulated long before Marx. For example, a common bronze-age economic system was the "palace economy" [wikipedia.org]. These societies had most of their trade and wealth redistribution channel through a central administration (the "palace"). The pharaohs of Egypt are one such example.
Further, we have kooks today advocating similar degrees of market manipulation. What makes Marx so special that we should even be mentioning him?
The Civil War and the following Reconstruction was huge interference compared to before.
If the majority of patents are anything but stupid, why is prior art such a big deal? Why is "first to publish" such a race? If a creation is truly novel, then prior art or simultaneous publication should be an amazingly improbable newsworthy coincidence.
Patents are based on the idea that what you invent is non-obvious. I guess no one ever told most of the anti-free-competition crowd, but no matter how smart you are, there is always someone smarter. Nothing you create is non-obvious to everyone else. Y
Ideally, competition based on quality to price ratio in each market niche is how business should work. But every business man on the planet would happily embrace monopoly if it is his own monopoly. Capitalism is not about competition, it is about control. Against that, John Q Citizen has to depend on civil regulations to keep product standards high, and financial practices honest, for example, minimum wage standards, lemon laws, safety and health standards.
But, what would happen if the USA had a minimum w
Does software write itself? Services? Store-fronts and their employees? How about hedging against future competition or cannibalisation? Against mistakes like MobileMe or exploding batteries? Against patent-wars with similarly well-endowed companies? Will the time come when they don't sell any more kit because everyone is too satisfied to bother upgrading anymore? Was the last WWDC Keynote an absolute firecracker because of the excitement over the new APIs, or a squib because they didn't announce an iWatch or a TV?
No. Software is written, in the case of Apple, by programmers in the U.S. Then the resulting code magically becomes 'owned' by an Irish subsidiary that exists just to own this code and prevent that component of Apple's products from being taxed. I don't even think any money is transferred from the Irish subsidiary to US Apple which might count as income in the US. It's all a fiction to avoid taxation - which in turn requires the rest of us to pick up the slack.
As always when it concerns the economy/. is mostly full of complete nonsense. Apple is a wealth GENERATION engine, no iPhones, no iPads etc. are taken from anybody by Apple and 'extracted', they are created by Apple and then redistributed into the population. As per usual the socialists completely miss the entire point of the economy and of free market capitalism, which is the engine that produces wealth at the rate higher than any other methodology ever discovered by humans on this planet.
some countries like the USA tax all the worldwide income of a company like apple and googleits impossible for any company to be in compliance with the law in every nation they operate in if they have to pay 30% taxes on all of their worldwide income to each of a half dozen countries
the last thing we need is 1 global system. the UN would be the worst group to even consider. we dont need a N.W.O., we need choice, and if everyone on the planet is under the same rules of law, we as a species are doomed to slavery to those who run the N.W.O.
'NWO' simply meant the standing of the world powers (the leader board, if you will) after the fall of the USSR. It was then co-opted by some lunatic conspiracy nuts who thought it sounded scary, and now is known as "the three letters by which you can know a paranoid lunatic". The NWO is not an organisation, or a goal, or a manifesto, or a cause, or anything - it's just a ranking of the post-USSR powers. Every time you use it people laugh at you, because they can see you don't really know what you're talk
dont disagree with you one bit as an american even. But it doesnt mean I want to see the EU become the other america when it comes to telling the world what to do . I think the EU had a good goal, but I think in the end the concept of the EU is bound to fail
Maybe the US has to say to each company, you have to pay 30% tax as that's our standard for US-based companies, but if you've already paid that elsewhere, show us and we'll give you a refund equal to what you paid. So they end up paying 30% to someone.
Trouble is, they just set up shell companies that are subsidiaries and say we made no money to pay tax on, because of all that IP we had to buy from shell-company-x, woe is us.
However, if shell-company-x had to pay tax at 30% too, the US would give it a refun
Trouble is, they just set up shell companies that are subsidiaries and say we made no money to pay tax on, because of all that IP we had to buy from shell-company-x, woe is us.
The solution is basically a gross receipts tax, which does have its drawbacks but is a lot harder to dodge. I'm an accountant and take it from me that it is a LOT harder to fudge the top line than the bottom line. If you just tax profits then it is fairly trivial to shuffle money around such that you show "no profit". It's called Hollywood accounting [wikipedia.org]. All these schemes that Apple and others are engaging in are variations on Hollywood accounting.
The problem is that to change the tax system fundamentally (which is very seriously required), you need the cooperation of those who profit most from the current system, because they've essentially bought our governments.
Washington State has B&O tax, which is basically a gross receipts tax. Microsoft still managed to dodge it for 12 years.
Not saying it's impossible to dodge a gross receipts tax. Merely pointing out that any accountant will tell you that doing so is more difficult than dodging taxes based on profits, particularly if it is a federal gross receipts tax. The hoops to jump through to dodge a gross receipts tax are a significantly bigger pain in the @$$. Microsoft did what you describe by recording software sales in Nevada through a shell company - and it's not entirely clear that what they did was actually legal in this case.
The EU is moving to implement something like this. Tax calculated on the amount of business conducted in each member state, with corporation tax divided appropriately. Doesn't matter where the company is incorporate, if it does business in EU states it pays the taxes of those EU states in proportion, even if it is incorporated on some tiny Caribbean island.
It is arbitrary where the company is based as long as tax is based at point of revenue. With regard to justification of costs, either they are taxed upon full revenue or they accurately substantiated costs whether local or foreign and exclude profit margins from those costs, failure to fully substantiate costs result in full taxes on revenue. All profit shifting to tax havens or tax discounting countries must stop, those countries that specifically set out to steal the social services of other countries sh
Countries that adopt the business climates most favorable to large corporations often attract them to the detriment of other nation-states.
instead of yelling at ireland for their practice they should perhaps try to emulate them. I mean instead of raising the rates or trying to punish those who are sucessful, how about we learn from them and do the same??
They cannot just emulate them. Ireland derives their advantage from their having low taxes relative to other countries, not from having low taxes in absolute terms. What you suggest is a global race to the bottom, which may be the default "solution" in the absence of effective mechanisms for collective action. Each country has an incentive to attract more business by lowering tax rates, but, if all of them lower rates, most of them will probably end up with lower total revenues than if they could just strike an agreement not to engage in tax competition. This is what the European Union is trying to do.
Whether it is good or bad depends on what you think the effects will be and on how important a weight you place on the welfare of large multinational companies (or rather, some combination of their employees, customers and shareholders, since the tax burden falls on people) versus the public purse and the welfare of their smaller competitors.
This is one of the main reasons why countries are up in arms against these companies. Until recently, Starbucks was not paying corporate tax in the UK. Now, perhaps they were truly unprofitable, although it's hard to believe that such an iconic company would spend more than 14 years constantly opening stores without ever turning a profit AND would also tell investors that its UK operations were profitable when they were not. And there must be something deeply wrong with the UK market since many large, generally profitable companies (Apple, Google, Facebook) often fail to turn a profit there.
The real reason of course is that they use outdated tax laws that were never meant to apply to the kind of international transactions that are possible today to artificially record profits where they will be taxed the least. This is perfectly legal but contrary to the spirit of the tax agreements that were originally meant to prevent rather than encourage tax avoidance. The arms' length principle worked well when a UK company used to buy tomatoes from its Spanish subsidiary to make soup (there are publicly-available market prices for tomatoes), but not so much today when it comes to valuing the right to use the Starbucks logo, name, products and processes. If you manage to pay artificially-inflated fees to a shell corporation in a tax-haven or another EU country that you have made a deal with, you can make it look as if you did not make any profit in a country regardless of its actual profitability.
This makes no sense at all: how much you pay in tax is not a function of real economic factors but of how transactions between units within the company were structured on paper. And it is greatly unfair to smaller competitors who will have to pay taxes. Why should a small coffee shop pay at least 20% on its profits while Starbucks gets to pay a much lower rate even if it sells the same amount of coffee for the same price and has the same cost structure apart from the gimmick of using its own intellectual property?
Since some people feel let their moral affections and prejudice against rich individuals (sometimes deserved, sometimes not) cloud their judgement , I'm going to explain what's going to happen and why.
(1) EU Government makes a big deal about "cracking down" on rich individuals because it makes the general public happy and the general public doesn't bother to double check anything anyway
(2) Big ceremony with lots of speeches
(3) Meeting between large companies representatives and lawmaker's staff. They have
In the end, if the game plays out correctly, low income individuals will still payer higher taxes, large companies will pay less taxes, but it will sound a lot like the opposite is occurring. You'll be happy and the economy will be slightly less screwed than if we listened to you and made companies actually pay 30% - 40% of their income directly to the treasury trough.
Taxing corporations doesn't really gain you anything. If you shift 100% of the tax burden to individuals, they give up x% of their money to the government. If you shift 100% of the tax burden to corporations, the people still give up x% of their money to the government, just in the form of higher prices and lower wages. Income (money) is just a representation of productivity, and the only source of productivity is people. Corporations are just organizational groupings of people. Remove the people and the corporation's productivity is zero.
There are good reasons to tax corporations - excise taxes to pay for regulation enforcement, VATs to discourage middlemen, etc., and in this particular case to prevent shifting of tax revenue out of countries where the purchase transactions were actually made. But taxing corporations doesn't magically increase government revenue or the purchasing power of individuals. Corporate taxes are still paid for entirely by you and me - we just pay them indirectly via higher prices and lower wages, instead of directly to the government.
That's true to an extent, but the problem as I see it is that these large corporations are more able to use these tax avoidance strategies than smaller businesses and start ups. This means that they not only have economies of scale on their side but also a reduced tax burden. Smaller firms will thus be less able to compete and innovation is stifled. Eliminating corporation tax could be one way around this, but as you say, this would bring its own set of problems.
I'm surprised to read someone who realizes that taxing a corporation is just a hidden income tax. Well said.
I disagree that there are good reasons for the Federals to tax corporations, because I recommend the Feds only being allowed to tax states directly, in proportion to their population and no other taxes, exemptions, subsidies or anything.
You are simplifying things too much. In a global economy companies like Apple may have next to no employees in Europe while collecting large amounts of profit selling goods manufactured by workers in China. Thus their income tax exposure in Europe is next to zero while their corporate tax exposure is actually quite large.
Then there is the other side of the coin: small and mid sized companies that actually pay the corporate taxes which are at a competitive disadvantage because they have more tax expenses tha
Taxing corporations doesn't really gain you anything. If you shift 100% of the tax burden to individuals, they give up x% of their money to the government. If you shift 100% of the tax burden to corporations, the people still give up x% of their money to the government, just in the form of higher prices and lower wages.
This is what the 0.01% want us to believe, so they can keep corporate taxes low. It is, however, a very blatant lie.
There are two ways that corporations can compensate higher corporate taxes. One is the way you allude, by passing the burden on to their employees and customers. But it's not the only way. They could also take a hit to their profits, which quite frankly are obscene:
I've been thinking lately that perhaps corporate income tax should indeed go away, and that we wouldn't be any worse off for it... if we started treating capital gains the same as regular income, and tax it accordingly (I'd actually argue that it should even be taxed higher than wages, because it's economic rent, not a payment for the contribution of productive labor - but I'd be okay with a single scale).
That's an old thought, but won't work. The reason is that people who have these insane amounts of money don't need to draw it as income. They can purchase things with stocks they own, for example. They can keep it "invested". Your tax gain would be much less than you anticipate, and of course there would be some exceptions and loopholes and they would be abused.
If you want to return the world back to a different age where humans matter more than corporations, you have to tax the corporations high and the hu
Are you specifically referring to the scheme that Steve Jobs used? The one where he'd basically take loans using his billions of stock as collateral, never paying them out, and then once he dies, his family inherits the stock, sells it (and now pays no tax on capital gains, because it's considered "reset"?), and repays the loans? That's just a straight loophole that we should close.
I wasn't referring to that scheme in particular, because there are many such and I was referring to them in general.
Because once you're super-rich, the rules of the game change. From what I gather from friends working in various industries that serve the 0.01%, these people have more ways of hiding their money then you and I have of making money.
This assumes that prices and wages are set based on profit margins. Clearly they are not. Prices are what the market will stand, Apple being the perfect example of huge margins even though other companies make equivalent or better products for far less. Wages are as low as the minimum amount required to get people to do the job required, and because welfare systems make up any shortfall that is often below what a person can live on without assistance. Essentially it's corporate welfare, as the corporation r
This will end up as just another pointless "look, we actually do something!" PR stunt, with the inevitable outcome of a token "no admission of wrongdoing" fine that amounts to 30 seconds' worth of Apple's profits and probably doesn't even pay for the "investigation".
I don't like that multinationals have perfected the art of gaming the world's tax systems, but I highly doubt Apple (and others) actually broke any laws here. Intra-company licensing fees make it trivial to shuffle both income and expenses ar
the UK parliament is rather upset about it, assorted companies have been asked grumpy questions about their tax avoidance, in particular Google. The problem is closing these loopholes requires a lot of international cooperation and it isn't generally in the interests of the smaller countries to play ball.
Ireland's taxation laws allow multinationals to set up subsidiaries that effectively turn them into stateless entities whose revenues are subject to no jurisdiction. It's the definition of entirely legal tax avoidance, and Apple has been among the most successful companies in routing much of its international revenues and earnings through its Irish subsidiaries.
Apple has conspired with the Irish government to move it's profit outside the space/time continuum. How else can you explain "revenues are subject to no jurisdiction?" That means the money has no legal presence anywhere on the planet. Or off the planet, as far as we know.
There are lots of locations where the rule of law doesn't apply. There are places where many different legal systems claim to be in charge. There are places like Antarctica where the international community has set up treaties so that one one country has control. Apple has been able to secrete it's money so it is not in any of these places.
They have outflanked the rule of law. They are in a literal sense "lawless": without law. Yet they make extensive use of the legal system and expect to have their business protected by civil and criminal authorities. It's corporate hypocrisy at it's most blatant.
Why are they getting away with this? I have a counter suggestion: round up all current and former living board members, everyone who was a Chief Executive Anything, put them in indefinite detention and strip them of every asset they have. Why do the deserve legal protection when they have made it their business to be above the law?
That's a nice patent portfolio you've got there. You say your entire business model hinges on intellectual property, some ephemera that requires a court system to adjudicate? And maybe some Customs officers to block infringing devices from the US market?
Why, it'd be a shame if the courts and Customs didn't help. Kind of hard to be exclusive with just a bunch of paper backing you up..
Of course, you report that income and pay those taxes, that's maybe something we could help you with.
It's not a racket, since it does actually provide meaningful protection in return for those taxes. If you want to experience what it's like when there's no such protection, you can try living in Somalia or in Tribal Territories for a year or two, and see if you still think the deal is worthless.
One classic way of using these companies is buying and selling through them, which means that the owner does not need to report international operations conducted through the shell company and will be able to avoid any taxes on the profits. Shell companies are also used to conduct various other pieces of shady business, including selling supermarket brand goods without impacting the value of the main brand.
This is very bad for the Netherlands. It was in the paper this morning that because we are a tax paradise, especially for American companies, the Fortune 500 companies have 127 billion dollars stashed up in our country. If now suddenly the EU starts to meddle with the way we do business, this money may vanish and we lose a lucrative and easy part of our yearly income.
Not really. What is happening is that in most countries tax collection went down and they either increased taxes or cut services or both to compensate. Guess why they are collecting less taxes? Because companies like Apple are not paying their taxes! Guess who is getting taxed the most to compensate? consumers and hired labour.
Tax havens exist for all sorts of reasons. In a country like the Netherlands where a large part of GDP is natural gas exports the government can live off that and cut some corporate t
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416 B.R. 325 (2009)
Luis G. VÁZQUEZ LABOY and Carmen D. Garcia Calderon, Debtors.
Luis G. Vázquez Laboy and Carmen D. Garcia Calderon, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
Doral Mortgage Corporation, Doral Financial Corporation, and Edgardo Canales Idrach, d/b/a Canales Law Offices, and Angel Rolán Prado, Defendants-Appellees.
BAP No. PR 08-095. Bankruptcy No. 00-00852-GAC. Adversary No. 01-00077-GAC.
United States Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the First Circuit.
October 23, 2009.
*327 Juan M. Suárez Cobo, Esq., and Jaime L. Velasco Bonilla II, Esq., on brief for Appellants.
Giancarlo Font Garcia, Esq., on brief for Appellees, Edgardo Canales Idrach, d/b/a Canales Law Offices, and Angel Rolan Prado.
Néstor M. Méndez Gómez, Esq., and Giselle Lopez Soler, Esq., on brief for Appellee, Doral Mortgage Corporation.
Before HILLMAN, BOROFF, and ROSENTHAL, United States Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judges.
*328 ROSENTHAL, Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judge.
Luis G. Vázquez Laboy and Carmen D. García Calderón (the "Debtors"), filed an adversary proceeding seeking a determination that the postpetition actions of Doral Mortgage Corporation ("Doral") and others to perfect a prepetition lien violated the automatic stay. The Debtors sought an order requiring Doral to withdraw the mortgage deed and surrender the mortgage for cancellation, and $25,000 in actual damages, $75,000 in punitive damages, attorneys' fees, and costs. Although the bankruptcy court initially dismissed the adversary proceeding, it subsequently vacated that decision, concluding that Doral's postpetition actions violated the automatic stay and ordering Doral to surrender the mortgage for cancellation. The Debtors then filed a motion requesting an evidentiary hearing on damages. The bankruptcy court denied the Debtors' motion, concluding that avoidance of Doral's $25,000 lien was an adequate remedy, and that no monetary damages were warranted.
The Debtors appealed, arguing that the bankruptcy court deprived them of procedural due process by denying the motion without affording them an opportunity to present evidence as to the amount of their damages, and that the bankruptcy court erred in denying monetary damages, costs, and attorneys' fees. For the reasons set forth below, we conclude that the record on appeal fails to provide a sufficient basis for reviewing the bankruptcy court's decision, and, therefore, we summarily AFFIRM.
BACKGROUND
Prior to this bankruptcy case, the Debtors purchased certain real property in Corozal, Puerto Rico, and presented a conveyance deed to the Registry of Property for recordation. Shortly thereafter, the Debtors borrowed $25,000 from Doral and executed a first mortgage in its favor. Appellee Angel Rolan Prado ("Rolan") was notary for the mortgage deed, and appellee Edgardo Canales Idrach, d/b/a Canales Law Offices, was Rolan's employer ("Canales" and, collectively with Rolan, the "Canales Defendants"). Although the Canales Defendants thereafter presented the mortgage deed to the Registry of Property for recordation, the mortgage was not recorded at that time due to certain defects in the conveyance deed. No action was taken to cure the defects, and the deadline to record the mortgage expired. Although Doral admits that it became aware prior to the petition date that its mortgage was unrecorded, it took no corrective action at that time.
The Debtors filed a chapter 13 petition in January, 2000,[1] and the case was subsequently converted to chapter 7. On December 1, 2000, ten months after the bankruptcy filing, Doral and the Canales Defendants filed a corrected conveyance deed with the Registry of Property and again presented the mortgage deed for recordation.
On August 21, 2001, the Debtors filed their adversary complaint against Doral and the Canales Defendants[2] alleging that their postpetition actions to record the *329 mortgage deed violated the automatic stay. Doral moved to dismiss the complaint and, on August 29, 2003, the bankruptcy court entered a Decision and Order concluding that the postpetition actions to perfect Doral's prepetition lien were excepted from the automatic stay pursuant to § 362(b)(3), and dismissing the adversary proceeding. In so holding, the bankruptcy court found that Doral was unaware that its mortgage was unrecorded until after the bankruptcy filing, and that its perfection would have become effective against previously acquired rights in the Property but for the Debtors' wrongful conduct in withdrawing the conveyance deed.
The Debtors moved for reconsideration, and, following various proceedings that spanned several years, the bankruptcy court issued a second Decision and Order dated September 21, 2006, in which it vacated the initial Decision and Order due to manifest errors of fact and law. Specifically, the bankruptcy court concluded that it had erred in finding that Doral was not aware that its lien had not been recorded until after the bankruptcy filing, and in concluding that the Debtors' conduct in withdrawing the conveyance deed was wrongful. The bankruptcy court also concluded that it erred in its legal conclusion that the appellees' postpetition actions to perfect Doral's lien were excepted from the automatic stay pursuant to § 362(b)(3). As a result, the bankruptcy court ordered Doral to withdraw the mortgage deed and surrender it to the Debtors for cancellation. The Canales Defendants filed an untimely notice of appeal, and the appeal was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.
Thereafter, the Debtors filed a motion requesting a hearing to determine damages for the stay violation pursuant to § 362(h).[3] The Debtors also filed a motion requesting the bankruptcy court to schedule a conference "to discuss any pending matters prior to the hearing on damages," which the bankruptcy court granted. On June 22, 2007, the bankruptcy court held a "status and scheduling conference" (the "Status Conference").
On October 8, 2008, the bankruptcy court issued its third Decision and Order (the "Order") denying the Debtors' motion for an evidentiary hearing on damages. The bankruptcy court concluded that avoidance of Doral's $25,000 lien was an adequate remedy, and that no monetary damages were warranted. In so holding, the bankruptcy court stated:
The present case is more like an avoidance action, in which Doral tried to perfect a lien postpetition, than a common violation of the automatic stay. The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the 6th Circuit explained that "the fact that avoidance and recovery are distinct suggests that avoidance need not always trigger recovery." Suhar v. Burns (In re Burns), 322 F.3d 421, 427 (6th Cir. 2003). Although in Burns, the trustee filed an adversary proceeding to avoid a mortgage lien, invoking § 547 and 550, the circumstances are similar because the trustee in Burns also requested that the court award damages. The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the 6th Circuit held that "the remedy of recovery is only necessary when the remedy of avoidance is inadequate." In re Burns, 322 F.3d 421, 427 (6th Cir.2003). The Appellate Panel concluded "that avoidance of a defective mortgage is an adequate remedy in and of itself." Id.
*330 The bankruptcy court further concluded that "neither of the parties were frivolous in asserting their respective claims' and thus, no costs nor attorneys' fees will be awarded." The bankruptcy court entered judgment on December 17, 2008, and this appeal ensued.
JURISDICTION
Before addressing the merits of an appeal, the Panel must determine that it has jurisdiction, even if the issue is not raised by the litigants. See Boylan v. George E. Bumpus, Jr. Constr. Co. (In re George E. Bumpus, Jr. Constr. Co.), 226 B.R. 724 (1st Cir. BAP 1998). The Panel has jurisdiction to hear appeals from: (1) final judgments, orders and decrees; or (2) with leave of court, from certain interlocutory orders. 28 U.S.C. § 158(a); Fleet Data Processing Corp. v. Branch (In re Bank of New Eng. Corp.), 218 B.R. 643, 645 (1st Cir. BAP 1998). A decision is considered final if it "ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment," id. at 646 (citations omitted), whereas an interlocutory order "only decides some intervening matter pertaining to the cause, and requires further steps to be taken in order to enable the court to adjudicate the cause on the merits." Id. (quoting In re American Colonial Broad. Corp., 758 F.2d 794, 801 (1st Cir.1985)). Generally, bankruptcy court orders imposing or denying damages for violations of the automatic stay under § 362(h) are final appealable orders. See Heghmann v. Indorf (In re Heghmann), 316 B.R. 395, 400 (1st Cir. BAP 2004) (citations omitted).
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Appellate courts reviewing an appeal from the bankruptcy court generally apply the "clearly erroneous" standard to findings of fact and de novo review to conclusions of law. See TI Fed. Credit Union v. DelBonis, 72 F.3d 921, 928 (1st Cir.1995); Western Auto Supply Co. v. Savage Arms, Inc. (In re Savage Indus., Inc.), 43 F.3d 714, 719-20, n. 8 (1st Cir. 1994). Generally, the Panel reviews a bankruptcy court's assessment of damages for violations of the automatic stay for an abuse of discretion. See Heghmann, 316 B.R. at 400 (citing Soares v. Brockton Credit Union (In re Soares), 107 F.3d 969, 973 (1st Cir.1997); Varela v. Ocasio (In re Ocasio), 272 B.R. 815, 822 (1st Cir. BAP 2002)).
Judicial discretion is necessarily broad but it is not absolute. Abuse occurs when a material factor deserving significant weight is ignored, when an improper factor is relied upon, or when all proper and no improper factors are assessed, but the court makes a serious mistake in weighing them.
Id. (citing Melendez Colon v. Rivera (In re Melendez Colon), 265 B.R. 639 (1st Cir. BAP 2001)).
DISCUSSION
I. Due Process
Although this case involves the issue of damages under § 362(h), the Panel must first determine whether this appeal involves the fundamental right to due process. The Debtors argue that their due process rights were violated because they were not afforded an evidentiary hearing on their request for damages under § 362(h).
The Fifth Amendment provides in pertinent part that "no person shall be. . . deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. . . ." U.S. Const. Amend. V. "The fundamental requisite of due process of law is the opportunity to be heard." Dusenbery v. United States, 534 U.S. 161, 173, 122 S.Ct. 694, 151 L.Ed.2d 597 (2002) (citation omitted). *331 In order to satisfy the requirements of due process, the opportunity to be heard "need not be a full adversarial hearing but must be preceded by adequate notice and must afford [the party] a meaningful opportunity to speak in [his] own defense." Matthews v. Harney County, Or., Sch. Dist. No. 4, 819 F.2d 889, 892 (9th Cir. 1987). The essence of due process is the opportunity to be heard "at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner." Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976).
It is undisputed that the bankruptcy court never scheduled an evidentiary hearing regarding the Debtors' request for damages prior to determining that they were not entitled to damages and attorneys' fees. The Debtors argue that this case is identical to Rijos v. Banco Bilbao Vizcaya (In re Rijos), 263 B.R. 382 (1st Cir. BAP 2001), in which the Panel concluded that the bankruptcy court's failure to afford the debtors an opportunity to address the issue of damages at an evidentiary hearing violated "fundamental principles of due process." In Rijos, the Panel specifically noted that the record on appeal did not reflect that the debtors "had any notice, let alone `notice reasonably calculated under the circumstances' to apprize them that the court intended to rule on the issue of damages and attorney's fees without a hearing." Id. at 393. Doral argues that this case is distinguishable from Rijos because the bankruptcy court held several hearings in these proceedings. According to Doral, the bankruptcy court held the June 22, 2007 Status Conference specifically to address the issue of damages, and that the Debtors were afforded the opportunity to present their position at that hearing, yet they "failed to include any evidence or even offer proof of an injury caused by the alleged violation of the automatic stay." Unfortunately, the hearing transcript is not contained in the appellate record, and thus we are unable to ascertain what arguments and/or evidence were presented at the Status Conference, or whether the bankruptcy court made any oral findings or rulings at that hearing.
As the appellants in this matter, the Debtors bear the burden of establishing that the Panel should reverse the Order. See Wilson v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (In re Wilson), 402 B.R. 66, 69 (1st Cir. BAP 2009) (citing Mountain Peaks Fin. Servs. v. Shepard (In re Shepard), 328 B.R. 601, 603-604 (1st Cir. BAP 2005)). An appellant's failure to provide a hearing transcript is fatal to an appeal where "the Panel is unable to determine the legal foundation of the bankruptcy court's rulings, or whether the bankruptcy court made any initial oral findings and rulings." Id. (citing Gagne v. Fessenden (In re Gagne), 394 B.R. 219, 225 n. 7 (1st Cir. BAP 2008)).
"When an appellant fails to provide a record of evidence material to the point the appellant wishes to raise, and thus leaves the appellate court with an insufficient basis to make a reasoned decision, the court in its discretion may either consider the merits of the case insofar as the record permits, or may dismiss the appeal if the absence of a full record thwarts intelligent and reasoned review." Scarfo v. Cabletron Sys., Inc., 54 F.3d 931, 963 (1st Cir. 1995); see also Campos-Orrego v. Rivera, 175 F.3d 89, 93 (1st Cir.1999) (parties seeking appellate review "must furnish the court with the raw materials necessary to the due performance of the appellate task"); Moore v. Murphy, 47 F.3d 8, 10-11 (1st Cir.1995) (holding that if the record on appeal is so deficient as to preclude the appellate court from reaching a reasoned determination on merits, the appellant must bear brunt of an insufficient record); In re Abijoe Realty *332 Corp., 943 F.2d 121, 123 n. 1 (1st Cir.1991) (explaining that court would only evaluate the claims of error to extent permitted by limited record on appeal).
Id. at 69-70.
Here, the Debtors did not include in their appendix or in the record on appeal a transcript of the Status Conference, and there is no evidence in the record as to what occurred at that hearing. Without a transcript of the hearing, we cannot ascertain whether the Debtors were afforded the opportunity to present arguments and/or evidence on the issue of damages. Therefore, we are unable to determine whether there were any due process violations. "The responsibility for voids in the appellate record must reside with the party whose claim of error depends for its support upon any portion of the record of the proceedings below which was omitted. . . ." In re Abijoe Realty Corp., 943 F.2d 121, 123 n. 1 (1st Cir.1991); see also Torres Martinez v. Arce (In re Torres Martinez), 397 B.R. 158, 166 (1st Cir. BAP 2008) (appellants bear the burden of providing the appellate court with all transcripts necessary to address the issues raised on appeal).
II. Section 362(h) and Damages for Willful Violation of the Automatic Stay
The Bankruptcy Code creates a statutory remedy for individual debtors who are injured by violations of the automatic stay. Section 362(h) provides that "[a]n individual injured by any willful violation of a stay provided by this section shall recover actual damages, including costs and attorneys' fees, and, in appropriate circumstances, may recover punitive damages." 11 U.S.C. § 362(h). Courts within the First Circuit have concluded that the words "shall recover" indicate that "Congress intended that the award of actual damages, costs and attorney's fees be mandatory upon a finding of a willful violation of the stay." Heghmann, 316 B.R. at 405 n. 9 (emphasis added) (citing Ramirez v. Fuselier (In re Ramirez), 183 B.R. 583, 589 (9th Cir. BAP 1995)).
Therefore, when a creditor willfully acts after the filing of a bankruptcy petition, and without authorization from the bankruptcy court, to enforce any lien against the debtor and the action causes the debtor injury, the debtor is entitled to recover actual damages, including costs, and attorneys' fees, and, in appropriate circumstances, punitive damages. 11 U.S.C. § 362(h). However, damages are not imposed as a matter of course. Rather, the burden is on the debtor to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that he suffered actual damages as a result of the stay violation. Heghmann, 316 B.R. at 403-404; see also In re Flack, 239 B.R. 155, 163 (Bankr.S.D.Ohio 1999) (citation omitted).
Accordingly, in determining whether to award damages under § 362(h), the bankruptcy court must first consider whether: (1) the actions which violated the automatic stay were willful; and (2) whether the debtor suffered an injury due to those violations.
Here, the bankruptcy court concluded that avoidance of Doral's $25,000 lien was an adequate remedy, and that no monetary damages were warranted. In order for the Panel to review whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in so holding, the Debtor must provide the Panel with an appellate record that is adequate to show what was argued before and presented to the bankruptcy court on the damages issue. A transcript of the hearing is an essential part of the appellate record in this case, and the Debtors' failure *333 to provide the Panel with a copy of the transcript is fatal to their appeal. Without a copy of the transcript, the Panel is unable to determine the legal foundation of the bankruptcy court's rulings, or whether the bankruptcy court made any initial oral findings and rulings. Moreover, the Panel is unable to determine what evidence was before the bankruptcy court when it made its decision. Thus, the Debtors' failure to provide a copy of the transcript thwarts any attempt by this Panel to apply the abuse of discretion standard.
CONCLUSION
Because the record on appeal fails to provide a sufficient basis for reviewing the bankruptcy court's decision, we summarily AFFIRM the Order.
NOTES
[1] The Debtors' case was commenced before the enactment of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 ("BAPCPA"), Pub.L. No. 109-8, 119 Stat. 23. Therefore, unless otherwise noted, all references to the "Bankruptcy Code" or to statutory sections herein are to the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, as amended prior to April 20, 2005, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101, et seq.
[2] Rolan and Canales were not named in the original complaint, but were subsequently added as defendants in an amended complaint.
[3] Section 362(h) was redesignated as § 362(k) as part of BAPCPA. However, these changes are not applicable to the present case because the Debtors filed their bankruptcy petition before BAPCPA's effective date. All citations to § 362(h) will be to the pre-BAPCPA version unless otherwise noted.
|
{
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}
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Dr. Cosloy continues to study the genetics and regulation of the heme biosynthetic pathway of Escherichia coli in collaboration with Dr. Charlotte Russell of Area L The heme IX synthesis pathway in E coli has several branches. G1utamyl-tRNA participates in protein synthesis as well as in the synthesis of aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the first committed intermediate in heme biosynthesis. Another branch point occurs at the uroporphyrinogen III step and it leads to sirohydrochlorin or to heme. Sirohydrochlorin is the precursor for the branches leading to Vitamin B12 and to siroheme. Siroheme is a cofactor in the synthesis of cysteine. Heme plays a role in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and it has been found that 02 may regulate the production of ALA. These considerations suggest that the control of this pathway requires interesting strategies which are worth investigating.
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}
|
EPSD
EPSD or ePSD may refer to:
Española Public School District #55, a school district based in Española, New Mexico, USA
The electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary, an online dictionary of the Sumerian language
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I racked up 330 minutes of cardio this week, thanks to two hours of racketball with Lady Jaye, Bond, and Cleopatra. My goal is 240 minutes a week, so I was pretty proud of myself to get some “extra credit” in –especially with my fat percentage measurement coming up this week!
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Fossil fuel demand to by 25% by 2040 – OPEC
Fossil fuel demand will reduce by nearly 25 percent in the next two decades, the Secretary General of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo has said. Speaking at the SPE Kuwait Oil & Gas Show and Conference in Kuwait City, yesterday, Barkindo however said fossil fuels will remain a dominant in […]
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This story has been updated with responses from Kirsten Han and Terry Xu.
SINGAPORE — Home Affairs and Law Minister K Shanmugam has questioned the funding sources behind sociopolitical website The Online Citizen (TOC), noting that it receives support from foreigners and employs foreigners, including Malaysians.
Today reported that Shanmugam was commenting on how websites that receive funding from and hire foreigners can easily be subverted to advance foreign interests. He was speaking at a RSIS conference on foreign-interference tactics and countermeasures on Wednesday (25 September).
The minister brought up TOC as an example, noting that it writes “almost exclusively negative articles” on Singapore. He referred to the defamation lawsuit brought by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong against TOC over an article about the long running Oxley Road saga.
The article repeated allegations by Lee’s siblings Wei Ling and Hsien Yang that he had misled their late father Lee Kuan Yew that the government had gazetted the old family home at 38 Oxley Road.
Stressing that he was not commenting on the legal merits of the article, Shanmugam noted that it was written by a Malaysian named Rubaashini Shunmuganathan, who apparently lives in Shah Alam, Selangor.
Given that Shunmuganathan has written many articles that seek to influence views in the Republic, Shanmugam said that this raises questions about who controls and pays her, and what purpose her work serves. He further claimed that most readers would assume a Singaporean contributor was behind TOC’s articles.
The minister also took issue with the fact that out of 14 administrators of the website, only five are in Singapore. Nine are based abroad, including four in Malaysia and two in Indonesia.
Shanmugam questioned, “We don’t know who they are. Are they Singaporeans? Are they foreigners?”
Meeting with Mahathir
The 60-year-old also alluded to a meeting between five Singaporeans and Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in Kuala Lumpur last year.
Historian Thum Ping Tjin, political dissident Tan Wah Piow, freelance journalist Kirsten Han, civil-rights activist Jolovan Wham and graphic novelist Sonny Liew met the 94-year-old leader in August last year.
A day after meeting Mahathir, Dr Thum extended his wishes on the occasion of Malaysia’s National Day by messaging “Selamat Hari Merdeka to the people of the former Federation of Malaya (and happy unofficial independence day to the people of Singapore)”. The historian also urged Mahathir to take leadership in the promotion of democracy in Southeast Asia.
Shanmugam said that New Naratif, a movement which supports democracy in the region and is set up by Han and Dr Thum, receives foreign funding.
Han also said that unlike in Hong Kong, Singapore had failed because its people have not been out in the streets, according to the Today report.
“(This) will seem ridiculous on so many levels, but leave that aside because everyone is entitled to their views, however reasonable or unreasonable,” said Shanmugam.
“Should foreign contributions be received in order to push these lines?” he added.
Such online sites are “only interested to get eyeballs” and have been targeted by other countries to sow internal divisions, he noted.
The minister called foreign interference an “age-old threat” with a history of thousands of years.
Stressing that Singapore cannot take a hands-off approach on the issue, Shanmugam said foreign interference in its affairs is a matter of “national security” and that legislation is necessary to deal with it.
Response from Han and Terry Xu
Meanwhile, Han has asked Today to make corrections and clarifications on various points made in the Today article.
In a post on her Facebook page, Han pointed to the “severity of the allegations against” her and included an email that she sent to Today and other relevant links.
“Insinuations that I am trying to stir up unrest like what's happening in Hong Kong right now are not only untrue but also playing with fire in that it smears myself (and my colleagues) as dangerous threats to our country,” she said.
Meanwhile, TOC chief editor Terry Xu has also posted a response to Shanmugam on Facebook, clarifying that all articles published on TOC are directed and subsequently approved by him.
Story continues
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Francisco Silvela
Francisco Silvela y Le Vielleuze (15 December 1843, in Madrid – 29 May 1905, in Madrid) was a Spanish politician who became Prime Minister of Spain on 3 May 1899, succeeding Práxedes Mateo Sagasta. He served in this capacity until 22 October 1900.
Silvela also served a second term from 6 December 1902 to 20 July 1903, in which he succeeded another one of Práxedes Mateo Sagasta's many separate terms as prime minister.
Francisco Silvela belonged to the Conservative Party led by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. He became leader of the Party after the assassination of Cánovas in 1897. His government concluded the German–Spanish Treaty (1899), selling the remainder of the Spanish East Indies.
Francisco Silvela named the general Arsenio Linares y Pombo, who had fought in the Spanish–American War, Minister of War in 1900.
Francisco Silvela withdrew from politics in 1903 and appointed Antonio Maura as his successor. He died in Madrid in 1905.
Family
Francisco Silvela married Amelia Loring Heredia; their children were Jorge and Tomas.
|-
Category:1843 births
Category:1905 deaths
Category:Politicians from Madrid
Category:Conservative Party (Spain) politicians
Category:Prime Ministers of Spain
Category:Foreign ministers of Spain
Category:Justice ministers of Spain
Category:Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Spanish Restoration
Category:Leaders of political parties in Spain
Category:Members of the Royal Spanish Academy
|
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|
A Close Call
Central Morning
September 13, 2013
Season 2013,
Episode 300136978
13:01
We get details on a Transportation Safety Board review of a a near crash with a Cougar helicopter two years ago and get reaction from Lori Chynn, widow of John Pelley, one of the people aboard Cougar Flight 491.
|
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}
|
Q:
What tools does Rust provide to avoid copies when using MPSC channels?
I'm creating a multithreaded application using mpsc to share memory between my threads:
use std::thread;
use std::sync::mpsc::{Sender, Receiver};
#[derive(Debug)]
struct Msg {
pub content: Vec<i16>,
/* ... */
}
#[derive(Debug)]
struct MsgBack {
pub content: Vec<i16>,
pub new_content: Vec<i16>,
/* ... */
}
fn child(rx: mpsc::Receiver<Msg>, tx: mpsc::Sender<MsgBack>) {
let message = rx.recv().unwrap();
let new_content = message.content.iter().map(|x| -x).collect();
tx.send(MsgBack { // The memory is moved/copied
content: message.content,
new_content: new_content,
});
}
fn main() {
let (tx, rx): (Sender<Msg>, Receiver<Msg>) = mpsc::channel();
let (tx_back, rx_back): (Sender<MsgBack>, Receiver<MsgBack>) = mpsc::channel();
thread::spawn(move || {
child(rx, tx_back);
});
let message = Msg {
content: (0..100).map(|x| x).collect(), // Dummy initialisation
};
println!("{:#?}", message);
tx.send(message).unwrap(); // The memory is moved/copied
let answer = rx_back.recv().unwrap();
println!("{:#?}", answer);
}
I did some profiling and I saw that sending the data is responsible for 1/3 of the execution time in my real program (which sends more than just a Vec).
I want to keep this code structure but avoid moves/copies when sending a message to save a lot of time.
A:
Move of a Vec doesn't move its content, but only the 3-word "header". Therefore, unless your MsgBack contains a lot of other fields or large fixed-size arrays inline, it should be rather cheap to move.
In general, you can put things in Box to allocate them on the heap, so then the Box<T> itself is only pointer-sized. "Moving" of the Box doesn't move any data, only copies the pointer.
If your actual iterators are more complex than your example and don't have useful size_hint, you may be seeing memcpy from .collect() reallocating the vector as it grows. You can avoid that by pre-allocating required size:
Instead of:
let dst = iterator.collect();
use:
let mut dst = Vec::with_capacity(required_size);
dst.extend(iterator);
|
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|
//
// _ _ ______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
// | \ | | | ____| | (_) | (_) | | | |
// | \| | ___ | |__ __| |_| |_ _ _ __ __ _| | | |
// | . ` |/ _ \ | __| / _` | | __| | '_ \ / _` | | | |
// | |\ | (_) | | |___| (_| | | |_| | | | | (_| |_|_|_|
// |_| \_|\___/ |______\__,_|_|\__|_|_| |_|\__, (_|_|_)
// __/ |
// |___/
//
// This file is auto-generated. Do not edit manually
//
// Copyright 2013-2020 Automatak, LLC
//
// Licensed to Green Energy Corp (www.greenenergycorp.com) and Automatak
// LLC (www.automatak.com) under one or more contributor license agreements.
// See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for additional information
// regarding copyright ownership. Green Energy Corp and Automatak LLC license
// this file to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you
// may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
// a copy of the License at:
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//
#ifndef OPENDNP3_GROUP52_H
#define OPENDNP3_GROUP52_H
#include "opendnp3/app/GroupVariationID.h"
#include <ser4cpp/container/SequenceTypes.h>
#include "opendnp3/app/DNPTime.h"
namespace opendnp3 {
// Time Delay - Coarse
struct Group52Var1
{
static GroupVariationID ID() { return GroupVariationID(52,1); }
Group52Var1();
static size_t Size() { return 2; }
static bool Read(ser4cpp::rseq_t&, Group52Var1&);
static bool Write(const Group52Var1&, ser4cpp::wseq_t&);
uint16_t time;
};
// Time Delay - Fine
struct Group52Var2
{
static GroupVariationID ID() { return GroupVariationID(52,2); }
Group52Var2();
static size_t Size() { return 2; }
static bool Read(ser4cpp::rseq_t&, Group52Var2&);
static bool Write(const Group52Var2&, ser4cpp::wseq_t&);
uint16_t time;
};
}
#endif
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Plus the hypothesis has every class to issue Tuvel on lit essay, it would be aplomb to also see some more astir critique of the lector of substantiation validation that instances the viewers from.
As we all day, buses are not presently deficient. As proved in this issuance, the most deciding, determinant determinative in handy chase who are Distillery 11 as fountainhead, wellspring on, after Year, to unmasking and producing the Idiom's take on improver.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
61))/(j/7). Let f be 7/(-126)*r - 1/66. Which is the third biggest value? (a) 5 (b) -0.13 (c) f
c
Let g = -16.7 - -17.1. Let m = 309 + -307. Which is the second smallest value? (a) m (b) 0.1 (c) 4 (d) g
d
Let z = -0.2 + 4.2. Let m be 42/63*-6*(1 - 2). Let i be 7*(210/49 - m). What is the second biggest value in i, z, -3?
i
Suppose -8*o + 11*o + 5*m = -28, 5*o + m + 10 = 0. Let t = 0.11 - 4.21. Let l = t - -4. What is the third smallest value in l, -3/8, o?
l
Let s = 1/4995 - -997/9990. Which is the fifth smallest value? (a) 0.2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) -0.4 (e) s
c
Let s(i) = -2*i + 3*i + 3*i + 23 - 5*i. Let o be s(23). Let k = -0.7 - 3.3. Which is the second smallest value? (a) o (b) 0.5 (c) k
a
Let h be 2112/14592 - (-2)/(-8). What is the second biggest value in h, -4, -3/5, 17?
h
Let l = -10305 - -10312. Which is the biggest value? (a) l (b) 2 (c) -15
a
Let j = -2.48 + -1.52. Let q = 120 + -120.18. Which is the biggest value? (a) 2/9 (b) q (c) -4/3 (d) j
a
Let f = 193/895 - -33/179. Which is the smallest value? (a) f (b) 1115 (c) -0.2
c
Let u = -263 + 568. Let o = -289 + u. What is the smallest value in o, -0.4, -5, 0.3?
-5
Let x = -0.6 - -1.2. Let z = -0.6 + x. Let t = 2704.9 + -2705. Which is the second biggest value? (a) -2/17 (b) 2/5 (c) t (d) z
d
Let l = -0.25 - -0.12. Let y = -49764 - -49764.5. What is the biggest value in -1, y, l, 2?
2
Let m = 8804 - 8759.91. Let r = m + -44. Let l be (-26)/39 + 16/15. What is the smallest value in r, l, -1/6?
-1/6
Let k = -277 - -267. Let q be (-8 - -10)*(-4)/k. Which is the third smallest value? (a) q (b) -3 (c) -0.3
a
Let f be (-12)/(-42)*-14 + 293 + 0. Let t = f - 292. Which is the second biggest value? (a) 110 (b) t (c) 4
c
Let o = -931 - -934. What is the smallest value in -0.01, o, -35?
-35
Let d be 58/(-8) + 2*17 + 757 + -783. Let c = -3 - -3.2. What is the fourth biggest value in 0.6, 10, d, c?
c
Let x = -23 + 23.5. Let n = -305 - -309. Which is the smallest value? (a) n (b) 2/17 (c) x (d) 2/3
b
Let y = 251 - 153. Let d = -68 + y. Let b = -33 + d. What is the smallest value in b, 1, 0.9?
b
Suppose 159*b = -152*b + 322*b - 66. What is the smallest value in -2, -4, b, 22, -5?
-5
Let a = -2.35 - -2.35. Let g = 0.2037 - -1.7963. What is the biggest value in -0.01, -4, a, g?
g
Suppose 5753 = 44*c - 20191 - 10356. What is the biggest value in 1, c, -0.4?
c
Let o = -5 - -10. Let a = 6809 + -6787. What is the third biggest value in -5, 0, a, o?
0
Let k be (5/(-1))/((-2)/(-6)). Let n = 2695 - 2695.2. What is the second biggest value in k, n, 4?
n
Suppose 0 = -3*w - 37 + 82. Let t be (-62)/w - (-37 - -33). Which is the third biggest value? (a) t (b) 2/9 (c) -2
c
Let y = -1605/7 - -229. Let g = 137 - 136. Which is the biggest value? (a) g (b) -4 (c) 2/17 (d) y
a
Let v = -99/328 + -3/41. Let m = 18154 + -18151. Which is the second biggest value? (a) v (b) m (c) 39
b
Let y = -204.6 - -204.57. Let v = -0.04 + -0.26. Which is the third smallest value? (a) y (b) v (c) 3 (d) 1
d
Suppose 2707 + 1762 - 752 = -1239*c. Let i = -1.8 - -1.87. Let z = i - 0.37. What is the second smallest value in -2/11, z, 6/7, c?
z
Let s = -119 - -216. Let j = s - 96.5. Let y be 1 - 0 - 1 - -1. Which is the third smallest value? (a) -0.6 (b) y (c) j
b
Let n = -241.63 - -62.63. What is the third smallest value in -1/3, 0.5, -1/7, n?
-1/7
Let j be 37/10 - (7 - 3). Which is the third biggest value? (a) j (b) 7 (c) 2
a
Let l = -20613 - -20611. What is the biggest value in -1, -4420, l?
-1
Let f = 4.3445 + -1.3445. Let u = 0.4 + -1.6. Which is the smallest value? (a) f (b) 0.1 (c) u
c
Let t(h) = -h**3 - 7*h**2 + 3*h + 17. Let k be t(-7). Let x be 0 + -6*(-7)/126. Which is the second smallest value? (a) -1 (b) x (c) k (d) -2
d
Let v = -1336 - -1335.99. Let c(i) = -i**3 - 11*i**2 - 10*i - 1. Let a be c(-10). What is the smallest value in a, v, 2, 2/7?
a
Let g = -0.7 - -1.1. Let x = 2.357 - -0.043. Let s = x - 5.4. Which is the second biggest value? (a) 40 (b) g (c) s
b
Let k = 145 - 288. Let c be (-22)/k + 68/65. What is the biggest value in 2/21, c, -0.15?
c
Let c = -183156 - -183151. Let p(j) = -j**2 - 7*j - 2. Let i be p(-7). What is the biggest value in -0.53, i, c?
-0.53
Let v = -59.1 + 7.8. Let x = v + 50.9. What is the second smallest value in x, 7, -0.3, -5?
x
Suppose 1045*d - 1090*d = 0. What is the smallest value in d, -6106, -1/5?
-6106
Let z = 3.03 + -0.03. Let p = -8.2 + 2.6. Let y = p + 1.6. What is the fourth smallest value in z, y, -5, -28?
z
Let j(s) = -41*s - 2065. Let b be j(-50). What is the fifth biggest value in 5, -1, 1/3, 4/3, b?
b
Suppose 36*q = 26*q - 20. What is the second biggest value in 23, 0.4, -0.4, q?
0.4
Let x = 55423.92 - 55424. Let r = 4/19 - -3/76. Which is the biggest value? (a) -4 (b) r (c) 5 (d) x
c
Let r = -3.659 + 3.759. What is the third biggest value in 7, -4, 2, r?
r
Let s = 5407 - 3789. Suppose -s = 7*o - 386. Let r be ((-5)/6)/5*o/132. What is the biggest value in -0.3, r, -3, -15/11?
r
Suppose 0 = 6*f - 83 - 889. Let z = 812/5 - f. Let p = 0.02 - 0.08. Which is the second biggest value? (a) 2 (b) p (c) z
c
Let t = 57 - 58. Suppose 28*j - 30*j - 10 = 0. Let i = 0.28 + -0.18. Which is the second biggest value? (a) i (b) 5 (c) j (d) t
a
Let p = -4.2 - -4. Suppose 0 = -25*u + 26*u + 2. Let f be -3 - (u + (-4 - 33)). What is the biggest value in f, -4, p?
f
Let q = -41409 + 1904829/46. Which is the third smallest value? (a) 2 (b) q (c) -0.01
a
Let n = -1765 - -2550. Let r = n - 785.4. Which is the third biggest value? (a) r (b) -6/11 (c) 23
b
Let f(n) = 2*n**3 - 48*n**2 - 5. Let g be f(24). Let i = 1.28 - 0.28. Let s be (3/21)/(1/2). Which is the second biggest value? (a) i (b) s (c) g
b
Let j be (-326)/(-10) + 8/20. Let v be j/36 + 2/(-3). Let g = 0.054326 + 0.245674. What is the third smallest value in v, g, 2/9?
g
Let h = -3178 - -3297. Which is the third biggest value? (a) -0.4 (b) -3 (c) h
b
Let w = 0.034 + 1.026. Let c = 0.96 - w. What is the second biggest value in c, -5, 0.03?
c
Let j be ((-2)/6)/((-15)/(-9)). Let g = -6520 + 6520.2. Which is the third smallest value? (a) 2 (b) j (c) 23/4 (d) g
a
Let v = 5923.99 + -5924. Which is the third biggest value? (a) 0.4 (b) v (c) 1/3
b
Let s = -9020 - -9020. Which is the third biggest value? (a) 4 (b) 0.4 (c) s (d) 0.049 (e) 2
b
Let m = -2831/35 - -569/7. Which is the third biggest value? (a) m (b) 3/7 (c) -3 (d) 3
a
Let y = -9677/14547 - 7/4849. Which is the second smallest value? (a) 2 (b) y (c) -2.33 (d) -2
d
Let v be (-2 + 1)/(1/((-23)/92)). What is the fourth biggest value in -0.3, 4/3, 1/3, v?
-0.3
Let y = 446 - 479.2. Let k = 30.2 + y. Which is the fourth smallest value? (a) -1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) k
c
Suppose -2*k - b + 64 = -3*k, 124 = -2*k + 3*b. Let y = 61 + k. What is the second smallest value in -0.2, y, -1, 0?
-1
Let j(n) = 7*n + 1. Let k be j(-1). Let q = k - -16/3. Let w = -9466 + 9463. Which is the second smallest value? (a) w (b) 1 (c) q
c
Let u = 0.0306 - 21.7306. Let m = -22.3 - u. What is the fourth biggest value in 4, 1/3, m, -2/5?
m
Let w be 3/2 + (-74)/(-4). Let k = -21 + w. Let x = -0.036 + -1.964. Which is the second smallest value? (a) -3 (b) x (c) -0.2 (d) k
b
Let p = -0.08921 + 0.18921. What is the second smallest value in -0.5, -5, p, -176/3?
-5
Let a = -23483 - -23484. What is the third smallest value in 5, 2/7, a, -3, 0.3?
0.3
Let f = 2244 + -2242. Which is the biggest value? (a) 4 (b) f (c) -4
a
Let f = 97475.1 + -97475. Let s = -272 + 2990/11. What is the second biggest value in s, -24, -3/5, f?
s
Let s(l) = l**2 - 2*l - 33. Let w be s(0). Let r = 24 + w. What is the second smallest value in -1, 3, r?
-1
Let k = -0.8 + 1.3. Let r = -0.07854 + -2.92146. Suppose -j + 4*g = 21, -j + 9 = 2*g - 0*g. Which is the fourth smallest value? (a) k (b) -2 (c) j (d) r
a
Let i = -335.985 + 334.985. Let n = 13 - 9. Which is the biggest value? (a) 0 (b) i (c) n
c
Let o = 254.2 + -259.2. Which is the third smallest value? (a) 3/2 (b) o (c) -0.006
a
Suppose -4*h + 3*x + 5 = -2, 3*x = 2*h - 5. What is the second smallest value in -6/5, h, -6, -10/39?
-6/5
Let z = -91.86 - -88.86. Which is the second small
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{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
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Antenna Sicilia Live
Antenna Sicilia is a Italian regional television channel. It is operated by La Sicilia, the main newspaper of Sicily. It offers locally produced news related programming, with "Insieme" being its most popular and easily recognizable show worldwide. Live TV stream right here.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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Trends in school violence.
School violence has been a new research area since the 1980s, when Scandinavian and British researchers first focused on the subject. This violence has sometimes even resulted in murder. Since the late 1980s the World Health Organization (WHO) has conducted cross-national studies every fourth year on Health Behavior in School Aged Children (HBSC). Today 37 countries participate under the guidance of the WHO-European Office. The HBSC school-based survey is conducted with a nationally representative sample of 11, 13 and 15 year old school children in each country using a standard self-administrated questionnaire. The subject of bullying at school has been part of the questionnaire. Results from these surveys and studies in the United States and Israel are presented and it is hoped that the recent public debate and initiatives by the various government agencies will result in reduced school violence in the future.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Meta-analysis for the comparison of two diagnostic tests to a common gold standard: A generalized linear mixed model approach.
Meta-analysis of diagnostic studies is still a rapidly developing area of biostatistical research. Especially, there is an increasing interest in methods to compare different diagnostic tests to a common gold standard. Restricting to the case of two diagnostic tests, in these meta-analyses the parameters of interest are the differences of sensitivities and specificities (with their corresponding confidence intervals) between the two diagnostic tests while accounting for the various associations across single studies and between the two tests. We propose statistical models with a quadrivariate response (where sensitivity of test 1, specificity of test 1, sensitivity of test 2, and specificity of test 2 are the four responses) as a sensible approach to this task. Using a quadrivariate generalized linear mixed model naturally generalizes the common standard bivariate model of meta-analysis for a single diagnostic test. If information on several thresholds of the tests is available, the quadrivariate model can be further generalized to yield a comparison of full receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. We illustrate our model by an example where two screening methods for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes are compared.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Rolf Aurness
Rolf Aurness was born on February 18, 1952 in Santa Monica, California. He won the 1970 World Surfing Championships held at Johanna in Victoria, Australia, beating Midget Farrelly in the finals.
Surfing career
When he was nine Aurness suffered a skull fracture after falling from a tree. His father, reported to be an enthusiastic surfer, used surfing to help his son recover. He implemented a strict training regime of dawn sessions at beaches, long distance swimming and weekend beach trips, including the Hollister Ranch.
Several times a year they visited Hawaii, renting accommodation on Mākaha beach.
Personal life
Aurness is the son of Gunsmoke actor James Arness and nephew of Mission Impossible actor Peter Graves.
In the decade following his World Surfing Championship win Aurness fell out of surfing as his wife, mother and sister all died. His wife died in 1978 from cancer, his mother Virginia (née Chapman) died in 1976,and his sister Jenny Lee Aurness committed suicide on May 12, 1975.
His half-brother Craig founded the stock photography agency Westlight and also was a photographer for National Geographic.
His father, well known Western and Gunsmoke television show actor James Arness, died on June 3, 2011.
See also
References
External links
The Ranch www.surfline.com. Greg Heller, November 2000
Carroll: Swimming with Marshal Dillon Orange County Register. December 28, 2010
Category:Living people
Category:1952 births
Category:American surfers
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
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IDEAS chief executive Wan Saiful Wan Jan said that the studies have also exposed the “lousy job” Putrajaya has done in explaining the TPP to the public despite having negotiated the deal for the past five years. — Picture by Siow Feng Saw
KUALA LUMPUR, Dec 7—Two cost-benefit analyses of Malaysia’s participation in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) have provided evidence to counter anti-liberalisation voices opposed to the deal, said the Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs (IDEAS).
The think-tank also said the findings of the studies by PricewaterhouseCooper (PwC) and Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) last week demonstrated a pressing need to liberalise the local economy.
“It is shocking how much coverage these anti-liberalisation activists have received and how many people have been influenced by their scare tactics. I expect that they will now be scrambling to find faults and attempt to discredit the two studies in order to save the little credibility that they have left.
“We must not be fooled and allow ourselves to be terrified,” IDEAS chief executive Wan Saiful Wan Jan said in a statement today.
He also noted that the analyses exposed potential pitfalls that could undermine potential benefits of Malaysia signing on to the treaty, notably the exemptions for Bumiputera policies and state-owned enterprises.
Wan Saiful added that the studies have also exposed the “lousy job” Putrajaya has done in explaining the TPP to the public despite having negotiated the deal for the past five years, saying it was unfair that the International Trade and Industry Ministry was forced to deal with the criticism on its own.
Among findings by the two firms in their analyses of the TPP are that Malaysians will not lose access to generic drugs as previously feared and that the fears of loss of sovereignty from the investor-state dispute mechanism are real but likely exaggerated.
Other discoveries include potentially cheaper goods and services due to removed tariffs and increased competition.
On October 5, Malaysia together with US, Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam concluded negotiations on the TPP. The countries must now seek their individual mandates to sign the deal.
The TPP is a free trade agreement that has been negotiated by the US, Malaysia and nine other nations as part of the larger Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership since 2010.
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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Q:
bloques de 15 dias en sql en R
Tengo la siguiente tabla:
id
dinero
fecha
1
15
2009-02-07
1
30
2009-02-09
1
45
2009-03-04
1
50
2009-03-12
Me gustaría obtener el máximo de dinero gastado en cada quincena. Por ejemplo para la primera quincena de febrero tendría que salir 30 y para la de Marzo 50. ¿Cómo podría hacer esto en una consulta sql en R con la librería sqldf?
No utilizo ninguna base de datos, los tengo en archivos .csv y los importo en un dataframe. El problema que tendría es que el periodo de tiempo en el que tengo que realizar esto abarca varios años por lo que no sabría muy bien como realizarlo.
A:
No he tocado SQLDF,asique pongo esto para que pueda servirte de guia y/o ayuda.Suponiendo que el backend de sqldf sea SQLite, la select que estas buscando podría ser igual o similar a la siguiente
Select MAX(dinero) Cantidad,
ROUND(strftime('%W', fecha)/2) Quincena,
strftime('%Y', fecha) Year
from quincenas
group by ROUND(strftime('%W', fecha)/2),strftime('%Y', fecha)
Sobre el funcionamiento, strftime lo utilizamos para sacar por separado la semana del año con %W y el año en concreto con %Y.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Q:
Tkinter animation after calls - thread safety
I have a routine to animate a path through a maze that uses Tkinter's after function to plot the steps in the path sequentially. I update a counter variable which I am checking in each call and when I reach the end of the path, I reset a few variables. It all seems to work ok, but is this approach thread safe? Will each after() call be atomically and sequentially executed even if the previous after call is not completed before the next one is supposed to start? I use those variables in another part of the code to prevent a user from rendering a second path while the first one is still ongoing. Is there a better way of doing this?
def markPath(self):
if self.canvas is None or self.path is None:
return
for k,i in enumerate(self.path[1:-1]):
window.after(20*k,self.placeMarker,i,'#ff0000')
def placeMarker(self,p,value):
x0 = p[0]*self.scale+Maze.offset+4
y0 = p[1]*self.scale+Maze.offset+4
x1 = x0 + 4
y1 = y0 + 4
self.canvas.create_rectangle(y0,x0,y1,x1,fill=value)
if self.path is not None and (self.counter == len(self.path)-2):
self.path = None
self.start = None
self.end = None
self.counter = 0
else:
self.counter += 1
A:
Tkinter is single threaded. after does nothing more than to place an item on an event queue. The queue is processed in order. Because of this, it is not possible for a second job to start before the first one finishes.
There is one exception: if the first job explicitly calls update() sometime after the next job's timer expires, the first job will be paused until the next job finishes since update() won't return until there are no more events to be processed.
This is a good example of why you should almost never call update().
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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一口にチーズといっても、ひとつひとつ個性がある。クリームのようなリコッタチーズはラザニアによく合い、5年もののチェダーはどんな炭水化物とも相性抜群だ。ブリーはクラッカーに塗れるが、ブルーチーズはナイフを入れたとたんバラバラになってしまう。
個性豊かなチーズたちの共通点、それはどれも「おいしい」ということである。
しかし、そもそも何がチーズをおいしくしているのだろう？ どうすれば牛乳がチーズという、風味豊かで少しすっぱく、不思議な匂いがする食べ物に変わるのだろう？ なぜチーズ職人たちは、狙った味のチーズがつくれるのだろう？
その答えは魔法ではなく、微生物にある。そして、古くより伝わるこの力を使うためには、生物学の知恵が必要となる。
どんなチーズも、はじまりは同じ
あらゆる種類のチーズづくりは、ある地道な作業から始まる。〈牛乳の凝固〉だ。通常、作業は2段階に分かれている。まず最初に、チーズに乳酸菌を加え、牛乳の糖分であるラクトースを乳酸に変化させる。次に、レンネット（訳註：酵素の混合物）を加えることで牛乳のタンパク質を分解し、分子同士を押しつぶすことで牛乳を白い凝乳に変える。この時点でできているのは、新鮮でクリーム状の、少々味気ないリコッタチーズだ。
ここからが面白い。好みのチーズを得るために、チーズの製造者はイースト、糸状菌、細菌といった微生物をいろいろと組み合わせてチーズに加える。そしてその組み合わせを確実なものとするために、彼らは科学に頼るのだ。
微生物をどこまで管理するかが、チーズの多様性を生む
タフツ大学の微生物学者ベン・ウルフはチーズの研究者だ。彼はチーズ会社と一緒に製品中の微生物を分析し、最高の味を追い求めている。チーズ会社の多くは、微生物を分析するために微生物学者を社内に置いて、風味を管理する。ときには、DNA塩基配列決定だって活用する。
では、どのようにして微生物は複雑な風味を生み出すのだろう？ 微生物は牛乳中のタンパク質と脂質を分解する。このとき存在する微生物の種類によって、チーズの味は変化するのだ。
カマンベールチーズを考えてみよう。白い表皮をつくるために、製造者は糸状菌を凝乳に噴きかけ、その糸状菌がチーズを外側から分解していく。客の好みに合うように微生物の種類を選ぶことだって可能だ。
「米国のチーズ会社のつくるカマンベールはバターっぽくて、マッシュルームのようだ」「伝統的なカマンベールは、獣のような匂いがする」とウルフは言う。
微生物を管理すればするほど、チーズの味は一貫性をもつようになる。殺菌によって、チーズの風味を管理できるのだ。殺菌はすべての微生物を殺すことにより、例えて言えば、製造者がチーズにもたせたい風味を描くことができる空白のキャンバスを提供する。
しかし、すべての製造者が一貫性を好むわけではない。例えば、KRAFTほどの規模の会社にとっては、一貫した風味が重要なので、チーズを常に殺菌し、あまり多くの微生物種は使わない。反対に、職人的と呼ばれる小さい製造会社では、多様性や複雑さが重要なので、さまざまな種類の微生物を使い、ときには牛乳を殺菌しないことさえある。こういう方法は、結果が予測し難い代わりに、チーズ製造の創造性を増すことができる（しかし、注意が必要だ。殺菌しない牛乳、つまり生乳は論議の的となっている話題でもある。病原体を含んでいる可能性があるため、別個にFDA規制が適用されるが、熱烈なチーズファンは新しい規制の兆しにも神経を尖らせている）。
種類の違いは腐り方の違い
微生物の種というのは、そのつくりだす風味は幅広くとも、遺伝子的な違いが大きいわけではない。
「異なる種のイーストがもつ違いは、兄弟同士のそれと同じようなものです」「同じ属、同じ種であるわたしたちの髪色が違うのは、DNAのわずかな違いのせいです」と語るセイヤー・ディオンは、ウルフが一緒に仕事をしているチーズ会社のひとつ、ジャスパー・ヒル農場の微生物学者だ。
微妙なDNAの違いを引き起こすのは、環境だ。例えば、イーストを冷凍庫から出し入れし続けると、細胞にストレスを与えその発酵過程を変えるような突然変異が起きる。
もちろん、以上の説明は、微生物学の恩恵なく何世紀にもわたって入念に洗練されてきた工程を、“きれいに”語ったものだ。「チーズは製造者が全熟成過程を管理して生み出した、意図的でおいしい腐敗だ」とウルフは表現する。
つまり、チーズの種類の違いは牛乳の腐り方の違いに過ぎないということだ。
関連記事：20年ものの古酒の味を、たった6日間でつくる男
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Dressing up isn't just for the ladies! Men can get sexy too with costumes like the male cop costume, the Gameland Plumber Halloween costume, the football player costume, the Zoot Suit Gangster costume, and many more sexy costumes for men!
Hey fellas! Why in the world are you letting her have all the fun? She is getting dressed up, looking hot, and turning heads, but you also get a time to shine! You can find all your costume needs right here, no matter what your fantasy or costume desire. Dress up, dress down, or barely dress at all - these costume choices leave the options completely open.
Get your humor on or wear a barely there sexy piece after browsing through our options. From the hilarious Lumber Jack Wood Pecker costume to the Wandering Gunman all the way back to the Robber costume, your options are blown out of the water on this page. Are characters your thing? We have Assassin's Creed characters, Nintendo characters, and Star Trek character costumes. We truly aim to fulfill every fantasy to give you and your partner the best night of your lives.
Whether it's a party or an intimate get together for two, you'll light up your partner's night with any of these costumes. What's her fantasy? Fulfill it here with traditional costumes such as the Male Cop or more out of the way outfits such as the Big Bad Wolf costume. No matter what the occasion, time of day, or special event, you'll be able to dress up for the crowd or just for her by browsing through our available men's costumes. Don't forget to buy a few and fulfill more than one of her wildest fantasies, or wow more than one of your friends at a number of different parties and events.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Age of Tyrant
If you want a SCI-FI mass battle game in small scale this is the second game today that I would have to say you really should jump in and get on the kickstarter.
The kickstarter page has plenty of pledge options and also a printed rulebook is being made available from Pledge Level 2 and upwards.
Kallista is the designation given to a new type of Syntha command tank. An advanced, quantum processor module enables the SPOMM in this vehicle to slave up to four cells from any command on the battlefield. The prototype was tested in the the Siege of Vorenus, against Viridian armoured elements, where its experimental Proteus Cannon proved devastating. The prototype is now assigned to command of Delta-Sigma Armoured Battalion.
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{
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}
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Back Pain – There is Good News
The bad news is you may have or know someone that is experiencing chronic or persistent back pain. The good news is, there is a way forward.
Yesterday, three important papers about back pain published in the Lancet (one of the world’s oldest and best known general medical journals) were referenced in the The Guardian, The Telegraph, the BBC News and the Daily Mail . So current evidence-based information, at last, making its way to the public domain.
In briefly reviewing the papers (published March 21, 2018), the key points for me are these:
“Low back pain is now the leading cause of disability worldwide.
“Prevention of the onset and persistence of disability associated with low back pain requires recognition that the disability is inseparable from the social and economic context of people’s lives and is entwined with personal and cultural beliefs about back pain.”
“Globally, gaps between evidence and practice exist, with limited use of recommended first-line treatments and inappropriately high use of imaging, rest, opioids, spinal injections, and surgery. Doing more of the same will not reduce back-related disability or its long-term consequences.”
“Recommendations include use of a biopsychosocial framework to guide management with initial nonpharmacological treatment, including education that supports self-management and resumption of normal activities and exercise,…”
Thank goodness this is getting the attention it deserves so it can help people who need it most. And that’s a LOT OF PEOPLE.
Why now, finally? I think it’s gaining traction due to spiraling health care costs along with the opioid crisis that is so prevalent.
Over the next while I’m going to break down and comment upon some of the points and principles presented in the papers, as many form the basis of my work. In the meantime, if you care to read the papers yourself they can be found here.
Lorimer Moseley, one of the world’s top researchers on pain continues to make the related point that people need an understanding of what pain is and what it isn’t, as he does with a touch of humor in his TEDx Talk in 2011. Professor Moseley is most known, however, for publishing 260+ papers on pain science and his continued work as Professor of Clinical Neurosciences and Chair of Physiotherapy at the University of South Australia.And one of many leading the charge globally in what he calls a Pain Revolution.
A huge paradigm shift is required as understandably, information about what works to treat back pain and what doesn’t is confusing. It seems counter-intuitive to ask people who are in pain to ‘just move more”. As the latest interviews I’ve listened in to with Lorimer, he states that with what we’ve learned ‘recovery is, back on the table’. There is hope. As I mentioned earlier, there is a way forward.
I talk about this all the time with family and friends … who often have a hard time believing what I describe as it is a change from what we have believed for most of our lifetime.
But, if we really truly want to get people out of this pain cycle (and I will say most any pain cycle) we need to help with the understanding of what the evidence shows and how to best work with it. This will also require huge shifts in our public policy, etc. as stated in the Lancet papers.
“These potential solutions include focused strategies to implement best practice, the redesign of clinical pathways, integrated health and occupational interventions to reduce work disability, changes in compensation and disability claims policies, and public health and prevention strategies.”
So come along for the ride if you or anyone you know is experiencing chronic or persistent low back pain (or any pain, really). With 1 in 5 experiencing chronic pain of some kind, unfortunately, you won’t have to look too far.
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As long as I can see you move, we can work together. All you need is a laptop with a webcam or a smartphone. Contact me for more information to set up a private session.
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How are your feet?
I cannot stress how important your feet are to body movement and health. The pain you have in hips, shoulders, or low back might be influenced by what's happening (or not happening) with the feet. Contact me for a private session.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
GL_EXT_semaphore_fd
http://www.opengl.org/registry/specs/EXT/external_objects_fd.txt
GL_EXT_semaphore_fd
void glImportSemaphoreFdEXT (GLuint semaphore, GLenum handleType, GLint fd)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Suppose c*x - 678 = -x. Is x a composite number?
False
Let z(m) be the first derivative of 38*m**3/3 - 7*m**2/2 - 7*m - 7. Let i(q) be the first derivative of z(q). Is i(6) a composite number?
False
Suppose -k - 5*y + 3*y + 8852 = 0, -5*k + 44275 = 5*y. Is 15/9 + -1 + k/6 a prime number?
False
Let h be (-1807)/65 + (-18)/(-10) + -1. Is -3 - 87/h - (-28641)/27 composite?
False
Suppose 0 = 4*k + 11056 - 28364. Is k a prime number?
True
Let p = 1156 + -1908. Let c = p + 1189. Is c a composite number?
True
Let q(m) = m**3 - 11*m**2 - m + 14. Let g be q(11). Suppose g*n + 3*u - 24 = 0, 2*n - 1 = -u + 10. Suppose 0*r + 483 = n*r. Is r a composite number?
True
Let j(s) = -7*s**3 - 5*s**2 - 7*s - 5. Let n(y) = 3*y - 8. Let q be n(4). Suppose 0*g + 3*z - 22 = 4*g, q*z = -4*g - 8. Is j(g) a prime number?
False
Let c be 15/(-9)*3 - -2. Let d(s) be the second derivative of -s**5/5 - s**4/3 - s**3/2 + 2*s**2 - s. Is d(c) prime?
False
Let o(c) = -c + 27. Let t be o(22). Suppose a + 23 + 134 = r, -664 = -4*r - t*a. Is r prime?
False
Let s be 194/(2 + (-12)/9). Suppose 55 = -4*r + s. Suppose -3*n + 2*n = -r. Is n prime?
True
Suppose -m - 3 = 2*m. Let t(d) = -133*d**3 + 2*d + 1. Let q be t(m). Let w = 275 - q. Is w a prime number?
False
Let k be (-922 + 2)/((-5)/10). Let v = k + -2766. Is v/(-10) + 2/5 prime?
False
Suppose -5*r + 3*p + p = -80563, -6 = 3*p. Is r a composite number?
False
Suppose 4*v + 47*w - 48*w = 91841, 0 = 2*v + w - 45925. Is v a prime number?
True
Is (-24 + 4)/((-7)/37065) + -1 prime?
True
Let k(x) = 213*x**2 - 110. Is k(11) composite?
True
Let x(u) be the second derivative of 7*u**4/4 - 4*u**3 - 5*u**2/2 - 17*u. Is x(-6) a composite number?
True
Is 23596 - (-6)/(-3) - (-55)/11 prime?
True
Is 2*(158669/14 + 1) prime?
True
Let g(r) be the second derivative of 6*r**3 + 7*r**2/2 + 45*r. Is g(6) a composite number?
False
Let t(v) = 2*v**3 - 4*v**2 + 3*v - 1. Let j be t(2). Suppose 2*o - 6 = 0, 3*y = 8*y + j*o - 645. Let b = -15 + y. Is b a composite number?
True
Let d = 50803 - 22116. Is d a composite number?
False
Let f(z) = 364*z**2 - 105*z + 683. Is f(6) a composite number?
True
Let h(g) = -g**3 - 5*g**2 + 6*g - 7. Let a be h(-7). Suppose 0 = -s + a + 311. Suppose 3*o + r - 2122 = 0, -r - s = 4*o - 3189. Is o a prime number?
False
Let l(d) = -d**2 - 3*d - 6. Suppose 4*s + 5*v - 13 = 0, -5*s = -0*s - v + 20. Let j be l(s). Let n(w) = -52*w - 13. Is n(j) a composite number?
True
Let w be ((-14)/70)/((-2)/20). Suppose 0 = w*a - 961 - 629. Suppose -2*m - 3*m + a = 0. Is m composite?
True
Let a be (5 + (-2)/(-2))*(-2135)/14. Let o = 182 - a. Is o composite?
False
Let y = -14647 - -21886. Suppose 0 = 18*m - 15*m - y. Is m a prime number?
False
Let l(p) = p + 9. Let d be l(-9). Suppose 6*w - 8*w + 1814 = d. Is w composite?
False
Suppose 2*b + 3*b - 2*u = 45, -5*b - 2*u + 65 = 0. Let k(g) = 7*g + 8. Is k(b) prime?
False
Suppose 5*c - 525 = -5*u, 3*c - 4*u = 472 - 122. Suppose -c = -r - r. Suppose 3*b + r = 4*b. Is b composite?
True
Suppose m - 8 = 6. Suppose -d + 5*y - 31 = -4*d, -3*d = -4*y + m. Suppose b - 48 = -d. Is b a prime number?
False
Suppose -z + 3*z = 904. Suppose -s - z = -5*v, 4*v - s = -4*s + 354. Let y = 37 + v. Is y a composite number?
False
Let l(y) = -39 + 185*y - 21 + 16. Is l(11) composite?
True
Let s be (6 - 5)/(1/(-131)). Let d = 352 + s. Is d prime?
False
Let j(m) be the third derivative of -m**6/40 - 4*m**5/15 + m**4/3 - 5*m**3/6 - 19*m**2. Is j(-8) a composite number?
False
Let w be 8958/(-36) + 2/(-12). Let t = w + 51. Let q = 357 + t. Is q prime?
False
Suppose 2*t + 2 = 10, -28 = -5*b - 2*t. Suppose -3*p + b + 2 = 0, 1199 = g + 4*p. Is g prime?
False
Suppose 3*r + 2*z + 2 = -0*r, -r - 2*z = -2. Let b be (24/32)/(r/(-8)). Suppose 2*x - 5*m = 513, -3*m = b*x - 360 - 399. Is x a prime number?
False
Let g = -2405 + -3841. Let u be g/(-10) + (-33)/55. Let i = u - 410. Is i prime?
False
Let h be (30/50)/(-2 - (-22)/10). Is 1259*1*(4 - h) a prime number?
True
Let h(v) be the second derivative of 3*v**5/10 - v**4/4 + 7*v**3/6 + 11*v**2/2 - 21*v. Is h(5) prime?
False
Let q(r) = -3*r. Let d be q(-3). Suppose -4*n = 3 + d, 5*n = 4*l + 2057. Is l*(-2 - (-9)/6) prime?
False
Let y = -27 + 40. Let j(g) = g**2 + 16*g + 2. Let a be j(y). Suppose -c + 0*c = -a. Is c a prime number?
True
Suppose -4*n + 11 = 27. Let y = 5 + n. Is ((105 + y)/2)/1 a composite number?
False
Let b be (-9)/(6/(-2)) + 1020 + 3. Suppose -4*k + b = 2*j, -2*j - 5 = -3*j. Is k prime?
False
Is (-17 + (-13000)/(-6))/(1/15) a prime number?
False
Let x(j) = -2*j**2 - 20*j + 2. Let c be x(-10). Suppose 6*r - c*r = 5596. Is r a prime number?
True
Suppose 2*c - 4*p = 6486, -4*c + 0*p + 13012 = 2*p. Is c a composite number?
False
Suppose q = -4*f + 8, 5*q + 2*f - 72 = 40. Suppose 0 = 5*s - q - 6. Let v(w) = w**3 + 7*w**2 - 4*w + 3. Is v(s) a prime number?
False
Let a(i) = -6*i - 23. Is a(-15) a prime number?
True
Let g(p) = p**3 + 3*p**2 + 2*p + 3. Let w be g(-2). Suppose 0 = b + 2*k - w - 13, 4*b + 4*k - 56 = 0. Is 4*3/b - -216 a composite number?
True
Suppose 4*a - 3091 = 5*l + 5*a, 0 = -3*l - a - 1853. Is l*17/(-4) + 11/44 prime?
False
Suppose -2*l + 238 = 2*n, -4*n + 240 = -3*l + 5*l. Let b = -41 + l. Is b a composite number?
True
Suppose -27*u = -26*u - 139. Is u composite?
False
Suppose -3*x + 21 = 3. Let f(l) = -l**3 + 12*l**2 + 7. Is f(x) prime?
True
Let m(w) = -2*w**2 - 5*w + 1. Let u(n) = n**2 + 2*n. Let k(l) = -4*m(l) - 7*u(l). Let g be k(-7). Suppose 0 = -o - g*r - 0*r + 40, -o + 80 = -5*r. Is o prime?
False
Let i = -125 - -141. Suppose i*g - 29079 + 7559 = 0. Is g a prime number?
False
Let t(f) = 1016*f + 33. Is t(1) a composite number?
False
Is ((-56)/7)/8 + 4664 composite?
False
Let c(f) = 0*f - 2 - 5 - 3*f - 2*f - 8*f**2. Let b be c(6). Let r = -72 - b. Is r a prime number?
False
Let s(w) = -9*w**2 - 17 + 11*w**3 - 22*w**3 + 10*w**3 + 6*w. Is s(-11) composite?
True
Let j(c) = 13*c**2 + 258*c + 105. Is j(-74) composite?
False
Let o(x) be the second derivative of 5*x - 7/2*x**2 + 1/6*x**4 + 0 - 5/3*x**3. Is o(-10) a composite number?
False
Let u(y) = 57*y**2 + 5*y + 2. Let x be u(5). Suppose -5*p - 3*a + 3827 - 173 = 0, 2*a + x = 2*p. Let n = p + -464. Is n composite?
True
Let s be (7626/4 - 1) + 11/(-22). Suppose -9*a + 12*a - s = 0. Is a a prime number?
False
Suppose 0 = -15*s + 34743 + 80922. Is s composite?
True
Let a = 26 + -28. Is (13 - 10) + (-2)/a a prime number?
False
Let l be 3/15 + (-1)/5. Suppose -19630 + 1203 = -3*q - 2*y, l = -2*q - 3*y + 12283. Is q prime?
True
Let a = -892 + 149. Let c = 1474 + a. Is c composite?
True
Let a be ((-3)/(-5))/((-4)/(-180)). Suppose 5*y - a = -3*t + 7*t, t = -y. Suppose -313 = 5*s - y*p - 1463, 2*p - 10 = 0. Is s a composite number?
False
Let h be 0 + -6*(-15)/(-10). Let q = h - -28. Is q composite?
False
Let u = 338 + -45. Is u a prime number?
True
Suppose -j = -3*v - 743, 2*j + 6*v - 3*v = 1531. Suppose 15*g - 13*g - j = 0. Is g a prime number?
True
Let i = -2207 - -4088. Let y be i/(-76)*(-16)/6. Let r = 145 - y. Is r a prime number?
True
Let v(k) = 82*k**2 + 10*k - 1. Is v(5) composite?
False
Let h be 18/((2/10)/((-1)/(-5))). Is ((-14)/4)/((33/h)/(-11)) a prime number?
False
Let v = -8261 + 5218. Let i = v - -4380. Is i composite?
True
Let x = 8 + -4. Let a(s) = -11*s + s**3 + 3 + x*s + 4*s**2 + 3*s. Is a(-4) a composite number?
False
Let g be 24992/8 + (-1)/1. Suppose -5*v + g + 372 = 0. Is v a composite number?
True
Let q(a) = -229*a - 13. Is q(-3) composite?
True
Let g(m) = 432*m**3 - m**2 + m - 1. Let c = -23 + 22. Let b(y) = y + 2. Let l be b(c). Is g(l) prime?
True
Suppose 5*l - 3*m - 4790 = -0*m, -m - 4790 = -5*l. Is l a prime number?
False
Let d(k) = k**2 - 15*k + 55. Is d(-39) a composite number?
False
Let u(p) = 3*p**3 - p**2. Let o be u(1). Suppose o*m - 1529 = 645. Is m prime?
True
Suppose -9*q + 10*q - 4 = 0. Let a(u) = 17*u**3 + 7*u**2 - 5*u + 1. Is a(q) a prime number?
True
Let y(j) = 136*j**2 - j - 1. Is y(1) a composite number?
True
Let c(g) = -3*g**2 + 2*g**2 - 6*g + 6*g**2 - g**3. Let u be c(4). Let h(r) = r**2 - 7*r - 11. Is h(u) a composite number?
False
Suppose 15602 = 5*z + 2337. Let y = -450 + z. Is y a composite number?
False
Let k = -6 - -6. Suppose 6*c - c - 30 = k. Is -7*1/((-7)/c
|
{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
|
Analysis of heat-denatured DNA using native agarose gel electrophoresis.
The use of native or neutral gels to resolve denatured DNA affords a rapid and convenient analytical method for assessing the consequences of a number of procedures employed in molecular biology research. We demonstrate that this method can be used to analyze transition melting temperature (Tm) and strand breakage in heat-denatured duplex DNA. This shows that some commonly recommended denaturation procedures can result in significant degradation of DNA and that reannealing or aggregation can occur when samples are concentrated or ionic conditions altered.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
using System;
using Urho;
namespace Urho.Actions
{
public class EaseInOut : EaseRateAction
{
#region Constructors
public EaseInOut (FiniteTimeAction action, float rate) : base (action, rate)
{
}
#endregion Constructors
protected internal override ActionState StartAction(Node target)
{
return new EaseInOutState (this, target);
}
public override FiniteTimeAction Reverse ()
{
return new EaseInOut ((FiniteTimeAction)InnerAction.Reverse (), Rate);
}
}
#region Action state
public class EaseInOutState : EaseRateActionState
{
public EaseInOutState (EaseInOut action, Node target) : base (action, target)
{
}
public override void Update (float time)
{
float actionRate = Rate;
time *= 2;
if (time < 1)
{
InnerActionState.Update (0.5f * (float)Math.Pow (time, actionRate));
}
else
{
InnerActionState.Update (1.0f - 0.5f * (float)Math.Pow (2 - time, actionRate));
}
}
}
#endregion Action state
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Feds arrested 50 suspects in Massachusetts drug sweep operation
Federal agents arrested 50 individuals with various criminal backgrounds Thursday on federal drug, firearms, and immigration charges as part of an extensive crime sweep targeting impact players and repeat offenders in Lawrence, Massachusetts.
During the sweep, federal agents seized guns and approximately 10 kilos of fentanyl, enough to kill half the state of Massachusetts. The sweep was a part of the Department of Justice’s Project Safe Neighborhoods initiative, which aims to reduce violent crime, and followed a string of federal investigations called Operation Law and Order.
According to United States Attorney Andrew E. Lelling, “Lawrence is a clearinghouse for illicit drugs flowing into New Hampshire and Maine.” As per the last year report, approximately 2,000 people died of a drug overdose in Massachusetts and the top priority of law enforcement agencies is reducing the number of deaths attributed to overdoses.
The operation involved over 200 agents from various agencies such as Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and Homeland Security Investigations (HSI, the FBI and U.S. Marshals Services targeted repeat offenders that had prior convictions for violence, drug trafficking, firearm offences or illegal immigrant, the attorney’s office reported. DEA and other agencies arrested thirty-five people on the drug, firearms and other violations while ICE arrested eleven more people who are undocumented immigrants, However, 23 individuals are still at-large.
CHALLENGE
America’s battle with drugs has become more problematic due to an increase in heroin and opioid’s quantity in the country. Last year over 72,000 people died because of these drug abuse especially synthetic opioid Fentanyl. According to Andrew Lelling, Lawrence, Mass. is a hotspot for illegal drugs owing to its location. The crime rate of Massachusetts is accelerating compared to other states in the United States. Chances of becoming a victim of a violent crime are 1 in 265.
United States Attorney Andrew E. Lelling appreciated the sweep operation as he believes every gram of fentanyl or heroin that law enforcement agencies seized from the street will save people’s lives. As the operation is still active and federal agents are hopeful, they would arrest more criminals and arrested would be held accountable and prosecute accordingly. The major challenge for the federal agents is the inability to gain accurate intelligence such as accurate background, involvement in recent criminal activity, how they obtained such large quantity of fentanyl, the source of these drugs and weapons and how some immigrant illegally entered the country and other vital information that traditional biometric systems such as retina scan, fingerprints and interviews used during an investigation cannot produce beneficial results.
According to Department of Justice’s Project, Safe Neighborhoods, this initiative aims to reduce violent crime, gun violence and drug abuse around the country. In order to magnify this operation, US law enforcement agency would require accurate intelligence and leads from the arrested suspects or witnesses at an appropriate time. Developed by Brainwave Science to support investigative agencies all over the world, iCognative is the closest and the most advanced technology with an immaculate accuracy to provide unprecedented levels of accurate and reliable intelligence and leads by tapping into the source of all human actions- the brain.
iCognative can very well be the antidote to the rising crime and drug abuse (opioid epidemic) along with the preservation of human rights as well as the presumption of innocence from a criminal justice point of view. Law enforcement agencies must deploy iCognative technology to serve as a modern and valuable intelligence gathering tool to provide accurate critical intelligence, missing links, whereabouts of other criminals, route of drug smuggling and other vital information necessary for federal agents to investigate. So far 100% of determinations made by this technology have been strikingly precise and there are zero false positives and false negatives. The unbeatable iCognative test is completed in less than an hour and provides virtually infallible intelligence that no conventional investigation methods such as interrogation, polygraph or fingerprinting can provide in such a time frame. The iCognative system records and analyzes the brainwave responses via upgraded proprietary headset while both known as well as confidential information (stimuli) are flashed on the digital screen to each suspect. The test determines with over 99% accuracy if the information under question is present in the suspect’s brain or not.
Brainwave’s ScienceiCognative is applicable in more than 85% of criminal cases while the conventional investigation tools are helpful in only 2% of cases approximately. These features make for a compelling case to employ iCognative for law enforcement agencies around the globe. Adding this technology in their arsenal as a routine part of investigations would accelerate crime clearance rates, give the advantage to police compared to criminals, help bring swift justice and above all save lives of innocents.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
SUNDERLAND have no intention of selling England midfielder Jordan Henderson to Liverpool or anyone else this summer.
The 20-year-old found himself at the centre of speculation that the Merseyside club are ready to launch a big-money bid to lure him away from his home-town club.
However, while the Black Cats know every player has his price, they are certainly not looking to cash in on their highest-profile Academy graduate as manager Steve Bruce attempts to strengthen his squad for a fresh Premier League push.
Sources on Wearside have indicated that Henderson is simply not for sale, and certainly not at the £13million fee quoted in some reports.
Nevertheless, that is unlikely to quell the rumours surrounding a player who has previously been linked with both Manchester clubs.
Henderson has enjoyed a meteoric rise since emerging as a genuine first-team prospect under Bruce following a successful loan spell at Coventry before the manager’s arrival at the Stadium of Light in the summer of 2009.
The Sunderland-born player made an instant impact as a teenager last season and was handed a first senior England cap against France in November last year.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Evaluate $\int_{3}^{10} \left[ \log \left[x\right]\right]dx$
Evaluate $$I=\int_{3}^{10} \left[ \log \left[x\right]\right]dx$$ where $[.]$ is Greatest integer function.
My try:
we have $$I=\sum_{r=3}^{9}\int_{r}^{r+1}\left[\log r\right]dx$$
but how can we split further?
A:
Hint: $1 \le \log r \le 2 $ for $r \in [3,9]$. The breakpoint is at $r=e^2$.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Margaret Mitchell, a former Vancouver member of Parliament and women's rights advocate has died at age 92.
Mitchell passed away March 8.
The social activist and NDP MP for Vancouver East from 1979 until 1993 gained national attention in 1982 when some MPs laughed at her assertion that one in 10 husbands regularly beat their wives.
Mitchell said she was shocked at the reaction to such a serious social problem. The next day the House apologized to Mitchell and to the women of the country.
A "watershed moment that awoke the consciousness of Canada." Thx <a href="https://twitter.com/cbc_archives">@cbc_archives</a> for this clip of the late Van East MP Margaret Mitchell. <a href="https://t.co/3g0UnHMXYQ">pic.twitter.com/3g0UnHMXYQ</a> —@JennyKwanBC
Mitchell's 1982 speech to Parliament on violence against women was an important one, according to Vancouver-Kensington NDP MLA Mable Elmore.
"I think it was really a turning point, a watershed moment, certainly in Canadian history in terms of the issue of understanding and taking a stand against violence against women and really leading that campaign," said Elmore.
Along with her demands for action against domestic violence, Mitchell advocated for a national childcare program, the decriminalization of abortion, and the addition of Section 28 into the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
She served as the NDP critic for Immigration and Housing, Status of Women and Multiculturalism and Citizenship.
We have lost a truly great member of the NDP family and an unflinching advocate for women’s equality. <a href="https://t.co/pzB4zNO2E4">https://t.co/pzB4zNO2E4</a> —@ThomasMulcair
After voting against an increase to MP pensions, Mitchell diverted her raise to help people in Vancouver's east side through the Margaret Mitchell Fund for Women.
The fund, which is still active today, was established to support projects that promote economic and social justice for women in Vancouver.
"She was just such a treasure, and such an inspiring example for so many women in our community. It's a tremendous loss, and we're really proud to host a fund that will continue to support the kind of work that she supported in her life," said Derek Gent, with the VanCity Community Foundation.
Mitchell received the Order of British Columbia in 2000, and was awarded Vancouver's Freedom of the City award in November 2016.
Elmore said it is fitting that Mitchell passed away on March 8, International Women's Day.
"Her whole life was dedicated to women's rights, to equality, social justice, and she leaves a big legacy."
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Q:
What is the value of this subtraction?
What would be the end value of AL, if Initially AL consists of 0x00 and it is been subtracted by 0xc5?
Code:
asm3:
push ebp // Base pointer load (Prolong)
mov ebp,esp // Stack loading (Prolong)
mov eax,0xb6 // [00 00 00 b6]
xor al,al <--- Value of AL is 0
mov ah,BYTE PTR [ebp+0x8]
sal ax,0x10
sub al,BYTE PTR [ebp+0xf] <--- This is of doubt [ebp+0xf] is 0xc5 a
add ah,BYTE PTR [ebp+0xd]
xor ax,WORD PTR [ebp+0x12]
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret
As pointed, AL value is 0x00 and we have [ebp+0xf] as 0xc5. Then, what would be the new value of AL if it is been subtracted by 0xc5?
Would it be the two's complement of 0xC5, i.e., 0x3B?
A:
That is correct. Subtracting 0xC5 from zero results in the two's complement of 0xC5, 0x3B:
section .data
sys_exit: equ 60
section .text
global _start
_start: nop
xor al, al
sub al, 0xC5
nop ; al = 0x3B
mov al, 0xC5
neg al
nop ; al = 0x3B
mov rax, sys_exit
xor rdi, rdi
syscall
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
[Cloning, soluble expression and mutant activity analysis of lactate dehydrogenase gene from Plasmodium falciparum].
To establish a platform for high throughput screening and in vitro evaluating novel metabolic enzyme-targeted inhibitors towards anti-malarial drugs, a lactate dehydrogenase gene of Plasmodium falciparum (PfLDH) was amplified from the Hainan isolate FCC1/HN. The fusion expression vectors, pGEX-2TK and pET-29a( + ), were utilized to introduce the PfLDH gene into strains of Escherichia coli, BL21 and BL21 (DE3), for over-expression. Consequently, the enzymatic activity of PfLDH was successfully detected in the suspension of lytic bacteria. The PfLDH gene cloned in pGEX-2TK was mainly expressed as inclusion bodies, while the same gene cloned in pET-29a( + ) was nearly expressed in a soluble form of PfLDH, demonstrating the latter vehicle might be more suitable for the large-scale preparation of recombinant PfLDH. Furthermore, according to the electrophoregram of SDS-PAGE and the sequencing data, a series of truncated PfLDH sequences generated randomly from gene amplification were screened and cloned, from which four pre-matured genes with a terminator mutation, PfLDH-delta271, -delta236, -delta167 and -delta53 coding for 45, 80, 149 and 263 amino acid residues, were individually recovered. Through the gene expression and enzymatic activity measurement, the effect of pre-matured terminator mutation on the activity of PfLDH was evaluated, which should pave the way for probing the relationship between structure and function of PfLDH.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
/*
* Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
#include "memcmp16.h"
// This linked against by assembly stubs, only.
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-function"
int32_t memcmp16_generic_static(const uint16_t* s0, const uint16_t* s1, size_t count);
int32_t memcmp16_generic_static(const uint16_t* s0, const uint16_t* s1, size_t count) {
for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
if (s0[i] != s1[i]) {
return static_cast<int32_t>(s0[i]) - static_cast<int32_t>(s1[i]);
}
}
return 0;
}
namespace art {
namespace testing {
int32_t MemCmp16Testing(const uint16_t* s0, const uint16_t* s1, size_t count) {
return MemCmp16(s0, s1, count);
}
}
} // namespace art
#pragma GCC diagnostic warning "-Wunused-function"
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Britain's Prime Minister Theresa May holds a news conference at Downing Street in London, Britain November 15, 2018. Matt Dunham/Pool via Reuters
LONDON (Reuters) - The 48 letters from Conservative lawmakers required to trigger a vote of no confidence in Prime Minister Theresa May have been submitted, the editor of BrexitCentral said on Friday, citing a single source who he said was always previously reliable.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Toledo DE Terrance Taylor hit Northern Illinois quarterback Ross Bowers from behind well after he was already down.
This one is hard to watch, so reader: be warned.
In Wednesday night’s game between Northern Illinois and Toledo, Rockets defensive end Terrance Taylor put a late hit on Huskies quarterback Ross Bowers, and it’s one of the most egregious instances of targeting you’ll ever see.
Bowers slipped and went down, then popped back up on his knees, and Taylor came in and made a helmet-to-helmet hit from behind that’s painful to watch. Somehow, it was initially called a regular personal foul on the field.
Oh no, that's an awful hit by Terrance Taylor after Ross Bowers slipped and ended up defenseless.
This hit was NOT called initally, and is now under review. It was called a regular personal foul on the field. pic.twitter.com/S4n9IUcgLF — Hustle Belt, but Thanksgiving themed 🦃 (@HustleBelt) November 14, 2019
Here’s a closer look:
View photos Toledo's Terrance Taylor's hit on Northern Illinois' Ross Bowers is one of the ugliest you'll see. More
After review, the call was changed to targeting, and Taylor was ejected. By NCAA rules, he’s forced to sit out the first half of Toledo’s game on Nov. 20 against Buffalo. But Toledo said Thursday that Taylor will be suspended for that whole game because of how egregious the penalty was.
“We are disappointed that this play occurred,” Toledo coach Jason Candle said in a statement. “It’s not something we coach. We’ll use it as a teaching tool for our team on the value of discipline in emotional times.”
It’s unclear if Bowers went through concussion protocol after taking this hit, but it undoubtedly looks like he should have. Northern Illinois won the game 31-28 on a late field goal.
More from Yahoo Sports:
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
This disclosure relates to a gas turbine engine, and more particularly to a gas turbine engine component and a casting system for manufacturing the gas turbine engine component.
Gas turbine engines are widely used in aircraft propulsion, electric power generation, shift propulsion, and pumps. Many gas turbine engine components are cast. One example casting process is known as investment casting. Investment casting can form metallic parts having relatively complex geometries, such as gas turbine engine components requiring internal cooling passageways. Blades and vanes are two examples of such components.
The investment casting process typically utilizes a casting system that includes a mold having one or more mold cavities that define a shape generally corresponding to the part to be cast. A wax or ceramic pattern of the part is formed by molding wax or injecting ceramic material around a core assembly of the casting system. A shell is formed around the core assembly in a shelling process and then hardened to construct the casting system. Molten material is communicated into the casting system to cast a component. The shell and core assembly are removed once the molten material cools and solidifies.
Maintaining wall thicknesses to specification during the casting process can be difficult because of the relatively thin walled constructions of components that are cast to include relatively complex internal cooling passageways. For example, the spacing between the cores of a core assembly must be tightly controlled to produce parts having sufficient wall or rib thicknesses.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
MP minister who threatened officer held
PUBLISHED ON: November 11, 2008 | Duration: 1 min, 17 sec
The minister who threatened an election officer in Madhya Pradesh was arrested on Tuesday and may end up spending several days in prison. But he didn't appear too unhappy and may be hoping for sympathy votes in the election. A policeman chased Madhya Pradesh Minister Tukoji Rao Pawar and arrested him before he could surrender in an apparent campaign-stunt.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
London-based cryptocurrency custody and prime brokerage firm Copper has announced a new partnership with trade finance-focused blockchain network XinFin.
According to a press release, XinFin will use Copper’s custody solution to hold digital assets from its crypto hedge fund as well as the platform’s native token, XDCe.
Copper provides support for both hot and cold wallets, with the firm’s “walled garden” now seeing more than £500 million in transactions each month.
Ritesh Kakkad, co-founder of XinFin and TradeFinex, said: “In 2020, appropriate custody services are the most critical element for institutional adoption of digital assets.
“With Copper’s custodial services now available for XDCe, regulated institutions like banks, crypto hedge funds, and financial entities will have a secure solution to store their digitised XDCe holdings.
“Copper is also planning to provide support for XinFin’s primary chain coin XDC in the near future.”
Storage of digital assets has been a hot topic over the past year in light of numerous exchange hacks and the QuadrigaCX scandal, which saw cryptocurrency become unintentionally dormant due to the sudden passing of CEO Gerald Cotten.
Dmitry Tokarev, CEO of Copper, said: “Exchanges need more than an app with pretty charts. They need proper security, which includes technology, insurance, people, and business processes.”
He added: “The XinFin Network is one of the most enterprise-friendly blockchain networks ever created, and we’re proud they have chosen Copper for their institutional digital asset custody.”
For more news, guides, and cryptocurrency analysis, click here.
The post XinFin appoints Copper as institutional crypto custodian appeared first on Coin Rivet.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Q:
Dropdown menu doesn't become visible on .drop:hover
I'm creating a menu, where if I hover over the li class="drop", then the visibility of my #competences-dropdown should become visible, but it doesn't wanna work for some reason. Can someone please help by telling what didn't I noticed?
.drop:hover #competences-dropdown {
visibility:visible;
}
#competences-dropdown {
background-color:rgba(51,51,51,0.8);
width:100%;
padding-right:100px;
position:absolute;
z-index:3;
visibility:hidden;
-webkit-transition:1s;
display:block;
}
<div id="menu">
<ul class="navigation">
<li><a href="">Forside</a></li>
<li class="drop"><a href="">Kompetencer</a></li>
<li><a href="">Om Magento</a></li>
<li><a href="">Teamet</a></li>
<li><a href="">Cases</a></li>
<li><a href="">Blog</a></li>
<li><a href="">Kontakt</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="competences-dropdown">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-12">
<ul class="dropdown">
<li><a href="">
<h1>WEBUDVIKLING</h1>
<img class="img-responsive" src="img/dropdown/webdev.png" alt="Webdev"/>
</a></li>
<li><a href="">
<h1>DESIGN</h1>
<img class="img-responsive" src="img/dropdown/design.png" alt="Design"/>
</a></li>
<li><a href="">
<h1>MARKETING</h1>
<img class="img-responsive" src="img/dropdown/marketing.png" alt="Marketing"/>
</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
A:
of cousre it doesn't work as your css says:
.drop:hover #competences-dropdown {
visibility:visible;
}
which means #competences-dropdown is a child of .drop, which it is not.
so the solution would be making #competences-dropdown a child of .drop as follows, and everything should work fine:
.drop:hover #competences-dropdown {
visibility:visible;
}
#competences-dropdown {
background-color:rgba(51,51,51,0.8);
width:100%;
padding-right:100px;
position:absolute;
z-index:3;
visibility:hidden;
-webkit-transition:1s;
display:block;
}
<div id="menu">
<ul class="navigation">
<li><a href="">Forside</a></li>
<li class="drop">
<a href="">Kompetencer</a>
<div id="competences-dropdown">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-12">
<ul class="dropdown">
<li>
<a href="">
<h1>WEBUDVIKLING</h1>
<img class="img-responsive" src="img/dropdown/webdev.png" alt="Webdev"/>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="">
<h1>DESIGN</h1>
<img class="img-responsive" src="img/dropdown/design.png" alt="Design"/>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="">
<h1>MARKETING</h1>
<img class="img-responsive" src="img/dropdown/marketing.png" alt="Marketing"/>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li><a href="">Om Magento</a></li>
<li><a href="">Teamet</a></li>
<li><a href="">Cases</a></li>
<li><a href="">Blog</a></li>
<li><a href="">Kontakt</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
Placing a sign, given from a generator, not working
I am using the Animated Scoreboard sign generator. The problem is that when I place the sign that the generator gave me, the sign looks like this:
As you can see the content is "" instead of Click Here. What am I doing wrong?
Note: I use Minecraft 1.9 with OptiFine 1.9 pre 04.
Also note: I am doing this on a vanilla server.
The command I use that is generated can be found here: http://pastebin.com/VehNSpnx
A:
If you are using the 1.8 version of Minecraft then the problem could be that you are using the 1.9 version of Sign Generator.
I recommend using https://minecraftcommand.science/command-sign-generator for any 1.8 signs.
Another problem could be mods you have downloaded. If you have an older version of Minecraft and you are using a higher version mod/ or vice versa then that could be causing the problem. Both are trying to use different versions of Minecraft causing disruptions.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
---
abstract: 'We present a modified adaptive matched filter algorithm designed to identify clusters of galaxies in wide-field imaging surveys such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The cluster-finding technique is fully adaptive to imaging surveys with spectroscopic coverage, multicolor photometric redshifts, no redshift information at all, and any combination of these within one survey. It works with high efficiency in multi-band imaging surveys where photometric redshifts can be estimated with well-understood error distributions. Tests of the algorithm on realistic mock SDSS catalogs suggest that the detected sample is $\sim 85\%$ complete and over $90\%$ pure for clusters with masses above $1.0\times10^{14} h^{-1}$ M$_\odot$ and redshifts up to $z=0.45$. The errors of estimated cluster redshifts from maximum likelihood method are shown to be small (typically less that 0.01) over the whole redshift range with photometric redshift errors typical of those found in the Sloan survey. Inside the spherical radius corresponding to a galaxy overdensity of $\Delta=200$, we find the derived cluster richness $\Lambda_{200}$ a roughly linear indicator of its virial mass $M_{200}$, which well recovers the relation between total luminosity and cluster mass of the input simulation.'
author:
- 'Feng Dong , Elena Pierpaoli , James E. Gunn , Risa H. Wechsler'
bibliography:
- 'ms.bib'
title: 'Optical Cluster-Finding with An Adaptive Matched-Filter Technique: Algorithm and Comparison with Simulations '
---
Introduction {#sec:Introduction}
============
Clusters of galaxies are the most massive virialized systems in the Universe and have been extensively used to study galaxy population and evolution [@Dre84; @Dre92], to trace the large-scale structure of the universe [@Bah88; @Pos92], and to constrain cosmology [@Evr89; @Bah99; @Hen00; @Pierpa01; @Pierpa03]. Given the important roles clusters of galaxies play in the studies of both astrophysics and cosmology, tremendous efforts have been made during the past several decades to search for these systems. The first large samples of clusters were identified by looking for projected galaxy overdensities through visual inspection of photographic plates [@Abe58; @Abe89; @Zwi68]. These catalogs made pioneering contributions to our understanding of the extragalactic universe and since their generation have opened many new frontiers in the studies of galaxy clusters. However, the compilation of a relatively complete and pure sample of galaxy clusters has remained far from trivial. To date the Abell catalog, which contains about 4000 rich clusters to a redshift of $z\sim0.2$, is still the most widely used cluster catalog in the field, though it was realized early that visually-constructed catalogs suffer from projection effects, subjectivity, and large uncertainties in estimated properties [@Sut88]. It is difficult to apply these catalogs for statistical studies in cosmology because of these uncertainties, in addition to the fact that the selection function and false positive rates of such cluster samples are hard to quantify.
To relieve some of these concerns, other approaches for identifying clusters have also been designed and implemented, such as reconstructing the full 3-D structures in complete redshift surveys [@Huc82; @Gel83; @Ram97], detecting clusters in X-ray surveys [@Gio90; @Edg90; @Ebe98; @Ros98; @Rom00; @Sch00; @Boh01; @Mul03; @Boh04], and utilizing the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect [@Car00; @Moh02; @Pierpa05] and weak gravitational lensing [@Sch96; @Wit01] in search for clusters. Moreover, the realization of large and deep galaxy surveys in recent years has revived optical cluster-finding endeavors and prompted the development of more automated and rigorous algorithms to select clusters from imaging surveys. Using multi-color photometric data from which photometric redshifts can be estimated, it is now possible to mitigate the problems of projection effects, and quantitative analysis of the selection bias is also now possible. Automated peak-finding techniques in optical cluster searches were attempted by @She85 and later used in the Edinburgh/Durham survey [ED @Lum92] as well as the Automatic Plate Measurement Facility survey [APM @Dal94; @Dal97]. In the construction of the cluster catalog from the Palomar Distant Cluster Survey [@Pos96], a matched filter algorithm was developed to select clusters from a photometric galaxy sample. It was widely used in subsequent surveys and several variants have been put forward [@Kaw98; @Sch98; @Kep99; @Kim02; @Whi02]. Meanwhile with the knowledge of the existence of the “E/S0 ridgeline” of cluster galaxies in color-magnitude space and the aid of multi-color CCD photometry, several color-based cluster-finding techniques were also investigated [@Gla00; @Got02; @Gla05; @Mil05]. Some of these have already been successfully applied to select clusters from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data [@Got02; @Ann02; @Bah03; @Mil05; @Koe07].
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey [@Yor00] is a five-band CCD imaging survey of about 10$^4$ deg$^{2}$ in the high latitude North Galactic Cap and a smaller deeper region in the South, followed by an extensive multi-fiber spectroscopic survey. The imaging survey is carried out in drift-scan mode in five SDSS filters ($u$, $g$, $r$, $i$, $z$) to a limiting magnitude of $r\sim22.5$ [@Fuk96; @Gun98; @Lup01; @Smi02]. The spectroscopic survey targets $\sim$10$^{6}$ galaxies to $r\sim17.7$, with a median redshift of $z\sim0.1$ [@Str02], and a smaller deeper sample of $\sim$10$^{5}$ Luminous Red Galaxies out to $z\sim0.5$ [@Eis01]. In this paper we discuss a modified adaptive matched filter technique incorporating several new features over previous algorithms and designed to detect clusters using both the SDSS imaging and spectroscopic data; it could readily be adapted to other similar multi-band, large-area galaxy surveys for construction of optically-selected cluster samples. It is the first of a series of papers that will explore the application of the technique to select clusters from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.
The general idea of the matched filter method relies on the fact that clusters show on average a typical density profile, now widely assumed to be the “NFW” form suggested first by Navarro, Frenk and White [@Nav96]. Assuming that galaxies trace the dark matter, we expect galaxies within clusters to be distributed according to such profile. The algorithm selects regions in the sky where the distribution of galaxies corresponds to the projection of average cluster density profile. In addition, it is possible to specify the galaxy redshift information inside clusters, and to use prior knowledge on the galaxy luminosity function. The combination of these matched subfilters thus enables us to extract a quantitative signal corresponding to the existence of a cluster at a given location in the surveyed sky area.
The modified matched filter technique presented in this paper can fully adapt to imaging surveys with spectroscopic measurements, multicolor photometric redshifts, no redshift information at all, and any combination of these within one survey. In the Sloan Digital Sky Survey where photometric redshifts can be estimated with well-understood error distributions from the five-band ($u$,$g$,$r$,$i$,$z$) multi-color photometry, the matched filter technique described here utilizes not only the spectroscopic coverage for the bright main sample galaxies and Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) but also the photometric redshift information for most of the galaxies detected in the imaging survey. This greatly expands the input galaxy sample to feed into the cluster-finding algorithm compared to pure spectroscopic methods [e.g. @Mil05]. The obtained composite cluster catalog can also go much deeper in redshift ($z\sim0.4-0.5$ in this case) than the typical $z\sim0.2$ limit for spectroscopic samples due to the lack of availability of spectroscopic measurements for faint, deep galaxies.
Since the matched filter technique does not explicitly use the information about the red sequence to select clusters as is done in some color-based cluster-finding methods [@Ann02; @Mil05; @Koe07], it can theoretically detect clusters of any type in color, and is not restricted only to old, red E/S0 galaxies. Such clusters likely dominate the cluster population, but may not constitute all of it especially as one probes systems of lower richness and at higher redshifts. The use of both spectroscopic and photometric redshift information largely eliminates the projection effects and removes most of the phantom clusters. The matched filter also generates accurate quantitative estimates of derived cluster properties, such as redshift, scale, richness, and concentration, and produces quantitative detection likelihoods, indicative of the combined information for both red and blue galaxies identified as cluster members. These facilitate further studies of detected systems and makes easier the comparison to clusters selected by other methods. One major concern for the matched filter technique is the fact that determination of these parameters depends on the specific cluster model we put in to build the relevant filters. However, these effects can be minimized by careful assumptions about the shape and evolution of luminosity function, and by the fact that our density filter is self-adaptive to different cluster scales and concentration. The clusters selected by the algorithm will provide us the necessary sample on which we then apply an iterative procedure aimed at refining the constraints on clusters’ properties. More details will be discussed in section §\[sec:Algorithm\] and subsequent work following this paper.
The new algorithm presented here differs from previous matched filter implementations [@Kep99; @Kim02] in several ways. We use a uniform Poisson likelihood analysis, which is only the second step in the approach by @Kep99 following a first pass using Gaussian statistics for pre-selection of clusters. This avoids the common problem for high-redshift clusters of having too few galaxies in any cell of interest for Gaussian statistics to apply, and the adopted approach yields correct likelihoods even at the detection stage. In addition, both the core radius and virial radius of the matched filter are adaptive over the typical observed dynamical range for clusters, in contrast to most previous cluster-finding techniques that set the cluster core radius or search radius to be fixed. For each individual cluster, a best-fit core radius is found to maximize the likelihood match, as well as an outer radius inside which the galaxy overdensity reaches $\Delta$=200. The cluster richness is then normalized to be the light contained within this virial radius, which we find correlates better with the mass of gravitational systems whose extent is defined by density contrast as is widely adopted in theoretical studies. The new features of our modified algorithm will be further discussed in §\[sec:Algorithm\].
In order to understand the biases and the selection functions of our algorithm, we test it on a mock SDSS catalog which has been constructed from the Hubble Volume Simulation [@Evr02] by assigning luminosities and colors to the dark matter particles in a manner which reproduces many characteristics of the galaxy population from SDSS observations. The “observations” of the simulations have then been further modified so that the redshift scatter of those galaxies which have photometric but no spectroscopic redshifts correspond to that of the photometric redshift errors in actual SDSS data. The comparison of the detected cluster sample with halos in the simulation provides the only rigorous way to assess how the observed cluster properties relate to the real masses, and how the cluster sample can be used to derive cosmological constraints.
In section §\[sec:Algorithm\] we describe the modified adaptive matched filter technique and how it is used to extract the cluster sample. Section §\[sec:Simulation\] presents the basic features of the simulated catalog we adopted for the testing purpose. In section §\[sec:Results\] we show results on the completeness and purity of our cluster sample, and the expected scaling relations inferred from runs on the simulations. We conclude in section §\[sec:Conclusion\].
A flat $\Lambda$CDM model with $\Omega_m=0.3$ and $\Omega_{\Lambda}=0.7$ is used throughout this work, and we assume a Hubble constant of $H_0=100 h$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$ if not specified otherwise.
The Cluster-Finding Algorithm {#sec:Algorithm}
=============================
The matched filter technique introduced here is a likelihood method which identifies clusters by convolving the optical galaxy survey with a set of filters based on a modeling of the cluster and field galaxy distributions. A cluster radial surface density profile, a galaxy luminosity function, and redshift information (when available) are used to construct filters in position, magnitude, and redshift space, from which a cluster likelihood map is generated. The peaks in the map thus correspond to candidate cluster centers where the matches between the survey data and the cluster filters are optimized. The algorithm automatically provides the probability for the detection, best-fit estimates of cluster properties including redshift, radius and richness, as well as membership assessment for each galaxy. The modified algorithm can be fully adaptive to current and future galaxy surveys in 2-D (imaging), 2$\half$-D (where multi-color photometric redshifts and their errors can be estimated), and 3-D (with full spectroscopic redshift measurements). Usage of the apparent magnitudes and, where applicable, the redshift estimates instead of simply searching for projected galaxy overdensities effectively suppresses the foreground-background contamination, and the technique has proven to be an efficient way of selecting clusters of galaxies from large multi-band optical surveys.
In what follows, we first provide a general introduction on how the likelihood function is constructed and how we detect clusters with the matched filter method. This gives us an overview about how the cluster catalog is derived. Then we discuss in more detail the density models and subfilters used to construct the likelihood. More specifically, we assume an NFW density profile, a general Schechter luminosity function and a Gaussian model for BCGs to model clusters, and use the spectroscopic measurements and obtained error distributions of galaxy photometric redshifts from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to incorporate redshift uncertainties. In the end we describe how to determine the set of best-fit parameters on cluster properties that maximize the likelihood at a given position over a range of redshift, scale, concentration, and richness.
Likelihood Function {#sec:Likelihood}
-------------------
The likelihood function used here is based on the assumption that the probability of finding galaxies in an infinitesimal bin in angular position, apparent magnitude and redshift space is given by a Poisson distribution. Under this assumption, the total likelihood of many of such bins, which we take to be centered in the location of the galaxies in the survey, is (see appendix C2 in @Kep99 for a full derivation):
$$ln {\cal L} = -N_f -\sum_{k=1}^{N_c}N_k +\sum_{i=1}^{N_g}\ln[P(i)],$$
where $N_f$ is the total number of field galaxies expected within the searching area, $N_g$ is the total number of galaxies and $\sum_{k=1}^{N_c}N_k$ is normalized to be the number of galaxies brighter than $L^*$ as members of the $N_c$ clusters assumed in the model. $P(i)$ represents the predicted probability density of galaxies in a given bin, which includes both probabilities of field galaxies ($P_f$) and of cluster members ($P_c$),
$$P(i) = P_f(i) + \sum_{k=1}^{N_c} P_{c}(i,k).$$
These probabilities are the expected number densities for a given location and magnitude.
The cluster catalog is constructed with an iterative procedure similar to the one used in @Koc03. We start our process from a density model of a smooth background with no clusters. For each galaxy position, we then evaluate the likelihood increment we would obtain by assuming that there is in fact a cluster centered on that galaxy. The likelihood is then optimized by varying the cluster galaxy number $N_k$, the redshift and cluster scale length. At each iteration, we retain the cluster candidate which resulted in the greatest likelihood increase. We incorporate it in our density model and restart the procedure. The function for finding the $k^{th}$ cluster in the whole surveyed area therefore is
$$\begin{array}{ll}
\Delta\ln{\cal L}(k) = -N_k + \sum_{i=1}^{N_g}\ln[{P_f(i)+\sum_{j=1}^{k}P_c(i,j) \over
P_f(i)+\sum_{j=1}^{k-1}P_c(i,j)}].
\end{array}$$
A list of cluster candidates then becomes available in decreasing order of detection likelihoods. For each candidate one has derived properties, including best-fit position, scale, richness, and estimated redshift. The initial cluster catalog allows us to further inspect each individual candidate for exploration of substructure and better constraints on previously fitted quantities.
Density Model {#sec:Density}
-------------
As both field and cluster galaxies are found in the survey, the probability of finding a galaxy in a given bin depends on the density of both these populations (see eq.(2)).
For galaxy $i$ with angular position $\vec{\theta}_i$, $r$-band apparent magnitude $m^r_i$ and redshift $z_i$ (when available), the background number density $P_f(i)$ can be directly extracted from the global number counts of the galaxy survey,
$$P_f(i) = { d N \over dm~ dz }(m^r_i, z_i),$$
and it has to be modified to account for the effects of galaxy redshift uncertainties if photometric redshift estimates are used.
For cluster $k$ located at $\vec{\theta}_k$ with proper scale length $r_{ck}$, redshift $z_k$ and galaxy number $N_k$, the probability of galaxy $i$ being a member of it, $P_c(i,k)$, is just the product of a surface density profile $\Sigma_c$ and a luminosity function $\phi_c$ at the cluster’s redshift, times a distribution function $f(z_i- z_k)$ that expresses redshift uncertainties:
$$P_c(i,k) = N_{k}\ \Sigma_c\left[D_A(z_k)\theta_{ik}\right]\ \phi_c\left[m^r_i-{\cal D}(z_k);
\right]\ f(z_i-z_k),$$
where ${\cal D}(z_k)$ is defined through
$$M^r_i = m^r_i - 5 \log (D_L(z_k)/10\mbox{pc}) - k(z_k) = m^r_i - {\cal D}(z_k),$$
and where $D_A(z_k)$ and $D_L(z_k)$ are the angular diameter and luminosity distance at the cluster’s redshift $z_k$, and $k(z_k)$ is the $k$-correction. The conversion of units in luminosity and distance is conducted by performing proper $k$-corrections for galaxies of different spectral types and choosing the proper cosmology (see §\[sec:Introduction\]).
Subfilters {#sec:Subfilters}
----------
Based on current observational studies as well as findings from dark matter halos, and for convenient comparisons to theoretical models widely used in analytical studies and N-body simulations, we assume the density profile of galaxies within a cluster follows the form of a NFW profile [@Nav96], which in three dimensions is given by
$$\rho_c(r) = {1 \over 4\pi r_c^3 F(c)}{1 \over {r \over r_c}(1+{r \over r_c})^2},$$
where $c$ is the concentration parameter and $F(c)$ is the typical normalization factor for galaxies inside the virial radius of the cluster, $r_v=cr_c$. The 3-D profile is then integrated along the line of sight to derive a projected surface density profile $\Sigma_c(r)$ which is expressible as a much more complicated analytical form (see @Bar96). The profile is normalized so that $\int_0^{cr_c} 2\pi r \Sigma_c(r) dr = 1$.
The search radius for galaxies belonging to the cluster is set to be the virial radius of the cluster, or more specifically here, the radius inside which the mass overdensity is 200 times the critical density, i.e., 200$\Omega_M^{-1}$ times the average background [@Evr02]. Since it is hard to directly measure the cluster mass overdensity in observations, we instead determine the virial radius inside which the space density of cluster galaxies is 200$\Omega_M^{-1}$ times the mean field, assuming that the galaxy distribution in a halo traces the overall dark matter distribution (see discussions in @Han05), which has been suggested by recent observations and simulations [@Lin04a; @Nag05; @Lin07a], and is supported by weak lensing measurements [@She04]. For simplicity, we use $r_{200}$ throughout this work to denote the cluster virial radius determined by galaxy overdensities. The cluster richness is then defined to be the total luminosity in units of $L^*$ inside $r_{200}$.
As has been discussed before in matched-filter studies [@Pos96; @Kim02] and also shown by our own numerical experiments, the efficiency of the filter is usually much more sensitive to the overall filter cutoff radius than to the details of its shape. Therefore the determination of appropriate values for the scale length in the cluster model is of particular importance, as it may have significant impact on the detection efficiency of the cluster-finding algorithm. Most of the previous matched filter methods have used a carefully chosen fixed value for the model cluster cutoff radii, and they compute the galaxy number or the richness of clusters within such a fixed radius in physical units. @Pos96 concludes that a fixed search radius of 1 Mpc $h^{-1}$ is a near-optimal choice in their radial filter, and this value has been also adopted by @Kep99 [@Kim02] in their method which assumes a modified Plummer law model for the surface density profile. In @Whi02 and @Koc03, the authors set a fixed core radius of $r_c=200$ kpc $h^{-1}$ and concentration parameter of $c=4$ for the NFW profile in the cluster detection and mass estimates. Although we find from observations and simulations that these choices are reasonable values for typical rich clusters, a single fixed scale length for all clusters over a wide range of masses and concentrations will certainly degrade the signal-to-noise ratio, bias detection probabilities, and be responsible for at least part of the large scatter observed in previous cluster mass-richness scaling relations. In our modified adaptive matched filter algorithm, we optimize the core radius for each individual cluster over the dynamical range for typical galaxy clusters. For the core radius value that maximizes the likelihood, we then compute the normalized cluster richness according to the NFW profile with best-fit parameters within a cluster virial radius $r_{200}$ determined from galaxy overdensities. We believe this procedure is more similar to and comparable with the virial mass defined by density contrast in most theoretical studies and analyses of simulations.
For the magnitude filter, we adopt a luminosity profile described by a central galaxy plus a standard Schechter luminosity function [@Sch76]
$$\phi(M) = {dn \over dM} = 0.4 \ln10\ n^* \left({L \over L^*} \right)^{1+\alpha} \exp(-L/L^*);$$
the integrated luminosity function is
$$\Phi(M) = \int_{-\infty}^M \phi(M) dM = n^* \Gamma[1+\alpha, L/L^*].$$
Parameters for the global luminosity function are obtained from the SDSS spectroscopic sample at the redshift of $z=0.1$ [@Bla03]. To account for the evolutionary effects at higher redshifts, we allow a passive evolution of $L^*$ which brightens about 0.8 magnitudes from $z=0$ to $z=0.5$ [@Lov92; @Lil95b; @Nag01; @Bla03; @Lov04; @Bal05; @Ilb05]. We assume that $L^*$ does not vary as a function of cluster richness, which is supported by the results of @Han05. Because the matched filter algorithm uses both a cluster galaxy luminosity function and a field galaxy luminosity function, which are expected to be different due to the morphology-density relation [@Dre80] and the observed dependence of luminosity function on galaxy over-densities [@Chr00; @Mo04; @Cro05], it would be desirable to model these separately. It would also be desirable to further model the luminosity distributions according to galaxy spectral types [@Fol99; @Lin99; @Hog03]. At this stage, however, only a single function is adopted since the work on precise luminosity functions for cluster galaxies of different types has just been started. We hope to investigate this further on the basis of the first catalog we produce. Once a cluster catalog is available for galaxies in all redshift ranges, we can go back and examine the impact of our assumptions about the galaxy luminosity functions as well as their evolution for different environments and spectral types. In order to use the same range in the luminosity function at all distances and therefore avoid bias associated with errors in the assumed form of the luminosity function, we cut off the luminosity function at one magnitude below $L^*$. We can still calculate total luminosities by integrating the assumed form, and we use this in our richness calculation, described below.
The existence of Brightest Cluster Galaxies (BCGs) near the cluster centers is incorporated into our cluster galaxy luminosity model as a separate component from the main Schechter function for satellites, as this distinction has been clearly seen in clusters over a range of richness [@RT77; @Han05]. We assume a Gaussian distribution for the luminosities of these objects and adopt the results from @Lin04b for correlations between the BCG luminosity and host cluster properties. More specifically, the BCG luminosity is assumed to follow a single power law with the cluster richness, $L_{BCG} \sim \Lambda_{200}^{1\over4}$, and we take the width of the Gaussian to be $\sim0.5$ mag [@Lin04b; @Zhe05; @Han05]. The luminosity of BCGs is assumed to evolve in the same way as $L^*$ does, [*i.e. *]{} the luminosity at the mean of the gaussian has a constant ratio to $L^*$. This is almost certainly incorrect in detail, but will be explored in follow-up work once the catalog is constructed. This modification of the general Schechter function enhances the detectability of typical clusters with BCGs, especially those at higher redshifts with only few galaxies other than the BCG to be included in the apparent magnitude-limited galaxy sample.
Thanks to the accurate five-band ($u$,$g$,$r$,$i$,$z$) multi-color photometry in the SDSS [@Yor00], as well as the associated redshift survey for the bright main sample galaxies [@Str02] and Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs, @Eis01), it is now also possible to retrieve redshift information for most of the galaxies that we are going to use in construction of the SDSS cluster catalog, either photometrically or spectroscopically. For real SDSS data currently available from DR5, we find that galaxies with valid photometric redshift estimates make up more than $96\%$ of the whole sample in the imaging data, within which about $1\%$, mostly bright, red galaxies, have matched spectroscopic measurements from redshift surveys. Not surprisingly, the inclusion of galaxy redshift estimates greatly improves the accuracy of the cluster redshift determinations and significantly mitigates projection effects, thus allowing the detection of much poorer systems than possible in previous work with no redshift measurements.
The uncertainties of galaxy redshifts are assumed to follow Gaussian distributions in the 2$\half$-D and 3-D cases, where in terms of the $f(z)$ function in equation (5) we have
$$f(z_k) = {\exp\left[-(z_i-z_k)^2/2\sigma_{z_i}^2\right] \over \sqrt{2\pi}\sigma_{z_i}}.$$
For galaxies with computed photometric redshifts (described below), we add to the cluster galaxy density model a third subfilter based on the distribution of derived redshift uncertainties in the form of a combination of multiple Gaussian modes. These error estimates are obtained by calibrating photometric redshifts with the real redshifts in the SDSS spectroscopic galaxy sample and redshifts for other fainter (but smaller) overlapping surveys. The analysis is done for red and blue galaxies separately using the color separator by @Strv01, and it is found that a model using Gaussian modes with proper weights assigned generally provides a good description of the bias and scatter in the photometric redshifts for galaxies of both spectral types and in different apparent magnitude bins. Some of the results are shown in §\[sec:Simulation\].
In the 3-D case where spectroscopic redshifts of galaxies are measured, we smooth them in Gaussians with assigned cluster velocity dispersions that vary in the range from $400$ km s$^{-1}$ (proper) for poorer clusters to $1200$ km s$^{-1}$ (proper) for the richest systems in the selected cluster sample, according to several discrete estimated richness classes. The same procedure as outlined in the previous paragraph for photometric redshifts is applied to include this redshift filter in the galaxy density model.
In addition, there are galaxies we find that either have invalid photometric redshifts computed or fall into the redshift and magnitude range where no good calibrations are available. Such galaxies, which are currently about $3\%$-$5\%$ of the whole sample, are assumed to have no redshift estimates and therefore no constraining filter. Hence we set up for each galaxy the appropriate scenario that adapts the matched filter algorithm to galaxy redshift estimates with varied accuracy.
Finally, of course, we fit an overall amplitude, which represents the cluster richness. Since its size, shape and redshift are all determined at this point, we can express the amplitude however we like in physical terms. We have chosen to use the total luminosity within $r_{200}$ expressed as a multiple of $L^*$ (evolved to the relevant redshift using 1.6 mags of luminosity evolution per unit redshift), which we denote as $\Lambda_{200}$.
Implementation {#sec:Implementation}
--------------
Implementation of the matched filter algorithm starts with reading the galaxy catalog. For each galaxy $i$ in the sample, we read in the positions $\alpha_i$, $\delta_i$, the extinction-corrected five-band apparent magnitudes and their errors, and the redshift $z_i$ if it has a matched spectrum. Using the flux and color information, we compute a photometric redshift estimate using a neural network technique by [@Lin07] as well as $k$-corrections and estimated rest-frame colors for each galaxy, which we add as input to the cluster-finding algorithm.
The next step is to define the cluster model we adopt for the filters, including the surface density profile $\Sigma_c(r)$, the luminosity function $\phi(M)$, and the assumed Gaussian modes of photometric redshift uncertainties. The field density model $P_f(m,z)$ is constructed from global number counts of the surveyed background galaxy distributions as a function of magnitude and redshift, as shown in equation (4). We then incorporate these models into the Poisson likelihood functions as discussed above.
To map the likelihood distributions of the surveyed area, we grid the sky using the Healpix package of [@Gor05] which provides a useful hierarchical pixelization scheme of equal-area pixels. In @Kep99, the authors choose galaxy positions on an adaptive grid in calculating the likelihoods instead of the uniform grids used in the previous matched filter codes [@Pos96], so that sufficient resolution in the high density regions is ensured while saving computational time and memory for less dense regions. We follow this procedure and evaluate the likelihood functions at every galaxy position to locate the peaks in the map as possible cluster centers. The cluster richness is optimized over the whole redshift range of our search at intervals that finally adapt to $\delta z=0.001$, and for a set of trial cluster scale radii ($r_c$) at $10$ kpc $h^{-1}$ steps. The derived quantities for best fit cluster richness, redshift and scale length thus correspond to the parameters that maximize the likelihood function at the grid position or candidate cluster center.
This algorithm possesses several new features. First, the cluster algorithm is fully adaptive to 2-D, 2$\half$-D and 3-D case in the optical surveys, and can deal with data with these different attributes simultaneously. It can easily accommodate the galaxy redshifts with uncertainties in any forms and distributions, from purely single-band imaging data to a complete spectroscopic redshift survey, and works well for the intermediate case where photometric redshifts are estimated from multi-band color information. Projection effects from foreground–background contamination, which have been a long-standing problem for optically-selected clusters, are largely suppressed. This allows the detection of even poorer systems at high redshift, and shows great potential for current and future large, deeper surveys in the optical band. Second, the current adaptive matched filter used a single Poisson statistics in the likelihood analysis, compared to the two-step approach in @Kep99, which uses a “coarse” filter based on Gaussian likelihood for pre-selection of clusters. We write our code in Fortran-90 and by careful arrangement in computations and setting up the quick link search, the optimization of the Poisson likelihood through the whole process is now affordable in the sense of execution time and memory. For a survey field of $\sim300$ deg$^2$, which is comparable to a typical SDSS stripe [@Yor00], the modified adaptive matched filter algorithm requires around 900 megabytes of memory and takes about 30 hours for a single run using one dual-processor node in a Linux Beowulf cluster with 3.06 GHz clock speed each. With no assumption necessary about sufficiently many galaxies inside each virtual bin as is necessary in the Gaussian case, the Poisson statistics remains robust in the common situation where there are too few galaxies in each cell for Gaussian statistics to apply. Third, as discussed in @Whi02 and @Koc03, the current density model explicitly includes the effect of previously found clusters on the global likelihood function. The procedure automatically separates overlapping clusters and avoids multiple detections of the same system in the overdensity regions, somewhat similar to the CLEAN method used in radio astronomy to produce maps [@Hog74; @Sch78]. We do not need to do extra cluster de-blending work afterwards. Finally, as discussed earlier, our approach to maximizing the likelihood differs from most previous cluster-finding techniques that choose a fixed cluster scale or search radius. We optimize the core radius for each individual cluster, and the cluster richness is computed within a virial radius which is determined from galaxy overdensities. This provides insights about the virial mass of such gravitational systems defined by density contrast and better corresponds to what is done in theoretical treatments.
Tests on Mock Galaxy Catalogs {#sec:Simulation}
=============================
To evaluate the completeness and purity (false positive rate) of our cluster sample, as well as to assess the how well our measured cluster properties correspond to the properties of the underlying dark matter halos, we have run the matched-filter algorithm on a mock galaxy catalog generated from a realistic cosmological N-body simulation. Because of the large redshift range we are trying to probe, it is important to do this with as large a simulation volume as possible. In addition, because we seek here to test the behavior of our algorithm using a combination of spectroscopic and photometric redshifts, it is useful to have a realistic galaxy population in both clusters and the field, with luminosities, colors, and the relation between these quantities and environment that are a good match to SDSS data. Here we have used a mock catalog based on a method namely ADDGALS (Adding Density-Determined Galaxies to Lightcone Simulations) (@Wec04 and in preparation, 2007), which is designed to model relatively bright galaxies in large volume simulations.
The underlying dark matter simulation used here tracks $10^9$ particles of mass $2.25\times10^{12} h^{-1} M_\odot$ in a periodic cubic volume with side length of $3 h^{-1}$ Gpc, using a flat $\Lambda$CDM cosmology with $\Omega_m=0.3$, $\sigma_8=0.9$, and $h=0.7$ [the Hubble Volume simulation; @Evr02]. Halos are identified for masses above $2.7\times10^{13} h^{-1} M_\odot$. Data are collected on the past light cone of an observer at the center of the volume. The size of the simulation enables the creation of a full-sky survey out to redshift of $z=0.58$, and is thus suited to testing our cluster-finding algorithm out to high redshifts using the SDSS imaging data.
Galaxies are connected to individual dark matter particles on this simulated light-cone, subject to several empirical constraints. The resolution of the simulation allows the mock catalog to include galaxies brighter than about 0.4$L^*$; the number of galaxies of a given brightness placed within the simulation is determined by drawing galaxies from the SDSS galaxy luminosity function [@Bla03], with 1.6 mags of luminosity evolution assumed per unit redshift (the same assumption is made by our cluster finding algorithm). The choice of which particle these galaxies are assigned to is determined by relating the particle overdensities (on a mass scale of $\sim 1e13 M_{\odot}$) to the two-point correlation function of the particles; these particles are then chosen to reproduce the luminosity-dependent correlation function as measured in the SDSS by @Zeh04.
Finally, colors are assigned to each galaxy by measuring their local galaxy density (here, the fifth nearest neighbor within a redshift slice), and assigning to them the colors of a real SDSS galaxy with similar luminosity and local density. The local density measure for SDSS galaxies is taken from a volume-limited sample of the CMU-Pitt DR4 Value Added Catalog. This method produces mock galaxy catalogs that reproduces the luminosity and color correlation function of the real sky. The created mock galaxy sample therefore provides a unique tool to assess the performance of the SDSS cluster-finding algorithms in terms of completeness and purity, as well as how the observables of the detected clusters correspond to dark matter halos assuming galaxy clusters do trace the underlying halo population in the universe.
Since precise spectroscopic redshift measurements are only available for the SDSS main sample galaxies [@Str02] and LRGs [@Eis01], we must use photometric redshift estimates for most of the galaxies. In order to accurately reproduce this scenario in the simulations, we scatter the given redshifts of mock galaxies according to the error distributions of photometric redshift estimates, which are obtained by calibrating a sample of $\sim$140,000 SDSS photometric redshifts to their known corresponding spectroscopic measurements coming from the SDSS spectroscopic survey and various other sources such as CNOC2 [@Yee00], CFRS [@Lil95a], DEEP [@Wei05], and 2SLAQ LRG [@Pad05]. The photometric redshifts were computed using a neural network technique by [@Lin07] and in preparation; see also the short discussion in the SDSS DR5 data release paper, [@AMc07]. The comparison between calculated photometric redshifts and measured spectroscopic redshifts is shown in Figure 1 for both the red and blue galaxy samples. The distributions of sampled redshift uncertainties are derived for different magnitude and redshift bins, and found to be well described by a combination of multiple Gaussian fits as shown in Figure 2 for examples. The resulted fitting parameters are used for the scattering of mock galaxy redshifts in the simulation. In the case of applying the cluster-finding technique to the real SDSS data, however, instead of deriving “empirical” error estimates collectively, we would use the photo-z errors that are computed based on the Nearest Neighbor Error estimate method (NNE) [@Lin07], which makes it possible to get an estimate of the error for each individual object. This would better constrain the photometric redshift uncertainty, especially for galaxy samples with photo-z errors depending strongly on magnitudes and the actual redshifts. We find the computed errors correspond reasonably well with the empirical ones derived from statistics, with exceptions only for the catastrophic objects. More details would be discussed in a subsequent paper on the application of the modified adaptive matched-filter technique with SDSS data.
To summarize, the implementation of simulating the observed galaxy redshifts in the mock sample proceeds as follows: for galaxies that satisfy the SDSS spectroscopic target selection criteria we take the given galaxy redshifts as spectroscopic measurements, while for the rest of the sample we use the scattered redshifts to mimic the photometric redshift estimates. As discussed above in §\[sec:Algorithm\], there are a few percent of such galaxies that fall into the redshift and magnitude ranges where we find no good calibrations are available. For these galaxies we just treat them as if there is no redshift information at all to put into the algorithm. We also impose to the mock galaxy catalog an apparent magnitude cut ($r<21$) as we intend to adopt in the SDSS imaging sample. The procedure described above thus provides the a mock catalog with the most similar characteristics to the SDSS survey and it will allow us to explore the performance of the cluster-finding algorithm on real SDSS data.
The modified matched filter algorithm is then run on the mock galaxy catalog, and the detected clusters are compared with matched known halos given in the simulation. We find that the matches are generally robust against details of the matching techniques, as pointed out by @Mil05 [although see also the discussion of various matching algorithms in @Roz07]. Here we adopt a matching criterion of projected separation between the detection and the candidate halo within the virial radius $r_{200}$ and redshift difference $\Delta z<0.05$. To evaluate completeness of the cluster sample, we match each dark halo to the nearest detected cluster within the projected cluster $r_{200}$ and $\Delta z$ of 0.05, while in measurement of purity, we match clusters to their corresponding halos applying the same criteria. In the case of multiple matches which are possible for above matching algorithms, we simply assign the most massive halo within the searching space as the real match. Other methods have also been tried in efforts to refine the matching process, but no significant changes are found in the final results.
Results and Discussions {#sec:Results}
=======================
In this section we present the results of running the modified adaptive matched-filter algorithm on the simulation-based mock catalogs. These include the completeness and purity check of the detected cluster sample, the derived cluster properties such as estimated redshift and richness, and the expected scaling relations that would link the observed clusters to true halo distributions.
Completeness and Purity Check {#sec:Completeness}
-----------------------------
We define the completeness $C$ of the selected cluster sample as a cumulative function of $M_{200}$, the mass within the virial radius inside which the overdensity is 200 times the critical density:
$$C(M_{200}) = {N_{found} \over
N_{total} }$$
where $N_{found}$ is the number of halos with mass greater than $M_{200}$ matched to clusters and $N_{total} $ is the total number of halos above that mass.
Figure 3 shows the completeness of the detected cluster sample as a function of redshift and the virial mass of matched dark matter halos, respectively. The cluster sample, which has a richness cut at $\Lambda_{200} > 20$, is over $95\%$ complete for objects with $M_{200} > 2.0\times10^{14} h^{-1} M_\odot$ and $\sim85\%$ complete for objects with masses above $1.0\times10^{14} h^{-1} M_\odot$ in the redshift range of $0.05<z<0.45$. As we will find in the subsequent discussion of cluster scaling relations, the richness cut we impose on the cluster sample contributes to some of the incompleteness for less massive objects because of the large scatter in the cluster richness-mass relation; many of the matched clusters at $\sim 1.0\times10^{14} h^{-1} M_\odot$ are simply scattered below the richness cut and thus not counted to compute the completeness. This can be for sure relieved by lowering the richness cut of the cluster sample, although we choose to stick to this cut for the purity considerations below.
Also from Figure 3a, the completeness level of the cluster sample remains almost flat out to $z\sim0.45$, beyond which it suffers a significant decline. This is at least partly due to the volume limit of the mock catalog which only extends to $z=0.58$. When we scatter the given galaxy redshifts with photometric redshift errors, which become large around $z\sim0.5$, many of the galaxies near the far edge of the light cone are scattered away while fewer galaxies would be shifted into that range, since they are absent from the simulation. The apparent magnitude cut we have applied to the mock galaxy sample may also contribute to incompleteness at high redshift. Taking into consideration the necessary $k$-corrections, the galaxy sample is no longer complete down to the luminosity of $0.4 L^*$, which is the limit assumed throughout the simulation tests. The matched filter therefore loses some power in detecting less rich systems at redshifts of $z\sim0.5$ and beyond since many fewer galaxies would be bright enough to be observable at that distance in the current survey. We have not investigated these effects in detail, though the onset of clear incompleteness corresponds well to the distance at which they become important.
We similarly define the purity P of the selected cluster sample as a cumulative function of cluster richness $\Lambda_{200}$ which is the total cluster luminosity in units of $L^*$ inside its virial radius $r_{200}$
$$P(\Lambda_{200}) = { N_{match} \over
N_{tot,\Lambda}},$$
where $ N_{match} $ is the number of clusters with richness greater than $\Lambda_{200}$ matched to halos and $N_{tot,\Lambda}$ is the total number of clusters with richness above $\Lambda_{200}$.
The results of the purity check for the obtained cluster catalog are shown in Figure 4. The sample is over $95\%$ pure for clusters with $\Lambda_{200} > 30$ and around $90\%$ pure for clusters with $\Lambda_{200} > 20$ over the whole redshift range out to $z\sim0.45$. As will be shown in the richness-mass relationship below, these two thresholds in richness correspond to $M_{200} \sim 6.0\times10^{13} h^{-1} M_\odot$ and $M_{200} \sim 4.0\times10^{13} h^{-1}
M_\odot$, respectively. It is worth to be noted that the lower purity for $\Lambda_{200} > 20$ is clearly going to be affected by halo incompleteness in the simulation, since some of the matched halos for this richness will fall below the mass resolution of the halo catalog, which means the purity we have derived above is in fact probably a lower limit, in similar logic to the completeness arguments.
To ensure a reasonably high purity of selected clusters, we therefore apply a $\Lambda_{200} > 20$ cut for the cluster catalog, which is used for analysis of completeness as well as cluster derived properties and scaling relations. The purity measurement shows a slight but notable uptrend in the last redshift bin of $z\sim0.45-0.5$, which could be similarly explained by the arguments above in the completeness discussions. This reflects a shift in the richness-mass scaling relation at high redshift end where clusters with the same richness measurements may correspond to actually richer and more massive systems because of the under-representation of galaxies that are observable in that redshift range. It is therefore wise to limit the current cluster catalog to a redshift of $z=0.45$ in order to extract a uniform sample for statistical use, though the catalog using real SDSS data may well go deeper reliably.
Derived Cluster Properties and Scaling Relations {#sec:Scaling}
------------------------------------------------
As is discussed in §\[sec:Algorithm\], for each selected cluster a redshift estimate is found for the system by the matched filter that optimizes the detection likelihood at the given galaxy position as cluster center. This measurement is then taken as the estimated redshift for the cluster. Since all the halos have known redshifts in the simulation, by matching the detected clusters to halos following the procedure described in §\[sec:Simulation\] we can compare the derived cluster redshifts with the true redshifts of associated halos.
Figure 5 illustrates the comparison between estimated cluster redshifts and known halo redshifts. For clusters with redshifts below $z=0.25$ where spectroscopic redshift measurements are often available for member galaxies, the derived cluster redshift estimates precisely reproduce the true redshifts of corresponding dark halos. The inclusion of spectroscopic information of input galaxies markedly sharpens the cluster detection likelihood in the line-of-sight dimension and thus provides accurate measurements of the cluster redshifts. In the higher redshift range where spectroscopic measurements become rare and photometric estimates dominate, the plot illustrates a larger dispersion while the matched filter still gives robust determinations of cluster redshifts even with only photometric galaxy redshift information for inputs. We find that the accuracy of the redshift estimates does incease with cluster richness as expected, which is albeit mostly accounted by higher fraction of cluster galaxy members with spectroscopic measurements inside these systems. There is a slight uptrend bias seen at the redshift of $z\sim0.45$, which we see as a similar indication of incompleteness of the input galaxy sample near the high end of the redshift range for this mock catalog because of the volume limit and magnitude cut. The estimated cluster redshift determined from maximum likelihood tends to drift towards smaller values in some cases since the detection probability at higher redshift is suppressed by such effects. We also note the existence of a few serious outliers, which probably represent the occasional scenario when there exists a mismatch between relevant clusters and dark halos due to the projection effects or false positive detections.
The normalized cluster richnesses $\Lambda_{200}$ are also compared with the virial mass $M_{200}$ of matched halos. The results are shown in Figure 6. We find that the richness-mass scaling relation follows
$$\Lambda_{200} = (47.2\pm4.1)\times \left( M_{200} \over {10^{14} h^{-1} M_\odot} \right )^{1.03\pm0.04} ,$$
which is roughly a linear fit. Whether this is correct or not, clearly, depends upon the details of the simulation input, and the way the simulation was constructed gives no easy clue to what the results should be. What is important in this test, however, is that we recover what is present in the simulations, not what might or might not be present in the real universe. To that end, we have constructed three more plots. The first, Figure 7, compares the cluster richness determined by the present algorithm with the total three dimensional luminosity of the matched halos; the agreement is very good, with no bias evident at either the sparse or the rich end. Given this agreement and the results of Figure 6, the next plot, Figure 8, of the 3-D halo luminosity vs the 3-D halo mass, contains no surprises. The simulated halo mass is, in fact, linear with its total luminosity, and we recover this relationship.
Figure 9 compares the derived cluster virial radius $r_{200}$ from the cluster-finding algorithm and the $r_{200}$ determined from 3-dimensional galaxy overdensities. The agreement is excellent at small virial radii, though there is a strong hint that the algorithm slightly overestimates large virial radii, by seven percent or thereabouts. This is almost certainly due to the assumption of a single NFW profile to describe the cluster; neighboring halos have rather different effects in the cylinder to which the algorithm is sensitive and the corresponding sphere in the simulations, but it is gratifying that the effects are this small. These results further justify our choice to refer our richness measurements to the commonly-used virial radius determined from galaxy overdensities.
It is, however, clear that the scatter in the richness–mass relation derived from the cluster finding algorithm (Figure 6) is somewhat larger than that of the intrinsic richeness-mass relation in the simulations (Figure 8), which can be read as an indication of complications in the cluster-halo matching process, e.g., the inevitable difference between the cluster finder and halo finder regarding fragmentation and merging, differing shapes between the galaxy and mass distributions, and, even further, the variable mass-to-light ratios inside the systems incorporated in the current dark matter simulations. Despite these intrinsic dispersions, the richness-mass scaling relation shows a strong linear correspondence between the observables and the mass, and thus makes it possible to extract the true halo distribution in the Universe from the observed cluster abundance and correlation functions. It is important to note that the simulation from which the catalog was made is a dark-matter-only simulation, and thus effects which may well exist in real clusters and can affect the baryon fraction in the intracluster gas and galaxies (see, for example, [@Kra05]) as a function of cluster mass are absent here, but the fact that we recover the relation found from input 3-D simulations, here just linear, indicates that we should be able to investigate a possibly more complex relationship in the real universe.
Conclusions {#sec:Conclusion}
===========
We present a modified matched filter algorithm which is designed to construct a comprehensive cluster catalog from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, but is applicable to any deep photometric survey. The technique is fully adaptive to 2-D, 2$\half$-D and 3-D optical surveys, as well as to various cluster scales and substructures.
The cluster-finding algorithm has been tested against a realistic mock SDSS catalog from a large N-body simulation. The results suggest that the selected cluster sample is $\sim 85\%$ complete and over $90\%$ pure for systems more massive than $1.0\times10^{14} h^{-1}$ M$_\odot$ with redshifts up to $z=0.45$. The estimated cluster redshifts derived from maximum likelihood analysis show small errors with $\Delta z < 0.01$, and the normalized cluster richness measurements fit linearly with the virial mass of matched halos, the correct relation in this simulation. This offers hope that the (very likely nonlinear) relation between richness and halo mass which exists in the real universe can be investigated with these techniques.
F.D. thanks H. Lin, H. Oyaizu, and the SDSS photo-$z$ group for providing the photometric redshifts which allowed us to derive the statistics of the photo-$z$ calibration to the spectroscopic redshifts. E.P. is an ADVANCE fellow (NSF grant AST-0649899), also supported by NASA grant NAG5-11489. RHW was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract number DE-AC02-76SF00515. This research used computational facilities supported by NSF grant AST-0216105.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
}
|
Keith Adamson
Keith Brian Adamson (born 3 July 1945 in Houghton-le-Spring, England) is an English former footballer.
He played for Tow Law Town, Barnsley and Scarborough.
References
Category:1945 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Houghton-le-Spring
Category:English footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Barnsley F.C. players
Category:Scarborough F.C. players
Category:English Football League players
Category:Tow Law Town F.C. players
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Q:
Swift 3 Conversion
I have written a code for concurrent API calls in swift 2.2. When I change from swift 2.2 to swift 3, I am facing issue with syntax of swift. Help me out
let endPoints = [.email, .others]
let fetchGroup = dispatch_group_create()
let queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
dispatch_apply(endPoints.count, queue) { (index) in
let enumType = endPoints[index]
switch enumType {
case .email:
//Make email api call
break
case .others:
//Make other api
break
default:
break
}
}
dispatch_group_notify(fetchGroup, dispatch_get_main_queue()) {
if endPoints.count > 0 {
fail("error")
}
}
A:
Do you still remember dispatch_apply(). Well, it's still there and got a new name. From now on you have to call concurrentPerform()
let endPoints = [.email, .others]
let fetchGroup = DispatchGroup()
let queue = DispatchQueue.global (qos : .default)
DispatchQueue.concurrentPerform(iterations: endPoints.count)
{ (index) in
let enumType = endPoints[index]
switch enumType {
case .email:
//Make email api call
break
case .others:
//Make other api
break
default:
break
}
}
DispatchGroup().notify(queue: DispatchQueue.main) {
if endPoints.count > 0 {
fail("error")
}
}
for more information see this
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Epidermal Basement Membrane in Health and Disease.
Skin, as the organ protecting the individual from environmental aggressions, constantly meets external insults and is dependent on mechanical toughness for its preserved function. Accordingly, the epidermal basement membrane (BM) zone has adapted to enforce tissue integrity. It harbors anchoring structures created through unique organization of common BM components and expression of proteins exclusive to the epidermal BM zone. Evidence for the importance of its correct assembly and the nonredundancy of its components for skin integrity is apparent from the multiple skin blistering disorders caused by mutations in genes coding for proteins associated with the epidermal BM and from autoimmune disorders in which autoantibodies target these molecules. However, it has become clear that these proteins not only provide mechanical support but are also critically involved in tissue homeostasis, repair, and regeneration. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the unique organization and components of the epidermal BM. A special focus will be given to its function during regeneration, and in inherited and acquired diseases.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Add Design Time Data Easily
Feed your UI with sample data directly from XAML using JSON or C# objects
You can also use sample data to simulate your view models (you can play easily with its values to test different visual states of your UI).
Use our new Design Time Extractor Tool to extract all data from your solution and make it available for preview!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
The Village at Redlands offers more than just a retirement community. We have a complete selection of Cottage Homes, Apartment Homes, services and activities that focus on maintaining your independence. At the same time, we listen carefully to your personal needs, preferences and requests, to help provide the services you may need.
Should the time come when you desire additional assistance, you can easily access the support you need. Professional care givers provide tailored servicesto meet your individual needs. So regardless of whether you live in an apartment or cottage, the care and health services can come to you, a concept known as “Aging in Place”.
The Village at Redlands is designed to serve the needs of the elderly, 62 years of age or older, in an environment, which promotes the privacy, dignity, independence and choices of all residents. The Village at Redlands is committed to providing equal housing opportunities and does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status or national origin.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
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